Table of Contents

Okutegeera Ebiva mu Mateeka: Enteekateeka ya Demokulase mu Amerika

Constitution y'Amerika kye kimu ku biwandiiko ebikyasinzeeyo okumanyibwa mu byafaayo by'omuntu. Okuva bwe kyayonoonebwa mu 1788, ekiwandiiko kino kiwa obulagirizi obwa Amereka mu biwandikiro ebisatu ebisatu ebikola enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, okuva ku ttulutu ez'ebya bulijjo okutuuka ku ggwanga ery'omulembe ogwa kakumi na ttaano. Obukugu bw'amateeka tebuba nga busimbye mu nkola yaabwo ey'okukyusa mu nkola ya Kkereziya okuyitira mu nkola y'okukyusa ebiba bya kkopi. Ekiragiro kisomero kikyusaamu k'okukyusaamu mu by'empandika ebyasooka, era kisobozesa ekiwandiiko ekyo okumanyisagana n'ebyetaago, era n'okutegeera amakulu g'obwenkanya.

Enkola eno ereetebwawo okulongooseza ddala ekiwandiiko ekya kafundikwa, nga kisobola okwoleka ekigendererwa ky'abantu naye nga bakuuma obutebenkevu. Enkyukakyuka eno ey'amaanyi wakati w'obudde n'obuwanguzi esobozesezza Amerika okugonjoola ensonga enkulu okuva ku kuggibwawo kw'obuddu okutuuka ku kweyongera kw'eddembe ly'okulonda, wadde ng'eno y'egoberera emisingi emikulu egyateekebwawo abawandiisi. Okutegeera engeri okutereeza ekikolebwa gye kikulu eri buli mutuuze ayagala okutegeera obwetwaze bwa demo-demokrase era n'okwenyigira mu bulamu bw'abantu bonna.

Enteekateeka y’Okukyusa Endagaano ku Mateeka: Ekitundu eky’Emitego Egisinga Okunnyonnyolwa

Abakola ku lukalala lwa mateeka baakitegeera nti tewali kiwandiiko kyonna, ka kikolebwe n'obwegendereza, ekiyinza okusuubira ekizibu kyonna mu biseera eby'omu maaso oba okusigala nga kikwatagana bulungi n'embeera zonna. Mu kiseera kye kimu, baategeera akabi akali mu kufuula tteeka eryo ebeere eryangu okukyusa, ekiyinza okuviirako obutakkaanya n'okuddirira kw'emisingi emikulu. Ekiteeso eky'okuteeseteesiteeza ekyayogerwako mu Katundu V ak'Ekaalu, kireetawo ekkubo erizibu okugobererwa mu bugenderevu naye nga lisobola okugobererwa.

Okukkiriza Okulongoosebwa

Waliwo engeri bbiri ez'okukyusizaamu amateeka, nga zombi zaetaagisa okukyusizaamu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Engeri esooka n'esinga okukozesebwa ezingiramu akakiiko akafuzi. Ekimu ku bintu ebitera okukolebwa kiyinza okukolebwa nga ebitundu bibiri mu bisatu ebya Nnyumba y'ababaka ne akalulu k'abakwasito abagiwagira.

Enkola ey'okubiri ey'okutereeza tetera kukozesebwa bulungi mu byafaayo bya Amerika, wadde nga yasembera okukoma mu myaka egyakayita. Mu nkola eno, amakanisa agassoofo abiri emirundi esatu gayinza okusaasaanyiza olukuŋŋaana olw'eggwanga. Akakodyo kano kaatwalibwa okuteekawo amateeka agandibadde n'engeri y'okulekamu enteekateeka nga gavumenti tezikkiriza byetaago bya gavumenti n'ebiruubirirwa bya bantu baayo. Enteekateeka y'olukuŋŋaana lwa mateeka ereetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ngeri olukuŋŋaana olwo gye lutegekebwamu, era kayinza okukkirizibwa okuggulawo emitwe oba okuggulawo amateeka gonna ku nsonga ezizingirwamu.

Okukyusa Endowooza

Bwe kiba nga kyateegibwa okuyitira mu nkola ezo zombi, kiba kiteekwa okukkirizibwa nga tewannabaawo kayisalala. Era, wabaawo amakubo abiri ag'okunaayungibwamu. Wadde nga Congress ekitongole kya gavumenti kisala dda nkola eteekwa okukozesebwa nga kissaawo ekinnyonyola. Enkola esingayo ekkirizibwa ekkirizibwa sistemu essaawa nga zino, nga zirimu amateeka ataano mu taano ag'omulembe, amacalimu g'ensirimu gateekwa okutongoola okutongoza ekiwandikiro kisobole okubeera ekitundu ky'amateeka.

