Ebiri mu Nkyusa z’Amateeka

Ekiragiro kya Amereka ekyawandiisibwa mu 1788, ne kissaawo olukalala lwa gavumenti ya gavumenti ya gavumenti mu nsi eyo. Kyokka, abo abakikolako baamanya nti ekiwandiiko ekitasobola kugonjoola bwetaavu bwonna obw'omu biseera eby'omu maaso oba ekiteeka obulamu mu kabi. N'olwekyo, baagattamu enkola ey'okukyusaamu wansi w'Akakiiko ak'amateeka ak'omunaala aka V, ne kisobozesa tteeka okukkirizibwa nga bwe kikwetaagisa nti gavumenti ekkiriza waakiriwo. Okuva mu 1789,000, enzivuunsumano obunene obukyasiddwa mu kiwandiiko ekyo, naye nga 27 bokka be bakkirizibwa. Ekkumi abasooka, bonna awamu baamanyibwa nga Bill of Rights Rights, bakkirizibwa mu 179111, era bakkirizibwa okuteeka mu kifo eky'obutebenkerevu mu buli gavumenti. Okuva mu mwaka gwa 179, entebe enzikiriziddwamu, envanjula y'enkola za gavumenti, era ne ze ziwandiikiddwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku kutegeera ensonga za bulijjo.[8]

Enkola eno ey'okutereeza si nnyangu mu bugenderevu: ekiteeso kirina okugonjoolwa amayumba ga Congress olw'abantu abangi nga basukka mu enkumi bbiri, olwo ne kikkirizibwa ne magye esatu mu nnukuta nnya eza kampuni ez'eggwanga. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti enkyukakyuka zokka eziba za maanyi era n'obuwagizi obw'olubeerera zifuuka kitundu kya Ssaasaddaaka. Kyokka, okukyusiza mu mpandika y'amateeka, era kiyinza kukyusibwa bukyungi n'ensonga endala. Abayizi n'abasomesa bwe bafaananya enkola eno, n'ensonga eno enkulu kubanga ennyonnyola lwaki eddembe erimu likuumibwa okumala ebyasa by'emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'okugobererwa.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe: Ekiwandiiko Ekyasooka Okuweerera Ekkumi

Bill of Rights yazaalibwa mu bigendererwa bya Anti-Federalists, eyatya nti Amateeka amapya gaawanga gavumenti entebe era tegaakuuma bantu kinnoomu. James Madison, nga mu kusooka takakasa, yakubawo olukunkumuli lwonna olwesigamye ku ssemateeka w'eggwanga eyasooka ne ku bukuumi obwa Bungereza. Ekyavaamu kyali kiko ekkomo ku buyinza obwa gavumenti, oluvannyuma ne kigaziyizibwa ku gavumenti okuyitira mu mateeka ga 144th Amerekation. Buli kkumi enzikkiriza okuzza ebweyamo. Mu kifo kino, twekebeekenneenya ensonga enkulu ezizikwata ku kkooti esinga obukulu.

Omuteende Ogutandikiddwa: Eddembe Etaano

Ekitongole ekitegekebwa okuba eky'emirembe kitera okutwalibwa ng'ekintu ekikulu ennyo kubanga kikuuma engeri abatuuze gye bayinza okusoomoozamu gavumenti. Kiwa eddembe ly'eddiini (mu ngeri gye kiteekebwawo oluwandika lw'enjigiriza n'oluwandika), eddembe ery'okwogera, eddembe ly'okukuba empapula, eddembe ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu, n'eddembe ery'okusabira gavumenti okuzzaawo ensonga. Buli omu ku bannabyabufuzi akkiriza obuvunaanyizibwa ng'obwo [[FLT:]] West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (1933) yakakasizza nti abayizi tebayinza kulabira bendera balagibwa mu mateeka ku lukalala, ate nga v. Mossine Independent School School [FFF][Foct:] [1]) abayizi bakireetera abaana obutakkirizibwa “eddembe ku ddembe oba eddembe lyabwe oba eddembe lyabwe ku ddembe ery'okuyisa mu masomero mu bifo eby'ebiragiro bya bannago mu masomero.[3]