Enkola endala ey'okulongoosaamu ebigambo by'ezingiramu enkuŋŋaana ennene mu kifo kya sistemu. Ebitundu bisatu mu bina ku nkuŋŋaana zino ez'enjawulo ezitegekeddwa biteekwa okukkirizibwa okulongoosebwa. Enkola eno ekozesebwa omulundi gumu gwokka mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okusobola okutongozaamu enkyusa eya Amakumi abiri musooka, eyaddawo enkola ey'okukyusaamu mu kifo kya za gavumenti. Olw'okuba abawagizi ba gavumenti bakkiriza nti enkuŋŋaana za gavumenti zirwawo, enkola eno eyinza okugobererwa ku nneewulira z'abantu ab'ebyekka, eziyinza okukubirizibwa abakkiriziganyisiddwa abawagizi.

Ebbanga ly’Ebiseera n’Ebifo Ebitufiiriddemu

Wadde nga Amateeka tegawa budde bumala kutandika kukolebwako, Consert etera okuteekako ebiseera ebiwerako mu mpandiika y'okulongoosebwa kw'ebbanga oba mu mateeka agagobereranga. Essaawa ezisinga okutegeerwa kwe kubaamu emyaka musanvu, wadde nga ekiseera kino kiyinza okwawulibwawo gavumenti z'amateeka. Ekitongole ekikola ku ddembe ery'obuntu okuwerezebwako, yaweebwa ekiseera ekiwerebwawo nga waakayita emyaka musanvu mu mwaka gwa 1972, oluvannyuma ne kigaziwa ne kitandika mu 1982. Wadde nga wabaddewo emyaka egiwera gino, okutereezebwa okwo kwagwa ku bitundu bisatu ebisatu ebisaanyizibwa eby'okutu ebizingirwamu mu ku n'okunyweza obuvunaanyizibwa obwali mu mwaka guno ogusooka.

Ekyewuunyisa, enkyukakyuka ezimu zaakkiriziddwa nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'okuteesa kwabwe.Emiteesitendo 20 mu kkumi n'omusanvu, omusaala oguva mu lukiiko olukulu gye gutongozebwa, gwateekebwawo mu 1789 mu Lupapula olwasooka olwa Ddembe naye tewakkirizibwa okutuusa mu 1992, emyaka egisukka mu bikumi bibiri oluvannyuma.

Ebyafaayo: Ensonga Lwaki Omulongo Kikulu

Enkola y'okukyusaamu ku nkola y'obukodyo eraga engeri y'okuteekawo enteekateeka ya gavumenti ennywevu era etuukana n'embeera za gavumenti. Bwe baava mu Ntalo ya productive era ne balemererwa okugezesa ebitundu ebya Programu of Confederation, abava mu Constitution mu 1787 baagezaako okwewala okufugibwa enkola ya sistemu enjereere era n'okutaagukanya kw'omulembe. Ekiteeso kyabayamba kweyisa mu ngeri eyoleka enkyungiko mu bitundu bya gavumenti ne mu bitundu byayo ebitali bimu.

Ekiragiro kino kiwandikiddwa nti enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezikoleddwa mu mateeka zikyusizza, okuva Amateeka bwe gaakkirizibwa, zisukka mu enkumi kkumi na bbiri mu lukumi ze zikkirizibwa mu kakiiko akakola enteekateeka eyo. Ebimenyese kkumi n'ekkumi ebisooka, ebimanyiddwa nga Bill of Rights, byakkirizibwa mu 1791, emyaka esatu oluvannyuma lw'okuva ku Mateeka. Bino byalina okulongoosebwa okusobola okukomya etteeka mu ngeri egguka empandika amateeka nga gavumenti ziragira obukwakulisibwa okukuuma eddembe lya buli muntu kinnoomu.

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okukitegeera nti enzivvuunuzi y'emboozi ekolebwa mu kifo ekimu, era nti amateeka gaago gaakyusa nnyo enkola ya Amereka. Olw'okuba waliwo enkyukakyuka nnyingi eziyinza okukolebwa, n'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezikoleddwa mu mateeka zibaddewo okuyitira mu ngeri endala, naddala mu kkooti enkulu ennyo. Ebyo bye kisalawo nga B]Brown v.Ebbon. Ebiwandiiko by'Essomero by'Essociation, ebiwandiddwa mu ngeri y'emu nga [FLT], byakyusa amakulu g'empaka ne gaabiwandiiko nga tek'empaka byako. Kino kiviiriddeawo okuleetawo enkambi enjjulukuka ez'enkola wakati w'okunnyonnyola okw'amateeka n'okukyusa kw'empandika y'empandika ey'empala.

Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe: Amereka Gaasooka Okutemebwako Ekkumi

Bill of Rights kye kintu ekikulu ekyasooka okukolebwa okusobola okutereeza etteeka ery'amateeka era esigala mu kifo ekisingayo obukulu. Ebisobozo bino ekkumi byakolebwa mu lukiiko olusooka mu 1789 era ne bikkirizibwa omuwendo gwa gavumenti ezaasabibwa omwaka gwa Ddesemba 1791. Okusingira ddala byali ebyo James Madison bye yasooka okuwakanya etteeka lya ddembe naye n'akiraba nti kyali kyetaagisa okusobola okuwanirira Amateeka amapya.