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Emikono

Ekitongole kino kiwa amagezi gano: “Ekyo tekirina kutwaliriza bantu ba gavumenti ey'eddembe, eddembe ly'abantu ery'okukuuma n'okusitula amagye.” Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, amakulu gaayo gawakanyizibwa, nga bawakanya eddembe ly'abagasse n'obuddukiro oba obwa bulijjo. Mu ntebe y'e Divvu. Heller [2001], kkooti enkulu yafuga nti eky'okubiri kikuuma eddembe ly'omuntu okubeera n'obubamu ery'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa ebikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Enkola y'okusalawo y'eby'eby'okugoba, egoberera enkola y'ebitongole ebireeteewa obutereemitwe egy'okutuufu mu maka. Oluvannyuma Kkootikko kyago kyago mu ebyo ebikkiribwa mu bitundu [FF:M][200].[5]

Omuteende ogw’okusatu: Okutwala Abasirikale

Olukalala olw'okusatu olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti lukugira gavumenti okuva ku basirikale bana mu maka g'abantu mu kiseera eky'emirembe nga tewali muntu agikkiriza, era mu biseera eby'olutalo, okusinziira ku mateeka, enzivuunula eno, wadde nga tetera kusalibwamu nnyo, eraga obusungu bw'oyo eyatandikawo enkola ey'okuteeka amayumba mu nkola.

Okugaayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okunoonya n’Okufiirwa

Ekitongole kino kiziyiza “okunoonyereza oba okugwa ensimbu” era kyetaagisa okunnyonnyola ekifo ekinaanoonyezebwa era n'okunnyonnyola abantu oba ebintu eby'okunyagibwa. Kino kye kinneetaagisa okutereeza enkaayana ez'omulembe guno ezikwata ku kulabula kwa poliisi, obutujju n'obumanyirivu. [[FL:0] Kartenter v. United States[FL:1] [2088], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti gavumenti yalina obuyinza okusobola okuzuula ebifo eby'eddaga nga ssi bya nkozesa kompyuta, nga zimanyi nti okumanya kw'omuntu kusobola okumanyisa ebikwata ku bulamu bwe. Tekinogigigi ('empaka y'empaka ey'ebitundu eby'ekkumi n'okusituufu, ebbaafukula ekikolamu n'amalaga amalagalala.

Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa n'obuteefuga

Mu Amereka ey'okutaano mulimu n'obukuumi obutali bumu: okusalira abalamuzi omusango omukulu olw'obumenyi obw'amaanyi, okukugira obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri, eddembe eririba eri obusosoze (okwanguyiriza okufulumya obwetwaze obwa tteeka ery'okutaano”), n'okugaana okutwala ebintu ebyamaguzi okukozesebwa mu bantu awatali kusasula obusawo. Etteeka erigwana okusalirwa etteeka eryo lyayamba nnyo okuteeka Bill of Rights obukuumi mu makubo g'eby'enkola ebikolebwako. Omusango ogwamanyibwa ennyo Mandand v. Arizona[F:] (6]]) kyali kyetaagisa abapoliisi okutegeeza abakungu nti eddembe lyabwe liba libateereddwawo era nti liba libawandisizza mu kiseera nga bawamulaguzi.

Omuteeso ogw’omukaaga: Etteeka Erikwata ku Tteeka ly’Eŋŋaano mu Bujjuvu

Ekitongole kya gavumenti kya Sikisi kikakasa nti obwetwaze bwa bwangu era obwangu bwa bantu okuwozesebwa mu bwangu era n'okusalirwa omusango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, obwangu bw'okutegeeza abajulizi omusango, obwaw'okuwaliriza abajulizi okuwa obujulizi, n'obusobozi obw'okuwabula. Eddembe ery'okubuulirira lyagattibwa mu Gideon v. Wainwright[[[FLL:1]] (1963), ekitegeeza nti lirina okuwa abawaabi b'abawabuzi okuwa obujulizi obujulirwa, era nti balina okuwaliriza abawabuliriza mu nsonga ezibawaayinja.