Omuteende Ogutandikibwawo: Enteekateeka y’Okununulibwa kw’Eggwanga

Kkomero eno egaana gavumenti okutandikawo eddiini oba okugobera okusinza okw’obulimba, ekuuma eddembe ery’okwogera n’eby’empuliziganya, era ekakasa eddembe ery’okukuŋŋaana awamu awamu n’okwegayirira gavumenti okutereeza ensonga. Obukuumi obwo buyambye Amerika okuteekawo eddembe n’empisa ez’eby’obufuzi, era busobozesa abantu okuba n’eddembe ery’okwogera n’eby’okukuba ebitabo n'okukuba emitwe, era buwa obuwagizi obwa nnamaddala okuba nti balina eddembe ery’okuzzaawo emirembe n’okwewala okuwombeeka ku nsonga.

Amateeka agaasooka mu byafaayo bya Amerika, nga gayitibwa Alien and Sedition Eccriptions mu 1798, gaatandika okunnyonnyolwa gavumenti nga tewakyaliwo butongole mu kiseera kino nga baddoozezza enzijivu n'enkyukakyuka. Leero, amateeka agasooka okugakyusa gagobererwa ne gatandika n'ebigambo eby'akabonero, ebisuubuzi, n'engeri endala ez'okuvumirira, wadde nga wabaddewo okukaayanaabya ku ddembe eryo mu bitundu nga mulina empaka ez'obukyayi, enzikwa n'enkola za kaweefube.

Ekyokubiri mu Kukyusa Ekkumi

Ekirango eky'okusatu kigaana abaserikale okutwalibwa mu maka g'abantu awatali kukkirizibwa, era kiwa ensonga okuva mu kiseera kya bannaakyewa.

Omuteende ogw'Okutaano gulina obukuumi bungi eri abo abavunaanibwa omusango, nga mw'otwalidde n'eddembe eribakugira okweyisa mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri, n'okukakasa enteekateeka esaanira nga tebannafiirwa bulamu, eddembe oba ebintu. Era kitwetaagisa okubaako kye tusasula gavumenti bwe yeeddiza ebintu ebyayo okusobola okukozesebwa abantu.

Ekitongole ekyo kikakasa nti okugattika obunene obwa bulijjo tekiriiko nnukuta ndala. Ate era, mu Amereka ogw'okusa obusatu kigaana okusala emisango mu ggwanga, era ne kigaana enzijanjaba ezisingawo, era n'okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi.Enziji z'empandika ennukuta ennukuta ennukuta ennungi era ey'enjawulo ewa kayisa akakwate ne kateeso.

Ebigambo Ebirongooseddwa: Bikyusa Sosayate ya Amerika

Okugattika obusika, obusosoze mu langi, obusosoze mu langi, n'obusosoze mu langi, byonna biraga nti olukalala olw'ensi n'obw'abantu aba bulijjo lwe byatandikawo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'ensi, ne kikyusa enzivuunula y'amateeka.Emiteeso eno yamalawo obuddu, yassaawo obusika obwa bulijjo wansi w'amateeka era n'egaana obusosoze mu kulonda.

Omutemu ogw’ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Esatu: Okuvvuunula Obuddu

Mu mwaka gwa 1865, olukalala olw'ekkumi n'okusatu olwavaawo obuddu mu Amerika yonna n'okuggyako ng'ekibonerezo eky'okutulugunya gavumenti. Kino kyeyoleka nti waaliwo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu lutalo olw'omunda era nti waaliwo okuyiwa omusaayi mungi mu bantu.

K'ekkumi n'okusatu, okugattika Omuteende ogw'okuzza emisango ku Kkumi n'essaawa essatu ezaasooka ez'okuzzaawo ntegeka za gavumenti okusobola okugaziya obuyinza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. handle kw'okubonereza obumenyi bw'amateeka, kyalina kye kyavaako okumalawo emirembe gyonna, nga kino kye kyavaako okuwakana ku kusibibwa okw'abantu mu Amerika.

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Okukuumibwa n’Engeri Esaanira

K'empeereze ey'ekkumi n'ena, eyakkirizibwa mu 1868, oboolyawo kye kibonerezo ekyasinga okugonjoolebwa ku Mateeka ga Bulaaya oluvannyuma lwa Bill of Rights. Kyongera okukakasa nti abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaakolebwa mu Amerika be batuuze, baasaanyawo omulembe guno omubi ennyo Dectred Scott[ okusalawo okwali nga kugaanye obutuuze bw'Abafirika. Enkola eno egaana okukendeeza ku nkizo oba enzibega z'abatuuze, okuggyako omuntu yenna obulamu, oba ekintu awatali mateeka, oba okugaana omuntu yenna eyenkanankana obukuumibwa.

Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi na kimu kye kisinziirwako ku kusalawo okw'amaanyi okwa Kkooti ey'Enfuga Amerika. Ebiwandiiko bya 'FLT Claus' bye byasinze okukomyawo ebiwandiiko bya kkooti enkulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Ebiwandiiko bya 'FLT Protection Provice'' byaliwo nnyo mu bukuumi bw'eggwanga era n'okukuuma eddembe ekkulu eritaagibwa mu Mateeka. Okuva ku ddembe ly'okuzaala okusobola okugatta obufumbo, okumanyisa eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu n'okusosola mu mawanga.

Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Etaano: Okugaba Eddembe

Mu 1870, Amereka ak'eky'ennamba 1500 gawagidde gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'eggwanga okugaana obusomi obwesigamye ku langi, langi, oba obuddu obwali bubaddewo. Kino kyayoleka nti okulongoosebwa kw'enkola kwa demokulase kwa demokulase kwali kwayongerayongerayongera, ne kusobozesa obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu mu Amereka okulonda. Kyokka, ekisuubizo kyayo kyabuusibwa nnyo amaaso okusobola okunoonyereza ku ku kusoma, okusasula emisolo, okulonda emitwe gy'amenya amateeka ga bannaago, n'okuyisa eby'obukambwe.

Mu kutuukirizibwa kw'ekisuubizo kya Amereka ow'ekkumi n'enkumi n'ekkumi n'entaano eky'okukyusaamu, kyali kyetaagisa okutandikawo etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri era n'etteeka ekkulu ennyo erifuga etteeka lya sookisi mu 1965. Ne leero, wabaddewo okuwakana ku ddembe ly'okulonda, amateeka agakwata ku bululu, n'okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okusobola okufuna obulagirizi obuva mu misingi egyateekebwa mu nteekateeka eno ey'okuzzaawo enzijigo. Enziji z'ekikumi n'ekitundu ebisakubiddwawo kyago kyago kyassaawo omusingi ogusinziddwa mu kulonda eddembe ly'envuma era n'obuwandikiro obuzingirwamu tegulibwa okusinziira ku langi.

Enkyukakyuka Ezibaawo mu Bitongole: Okukyusa Obusosoze mu Amereka

Ekyasa ekyamakumi abiri ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa kyakulaakulanye okukyuka okuppya okwali kukubirizibwa ekibiina ky'abantu ekyagala okufuula gavumenti okuba nga y'ekola nga demokulase era nga y'eyagaza abantu. Enkyukakyuka ennya ezaasabibwa wakati wa 1913 ne 1920 zaakyusa nnyo ebibiina by'obufuzi mu Amerika era ne zigaziya n'okuyingira mu nkola ya demokulase.

Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Esatu: Omusolo gwa Federali

Oluwere lw'ekkumi n'omukaaga, lwatongozebwa mu 1913, era ne luwa Consell obuyinza okusasula omusolo gwa levy nga tegugabanyizaamu bantu mu nsi. Kino kyakyusa okusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu mu Pollock v. Purmers Loan & Trust Co., okwaviirako omusolo ogwa gavumenti okugutunda ng'etazza essente z'ensi yonna.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Esanvu: Okutongoza Obubonerevu kw’Abasibe

Era yakkiriziddwa mu 1913, akakiiko akaalondebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo aka United States kaatongoza akalulu akaakolebwa abantu ab'enjawulo nga kadda mu kifo kya kampuni eyo eyasooka, abateesiteesi b'amasimu gye baalonda. Enkyukakyuka eno yakolebwa olw'obulyi bw'enguzi, amapeesa agaawereddwawo ab'eggwanga, n'okwagala okuleetera Olukiiko lw'eggwanga okwongera okubaako kye lukola eri abantu.

Omutemwa ogw’ekkumi n’omunaana: Okubonerezebwa

Olukiiko olwawerera ddala olukulu olw'okuwerezaamu omwenge, lwakkirizibwa mu 1919, ne lugaana okukola, okutunda, n'okutambuza ebyayonja. Okutereezebwa kuno kwalaga nti kaweefube w'ekkumi n'omunaana ow'okuziyiza omwenge yali aweredde ddala emyaka 20 okugattika era n'okuleetawo obumenyi bw'amateeka bungi. Ekiragiro eky'ekkumi n'omutaano eky'ekkumi n'omunaana kireetawo olumu enzijira okulongoosebwa mu mateeka okuganzibwa mu bujjuvu olw'enjola y'endwadde, ekyatongodde nga kimaze emyaka 20 mu 1933.

Empeereza ey’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Emwezi: Etteeka ly’Abakazi

Mu 1920, Kkommenti ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essaawa yawera gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ebitundu ebikola eby'ekika kya gavumenti okugaana abatuuze okulonda abantu nga beetaba. Kino kyava ku nkyukakyuka eyakolebwa abakyala ab'enkola, eyali ekoze enkola ey'emirembe okusikirizibwa abantu ne bajeemera gavumenti.

Okuddukanya enkola y'abakazi kwalaga amaanyi g'ebirooto ebikuumibwa okusobola okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Abakola ku by'amateeka nga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, era oluvannyuma Alice Paul ne Carrie Chapman Catt baazimba kaweefube eyatwaliramu abantu ab'emyaka emingi era ne bakozesa obukodyo obutali bumu okusobola okutuuka ku kiruubirirwa kyabwe. Okugobererwa kw'amateeka agabako kwalina kyeyongera mu kiseera mu nkola ya demokulase mu Amereka, wadde nga enkola ey'ebyobufuzi okusinziirira abakazi esigala nga y'ekola omulimu guno.