Okumeeta mu Mitendera egy’Omusanvu: Okugezesebwa kw’Abalamuzi

Wadde nga tewannabaawo nkyukakyuka mu kkooti z'amateeka ezikola ku nsonga z'etteeka, ekyo kiraga endowooza y'oyo eyatandikawo nti abantu aba bulijjo balina okubaako kye bakolawo okugonjoola obutakkaanya.

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Kkooti enkulu etwala “obusobe n'ensobi” okukyuka n'egoberera emitindo gy'empisa gy'abantu egya bulijjo. . Simmons [2005] (2005]], Kkooti yagaana okutta abamenyi b'amateeka abaali basusse emyaka 18 mu kiseera ekyo. Gye buvuddeko awo, Kkooti ewakanya amateeka agakwata ku bulamu awatali kuyisa bubi abaana n'okukozesa enkola ezimu ez'okutta.

Oku Ameezaako Okwawukana: Enkizo Ezitakkiriziddwa

Ekitongole ekikessi eky'ebitundu ebya bulijjo kiwa olukalala olukalala lw'abo abalina eddembe mu mateeka tekirina kutwalibwa ng'okugoba oba okugoba obukyayi abalala. Kino kyali kya kukolebwawo okukendeeza ku kutya nti okusengeka eddembe erya bulijjo kiyinza okutegeeza nti abo bokka be bakuumibwa. Kyalagibwa mu misango egikwata ku ddembe ery'okwekweyama (era kiyinza okutwalibwa mu ]Griswld v.Connecticut[[[[FL:1]]], 1965) era kyeyongera okutegeeza nti abo bokka abalina eddembe eririna okukkirisibwa mu [ekiragiro n'okukuuma obugolokofu obutuukiriza ebinaanire.]

Omuteeso ogw’Ekkumi: Federalism ne Ddesikiti za Amerika

Ekitongole eky'Ekkumi ekiwere ekiwereza amateeka tekireesezza gavumenti z'ensi yonna ku lukalala lw'amateeka oba gavumenti obutakkirizibwa. Kino kibaamu omusingi gwa gavumenti, oguyawuzanya amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Ennukuta ezo zibadde kitundu kya kkooti enkulu, okuva ku Mcloch v. Maryland [1819] mu mateeka [FLT], ag'enjawulo mu United States. Lopez (1995], ekitegeeza obuyinza obw'ensi wansi wa Cesitempyuuka. Okutegeera ekiragiro eky'ekkumi kiyamba abaana okutegeera lwaki amateeka gaabwe, n'enkiiko z'eggwanga.

Enziganya eyaddako Ennyonnyola Eddembe ly’Amerika

Oluvannyuma lwa Bill of Rights, Constitution yakyusibwa emirundi kkumi na musanvu. Ebimu ku ebyo ebitereezeddwako enkyusa zaz'okuzimba byatereezebwa (nga kudda kwa prezidenti oba okulonda abajulizi) ate ebirala ne byongedde ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'okwenyigira mu bya bufuzi. Kungulu, kuno kwe kukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka ezisingawo ezikulembedde abantu kinnoomu, awamu n'embeera zaabwe ez'omu kiseera kino.

Omunaana, ogw’ekkumi n’ena n’ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Etaano: Enzikkiriza ez’Okuzzaawo Amateeka

Enkola zino essatu ez'okukyusa zaateekebwawo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo ow'omunda, zaagendererwa okukomya obuddu era n'okufunira abantu ba mu Afirika eddembe lyenkana. Ekitongole ekyawerebwa mu nsi za Amerika (1865) kyavaako obuddu n'obuddu obwabuli obwa kyeyagalire “ng'ekibonerezo eky'ensonga gye baliko omusango.” Ekiteeso eky'empalika eky'ekkumi na kimu eky'ekkumi n'enaana (1868) kyawa abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaazaalibwa mu Amerika era ne kikakasa nti amateeka gabeenkanankana, enkola esaanira, n'enkigobe nga kikusobozesa obutuuze oba obuwagizigibwa. obuvunaanyizibwa bwe bumu bwe bumu bwe busibuka mu ku nsonga y'eggwanga. obuvunaanyizibwa obwavanga obw'okutongoolesa obuva mu kyasa ekya 1965 mu ku kusalawo okutongoola eddembe ery'eggwanga.[56]

Ekiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'enaana eky'okuwerezaamu ekiwandiikiddwa kikyakola ne leero. Ekiwandiiko eky'okugobererwa kw'amateeka kivumiddwa okukkirizibwa okukozesebwa mu kkomera.Ekirala ekya 14th Amerekance kye kikyakozesebwa okugaziya eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, ery'abagwira, n'eri abantu abaliko obulema. Ekitongole ekirongoosebwawo ku mateeka ga ID, egermaning, n'okunoonyereza. Abayigiriza bayinza okulonda oludda olutereevu okuva ku mateeka gano, era ne bannassa mu ngeri enziji z'empandika z'ebyuma ebikolebwamu, okulaga abaana engeri enkola y'empaka y'enkola y'enkola y'emu.

Emisingi 19: Etteeka Erikugira Abakazi Okuvaamu Ebibala

Mu 1920 oluvannyuma lw'emyaka mingi nga baakatandika okukola n'okunkola, empeereze ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essatu egaana okutongoza eddembe ery'okulonda abakazi olw'okwetaba. Kino kyakyusa obukadde n'obukadde bw'abakazi, wadde nga mu nkola, ebbyayinza okuwerebwa ng'okugezesa okusomera abaana okusoma n'okunoonyereza, byeyongera okugoba abakazi ab'enkula y'enkula. Okulwanirira eddembe ery'okulonda abakazi mu bujjuvu tekukoma mu 1920; kweyongera mu n'okuva mu ntegeka y'okuleetawo entegeka y'eddembe mu bantu.

Omutemwa ogw’Amakumi abiri n’Ataano: Emirimu egy’Okusaasaanyizibwawo

Mu 1964, Kkooti enkulu yawera okusala emisolo gy'abavvuzi amakumi abiri n'ekitundu mu kulonda okwakolebwa mu 1964. Polys zaakozesebwa nnyo mu masaza g'omu Maserengeta okuziyimula abaddu abasala ennukuta oluvannyuma lw'okuddamu okulonda. Wadde nga okutereezebwa kwakolebwa ku bannaago, oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yasaze okusala emisolo mu kulonda ng'eraga nti obukwasi bw'obukuumi obw'omukono ogumu ([] v. Virginia Board of Eclacts, 1966]).

Empeereze eya 20: Okukendeeza ku Kiseera eky'Okubuulira

Mu 1971, Empeereze ey'Akasanyunyufu ey'amakumi abiri n'ekitundu yaleetera ab'eggwanga okulekera awo okulonda wakati w'emyaka 21 ne 18. Empandiika eyo yava mu lutalo Vietnam bwe lwatandikanga, abavubuka bwe baayitibwanga okulwana naye ne batasobola kulonda.

Ebigambo Ebitongozebwa mu Mateeka Bivaamu Emiganyulo

Omuntu omuyigirize ennyo y'afuga obulungi amateeka ga gavumenti. Abayigiriza balina kinene nnyo mu kusobozesa abayizi okukola enkyukakyuka mu bulamu bwabwe.

Ensibuko Enkulu ez’Ekizimbe

Abayizi basome ebiwandiiko ebyasookera ddala ebyaddaabirizibwa era babigeraageranye n'ebyo ebyasooka okuteekebwa mu nkola. Ng'ekyokulabirako, olukalala lw'ebiragiro olwasooka lwali lukwata ku kizimbe kyokka, naye leero lugatta ebibiina byonna ebya gavumenti. Ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ebinoonya obutuuti n'ebya AntiFederali bisobola okubikkula ensonga lwaki buli kimu kyateebwa.

Wekkaanye Empandiika y’Omusawo Omukulu

Buli nkyukakyuka ekoleddwa ku nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka. Gawa abayizi okunoonyereza ku nsonga enkulu era bawe obujulizi, ekibuuzo ekya graudio, eky'ensonga, n'ekivuddemu. Kino tekiyigiriza bukomyawo kutereeza nsonga era kiyamba n'okutegeera obulungi ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okwekenneenya Tas v. Johnson [19] ku bikwata ku kwokya limu eri mu lukalala kiyamba abayizi okutegeera ebbengo ly'olukalala lw'amateeka.