Okugayirizibwa mu Kiseera Kyaffe: Okuzzaawo Entegeka Ekola nga Ddemokulase

Enkyukakyuka ezo ezaakolebwa okuva ku Ssematalo II essira liteekeddwa ku kulongoosa enkola ya demokulase, okukuba ebiba bbeeyi, n’okukwata ensonga ezikwata ku gavumenti.

Okumeetaba Amakumi abiri n’Essanyu: Ennimi z’Emigambo gya Pulezidenti

Mu 1951, olukusanyazesenti lwa ba pulezidenti amakumi abiri n'ekitundu Second Amend Amerekation (empandika eya Agumenti) lwayisa aba pulezidenti mu buyinza bwa mirundi ebiri. Okutereeza okwo kwali kugonjoolerako Franklin D. Roosevelt okulonda okwa kafundikwa okwa mirundi ena okwabanga tekubangako kudda ku ntebe y'ekitongole. Wadde nga George Washington yateekawo akalombolombo ak'emirundi ebiri nga tanoonyanga kigambo kya kusatu, Roosevelt yamenya ekiragiro kino mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II. Entegeka ya Amakumi abiri mu butundu essaawa, yakakasa nti ekiwandikiro kya bulijjo kivvuuzibwa ku ofiisi y'eggwanga ekka, era n'okuwera amaanyi g'omu muntu omu.

Abamu bagamba nti okugoba abalonde ku mateeka kireetawo okusoomooza kungi era ne kilemesa abakuba buyinza okubaamu amaanyi, ate abalala bagamba nti bannabyabufuzi tebayinza kubaako kye bavunaanyizibwa ku bakulembeze era nti babuza ensi obuyinza obusingawo mu bizibu.

Ekiwandiiko ekya Amakumi abiri n'esatu eky'okukyusaamu ekiwandiikiddwa mu lulimi olwo: D.C. Electoral Votes

Ekitongole ekyo kyawa abatuuze b'e Columbia eddembe ery'okulonda bappaapa nga balonda akalulu akalaga nti kalina okulondebwa nga gavumenti. Ekitongole ekyo kyawa D.C. omuwendo gw'abalonda abenkanankana n'ab'eggwanga erisingayo obunene, nga zino ze ssatu. Abatuuze b'omu disitulikiti eyo baawandiika ku nkyukakyuka mu kulonda pulezidenti nga tebalina kya kulonda prezidenti, wadde nga D.C. Abatuuze b'eggwanga baali tebakyalina bigambo byonna ebikiikirira Priciotive.

Omukutu ogw’Amakumi abiri n’Ataano ogw’Okukyusa Emirimu: Emisolo Egikolebwa mu Bulungi

Mu 1964, Kkooti enkulu yawera okulonda emisolo mu bitundu bya Southern. Okusasula emisolo gyakozesebwa, naddala mu masaza g'obukiikaddyo, okugoba abaavu mu nvumbo, naddala mu Afirika. Enkyukakyuka eyo yali kitundu kya kaweefube w'okuggyawo enkongo ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu okulonda. Nga wayiseewo emyaka ebiri, Kkooti enkulu yatongoza ekiragiro kino mu kulonda . Virginia Board of Ecountals, nga ekutte omusolo ogw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe lya bannannyini bantu, oguwakanya enkola ya Claus Claus.

Ekiwandiiko Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu: Omukulembeze Afuga nga Pulezidenti addikkululwa mu mitendera egyamuweebwa

Kyongera ku bukakafu nti omumyuka wa prezidenti oyo afuuka prezidenti (so si prezidenti ali obukola nga pulezidenti) bw'afa, okulekerawo oba okuggibwawo. Era yatandikawo enkola eyandikulembedde omumyuka wa prezidenti okufuna obuyinza bwa prezidenti mu kiseera prezidenti bw'aba nga tasobola kutuukiriza mirimu gye, oba okuyitira mu kukakasibwa kwa pulezidenti oba ekitongole ekikolera ku bukulembeze.

Enkyukakyuka era yatandikawo enkola ey'okujjuzaamu ebifo ebya prezidenti ow'ekika kya Presidenti, nga kyetaagisa prezidenti okutongoza omuntu ateekwa okukkirizibwa amayumba ga congress gombi. Enteekateeka eno ekozeseddwa emirundi ebiri: Gerald Ford bwe yalondebwa okuba omumyuka wa prezidenti w'ekigo oluvannyuma lwa Prezida w'ekitongole Spiro Agnew'okuva ku mulimu, era ne bwe yalondebwa oluvannyuma lwa Ford okufuuka pulezidenti Richard Nixon'okudek'.

Ekiwandiiko 20 eky’Omukago: Okukendeeza Ennaku ez’Okugaba

Mu 1971, Kkommenti eya Amakumi abiri n'agasatu yaleetera essomero eririmu okukuba akalulu. Enkola eno yaleetera esseeti nga 20 mu masaza, kkumi na munaana mu magye, ne mu bitundu ebirala byonna ebya bulijjo. Enzivuunula yayisibwa lwa kuba nti abantu abaali baaweza emyaka kkumi mu kkumi n'enaana baali bakulu ekimala okuyitibwa era nga balwana mu lutalo mu Vietnam, baali bakulu ekimala okulonda. Ekiragiro ekiwerezo eky'okuvvuunuula ek'okuvvuunula ebitabo kyakkirizibwa mu bwangu okusinga emyezi esatu, nga baatwalibwawo obusukka mu ku ku ku kukkirizo eri wakati w'awerebwa mu ggwanga erimu.

Kino kyaleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'enkola ey'okukuba kalulu era kyayoleka enkyukakyuka mu ndowooza z'abantu ku buvunaanyizibwa bw'abaana abato. kyalaga nti abo abakwatibwako etteeka lya gavumenti, naddala okuyingizibwa mu magye, baalina obuyinza mu kulonda ababakiikirira.Enziganya eyo egenda mu maaso okuleetawo kaweefube w'eby'obufuzi n'enkakaanyi ez'okukuba obukulembe nga banoonya okuyingira obuvvuzi n'okuyingira obulango mu bibiina.

Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enkola

Ekiweezo kino ekya makumi abiri n'omusanvu, ekyakkirizibwa mu 1992, kiwa obukakafu nti etteeka lyonna erikyusa enkola y'obukulembeze teriyinza kukola okutuusa ng'okulonda ababaka bannaalyo kuwedde. James Madison yakiteekateeka mu 1789 ng'ekitundu eky'ebiwandiiko ebyafuuka Bill of Rights, okutereezebwa kuno kwagonjoolwa okumala ebyasa bibiri kaweefube ow'okuzza obusagwa ng'omuyizi wa ttendekero wa ttendekero lya Gregory Watson, bwe yawandiikibwawo.

Ebyafaayo ebikyusaamu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo byaleetawo ebibuuzo ku bikwata ku kukyusa ekiyinza okusigala nga kilindirira era oba nga wateekwa okubaawo ekkomo ku kukyusizaamu. Wadde kiri kityo, Abeekenneenya ebikwata ku Amerika baakakasa enkyukakyuka nga bwe yakkirizibwa, era kati etwalibwa ng'ekitundu ky'amateeka. Okutereezebwa okwo kulaga nti waliwo ebikweraliikiriza ebiva mu kutuukiriza ebigendererwa byo era n'ensonga lwaki kikulu okulonda.

Ebigambo Ebigasa Tebyagusibwa: Okutegeera Ebitayinza Kukolebwa

Bwe twekenneenya ebiremereddwa, kituyamba okutegeera obulungi engeri eby’obufuzi by’omu Amerika, ebibiina by’abantu, n’okusoomooza okutali kumu okusobola okutuuka ku nkyukakyuka eziba zikoleddwa.

Ekitongole Ekikola ku Ddembe

Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyawandiisibwa gavumenti z'ensi nnyingi mu 1972 era ne kiwa obukakafu nti obusosoze bulina kukolebwa mu nsi nnyingi. Kyokka, gavumenti ssatu tezituukiriza kiseera kye zandimaze nga zirwanidde ddala emyaka nga 30 mu 1982. ERA yaziyizibwa abalwanyi abaagezaako okubulwanirira era ne bamalawo obukuumi obwandivuddemu nga abakazi batwalibwa mu ntalo.

Mu myaka egyakayita, Nevada, Illinois, ne Virginia baakakasa ERA, era ne baleetera ebitundu nga makumi asatu mu munaana, wadde nga okusiiga enzivvuunula zino zaabaawo nga wayiseewo emyaka mingi oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera ekigere. Abawagizi bakkiriziganyizza nti enzigi emaze okukolebwa bakkirizibwa, ng'ate abawagizi bagamba nti ekiseera ekigereke kiweddeko era nti amawanga agamu gaagyeresezza ekkomo lyago. ERA enkaaya zino zeeyongera okukubaga ku bukulu era oba nga gisobola okubeera ekitundu ky'Amateeka.

Omukutu Ogukwata ku Ntegeka ya Yakuwa Ogutagudde Lubege

Enkola ez'enjawulo ez'enkola ey'okusengeka enzijanjaba ekyetaagisa gavumenti ya gavumenti okusobola okulaba we ekendeeza ku nfuna yayo buli mwaka oba okusobola okwolekagana n'ebizibu ebiba bizzeewo, ekiteeberezebwa kye kibadde kiteeberezebwa emirundi mingi. Ebisobozo ng'ebyo bituuse kumpi okuyisa akakiiko k'enkola mu biseera eby'enjawulo naye tebisobola kutuuka ku bantu abangi mu nnyumba zombi bbiri. Abawagizi bakira nti, embalirira ey'enkola ya ntengo esobola okugonjoosa era n'okuziyiza ebbanja okujjukanya, so ng'abawawawawaago bwe gayinza okuba ag'akabi mu by'eby'enfuna.