Weyungeko ng'okozesa erinnya:

Kumpi buli mawulire galimu amawulire agakwata ku kukyusa amateeka: okwesamba ebiba bijuliziddwa poliisi (Emperamyaamu ey'okusatu), okukaayana ku by'ensimbi (Kampera ey'okutaano mu kiseera kya kampeyini), okusoomooza okuwera okuwera okuwera okuvvuunikidwa (Mitemerezo gya taano, kkumi na nnusu, 19, Agumenti, Enkola ez'Akasa Obukadde). Okukubiriza abayizi okuleeta ebitundu ebifulumira mu mpapula z'amawulire era n'okulaga enkyungirira embeera eziba zizze zigobereddwa. Kino kiraga nti Amateeka tegali mu byafaayo wabula gago gafaayo ku nsonga ezibalukanaago.

Kafaananyi ko n'ekifo ky'obubonero

Nsonga ki eziyinza okulemesa abayizi okuvuganya n'okugonjoola ensonga eziba zikkiriziddwa, gamba ng'okunyaga akantu akayitibwa kalina okukolebwa mu ssomero.

Okusoomooza Okuliwo mu Kiseera Kino n’Obutawaana

Wadde nga waliwo enteekateeka ezikolebwako, tekinologiya mupya, ekyukakyuka mu ngeri gye zigobererwa, era n'engeri gye zigobererwamu, bisobola okugezesa emitindo gy'obwenkanya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka ey'okusengeka amateeka ak'ensi n'ebyuma ebitegekebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo esobola okugobererwa, tekinologiya w'ensi n'eby'ennono. Ebiwandiiko ebyasooka eby'edda bigezesebwa olw'enjogera ez'olukyayi, n'obukyayigo, n'ekifo ekikolebwa abantu kinnoomu nga Twitter ne Faceanbook. Entement eri mu nsi eyokubiri yeeyongera okuleetawo amateeka agakwata ku by'obuvuzigunja obwa n'okukwata ku by'obuvuzigule.

Ate era, wabaawo okunyumya okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebiba byetaaga okulongoosebwa oba okweyongera. Abeekenneenya abamu bawagira enkyukakyuka empya ez'okukola ku kaweefube ow'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'ensimbi, ate abalala bawakanya obwannannyini obukkirizibwa mu kwegatta oba eddembe ery'okwezaamu omwana. Okutegeera ensonga lwaki enzivuunula za kika kya mugaso nnyo okusobola okutegeera ensonga lwaki ebiruubirirwa ng'ebyo bizibu okuteeyuuka.

Ekibuuzo ekiwedde: Ekivaamu Okulongoosebwa kw’Amateeka

Ebiba bigonjooddwa ku mateeka ga Amereka nga omusanvu si bye bintu eby'edda ebikolebwako obutereevu, nga bino bye bintu eby'edda, bye bintu ebikakasa nti obulamu bw'abantu mu Amereka bulina eddembe era nti bulina okugonjoolwa. Okuva ku ddembe ery'okwogera ku bukuumi eritabanguzi eri gavumenti, enzivuunula zino ziwa eddembe erisobozesa demokulase. Abayizi n'abasomesa okuyiga ku ku kulongoosebwa kw'amateeka gano, basinziira ku busobozi bw'abantu.

Kyokka, nga wazzewo okusoomooza okuppya, enkyukakyuka zikyagenda zikolebwa okusobola okugonjoolebwa, nga bwe zibadde okumala ebyasa bibiri. Obukuumi obusingirayo ddala eri eddembe erya bulijjo si ye miwandiiko era abantu abategese okuzissaamu ekitiibwa. Bwe bayiga obulungi ebizikwatako era ne bakubaganya ebirowoozo ku makulu gaabyo, abasomesa bayinza okukakasa nti omulembe oguddako gusobola okukuuma n'okwongera eddembe eriva ku musingi gw'eggwanga.