Oludda lw’e Disitulikiti ejejwe okuyisa obulungi eddembe ly’abantu oluyitibwa Columbia Consupertion

Bwe kyateekebwawo Congress mu 1978, okutereezebwa kuno kwandirese Disitulikiti ya Columbia okukiikirira ba Congress mu bujjuvu nga gy'obeera gavumenti. Enzikkiriza yakkirizibwa gavumenti kkumi na nkumi zokka nga tezinnaweza myaka musanvu miramba mu 1985, embeera bw'eba nga tennaggwaako amakumi asatu mu munaana. Abatuuze b'eggwanga lino bwe balemererwa, baba nga bakyasobola okulonda pulezidenti awezaamu omuliro, nga ne bwe kiri nti tewakyaliwo bulagizi mu kulonda mu Congress, embeera ereetera okuleetawo enkaayanjo n'okuzza obukyungi.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kukyusa Amateeka

Okukyusa kw'amateeka tekukoma ku kuteeka bugazi bigambo bipya mu kiwandiiko ekyo; kuyinza okukyusa engeri amateeka gonna gye gategeerwamu era ne gatavvuunulwa.

Emitendo egiyisiddwa gisobola okumanyisa oba okusiguukulula emisango egisalibwa kkooti esingako oba okugikyusa. Amereka agasaze ak'envuunulo gaagongoberamu [[FLT]Cholm v. Georgia], Amereka ginnaago giyimirizidwa [ Scott v. Sandford[[FLT]][[FLT]]], era ne Amereka'okukyusa kwa 16 kwewanjula Plockb v.Olukusanyazeko.[FLT:] Kino kiraga nti enkola eno ereetebwawo mu ku kkooti z'amateeka zikola nga bwe zigenda mu maaso, ne kikkiriza abantu okumanyisa oba okutaanukula okuva ku n'okubigaanukula okuva ku n'obuvubi. [FLT]

N'olwekyo, abanoonyereza abamu bagamba nti Kkooti eno ekoze kinene nnyo mu kuzza obuggya amakulu g'amateeka kubanga enkyukakyuka ez'omu mateeka si nnyangu kuzituukiriza. Abalala bagamba nti okutereeza ekisinziirwako kya Kkooti kyandibadde kireetawo okwegendereza ennyo okulaba nti kkooti zireetera abantu okusoma eddembe eriggya oba emisingi emipya mu mateeka, ne kiviirako enkyukakyuka ezo ez'amaanyi okukyuka.

Amawanga n’Ebiragiro by’Okukyusa

Wadde nga k'ebeere nedda, ssemateeka wa gavumenti atera okutereezebwako. Eggwanga nnyingi zikkiriza okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka okukolebwa nga bakuba kalulu eya bulijjo oba ey'amaanyi, era gavumenti ezimu zikkiriza obululu obutongole obwa kakiiko akafuzi okulongoosebwa ku ggwanga okuyitira mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'obutuuze. N'ekivaamu, amateeka ga gavumenti gaayongera okulongoosebwa ne gakyusibwa.

Ekiragiro California gye kyakomyawo, gye kyakomyawo, emirundi egisukka mu bikumi bitaano okuva lwe kyafuulibwa mu 1879. Ekiragiro kya Alabama kye kikyasinzeeyo okuwangaala mu nsi yonna, era nga kye kisinga okulongoosebwa emirundi nga lukumi. Ekiragiro kino bulijjo kibaamu enteekateeka ezanditwaliddwa nti zik'okussaawo ensonga enkulu. Amateeka g'ensi agataatambuza obulamu bwago galina emiganyulo n'obuzibu: gakkiriza abantu okukkiriza embeera okukyuka ne bye baagala okukola, naye era gayinza n'okuleetera amateeka okubunnyiizibwamu ne gaba nga gafunvubiddwako mu biseera bitono oba nga bikolerwamu.

Okulongoosebwa kwa gavumenti kwakola nga laboratwale okugezesa demokulase demokulase, okukebera enkyukakyuka oluvannyuma ezaakyusa ennyinnyonnyola ya gavumenti oba enzivuunula ya mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okugoba abakazi mu bitundu ebiwerako mu bugwanjuba nga tekunnaweza mu ggwanga lyonna. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti nnyingi zaasazaamu emisolo egy'okunoonyereza nga teginnaba kutandika mutemwa gwa Amereka ogwa Amakumi abiri mu ttaano ogw'obusatu nga n'okukulaakulana kw'ensi. Enteekateeka eno ey'amaanyi eri wakati w'eggwanga n'okufuga kw'ensi y'ensi eyo yeeyongera okukolebwa kw'eggwanga ne mu ngeri y'okuteekawo amateeka ga Amereka.

Okusoomoozebwa kw’Enkyukakyuka mu Kiwandiiko

Ebibinja bingi biwagira okutereeza ensonga ezizingirwa mu kaweefube ow'okuzza emisango mu kkooti enkulu, okuva ku kumalawo Electoral College okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'envuma mu mateeka.

Kaweefube w’Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyukakyuka

Nga bagoberera okusalawo kwa Kooti enkulu mu . Ekiragiro ekikomyawo ekitongole ekifuga ettutumu ne kampuni ekirwanirira obukwasibwa obwa kampeyini.[Federal Enfukamo Commission[FL:1], ekigamba nti okusaasaanyizibwa kw'obukulembeze n'obugattirizi mu kaweefube mu by'obufuzi bikuumibwa mu nteekateeka y'okusooka, abakyusiza mu nkola y'enkola tebeesiteesi kirengo kya gavumenti okusobozesa okuggya enzige ku mateeka aganene mu kampewo. Abawagizi bagamba nti okusaasaanya enziko z'enkola eno tekukkiriza bantu n'enkola z'enkola z'ebitongole ebinene okumenya amateeka ne k'okwekutulaamenya.

Electoral College Reformation

Enteekateeka ya Electoral College esobola okulonda ba pulezidenti yayolekagana n'okulonda abalondebwa oluvannyuma lw'okulonda abalonde, omuwanguzi mu kulonda n'afiirwa koli y'e Electoral. Propals for reformationssss verset of the Electoral Colleges errectoral errectoral ersootaance er'esobole okulonda enkyukakyuka eziba ntuufu mu ngeri abalonde gye baweebwamu. Kyokka, enzijiri eyo yonna eyinza okumalirizibwa okuggyawo e Electoral College eyolekagana n'enjheesososo nga bwe kiteetaanya enkola eno egoberera enkola y'okulondamu.

Etteeka erikwata ku Misango mu Kkooti Enkulu

Nga balamuzi Suprement Court bwe beeyongera okukaayana okumala ebbanga ddene era nga n'okusemba tekuzzeewo, abamu bawa enziji z'amateeka enzivuunula z'amateeka enzivuunvu. Abaziyiza bawa endowooza nti okulondebwa kwa myaka munaana, era nti buli pulezidenti ajja kulonda abantu babiri mu myaka ena. Abawagizi baleme okukendeeza ku buwagizi obwa buli muntu kinnoomu era n'okukakasa nti buli kiseera, ate nga abalabe bawakanya nti obulamu bukuuma obwetwaze era nti emitindo gy'eby’obufuzi gisobola okuteekawo obwenkanya.

Omutego gw’Okukyusa Ebizimbulukusa mu Buyigirize

Okutegeera engeri obutuuze gye bulongoosebwamu kikulu nnyo okusobola okufuna obumanyirivu mu by'obutuuze era n'okwenyigira mu nkola ya demokulase. Kino kiraga emisingi emikulu egikwata ku mateeka ga Amereka: obufuzi bw'abantu, obukulu bw'okukkaanya okusobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka enkulu, obutagwa lubege wakati w'obutebenkevu n'okumanyiiragana, n'enteekateeka y'ensi esobozesa gavumenti okuba n'ebifo mu kukulaakulana kw'amateeka ga Amereka.

Olutendekero olw'ekitongole ekikwata ku kukyusa ebikolebwako terusaanidde kuggumiza buggulu ku ngeri gye lwakolebwamu, naye era n'ebiriwo mu byafaayo n'ebyafaayo. Abayizi n'abatuuze baalyo bategeera engeri enkyukakyuka gye zigaziyizzaamu eddembe ly'obwannakyemalira n'enneenyigidde mu nkola ya demokulase, engeri gye bagonjoddemu obutali bwenkanya era n'okukyusa amateeka n'embeera okutuuka ku mbeera ezizzeewo mu by'obufuzi mu Amereka. Okumanya kuno kusobozesa abatuuze okwenyigira mu mpaka ezikwata ku nkyukakyuka ezibalukawo ku mateeka era n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezippya ezizingirwamu.

Ebibiina nga ebyo ebikola mu Tterekero ly'eggwanga[[FLT:][FULT]] biwa obusobozi obw'omuganyulo okuyiga ebikwata ku kukyusa kw'amateeka, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebiwandiiko ebyasookera ddala n'ebya ebyafaayo. Kitongole ekifuga eggwanga kiwa obuyigirize obwa[ obuwandisibwa okuyamba abatuuze okutegeera enkola y'okukyusaamu n'amakulu gaago. Eby'obusobozi bino biyamba okusigaza obutundu obusobola okukuuma n'okulongoosa tekirimu.

Okugeraageranya Ebikolebwa mu Nsi Zonna Okutuukana n’Enkyukakyuka

Ekiragiro ekya United States kye kimu ku ebyo ebikyakola ku mateeka amakulu ennyo mu nsi era enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu nkola ya demokulase endala nzizibu nnyo okusinga ezo eza demokulase endala. Amawanga mangi gakkiriza amateeka okukyusibwa okuyitira mu bukulu obwa bulijjo mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga oba nga geetaaga obunene obusingako. Ensi ezimu zikozesa enkola eyo okutegeeza enkyukakyuka ezizikwata ku mateeka.

Enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu nkola y'okukyusa ebizingirwa mu nkola y'okukyusa ebizingirwa mu nkola z'ekitongole kino zisobola okuganyula oba okuvaamu emitawaana nga bwe kigeranyizidwa n'enkyukakyuka endala eziba zigobererwa. Ku ludda lumu, kireetawo obutebenkevu era ne kikakasa nti amateeka obukulu gakyukakyuka oluvannyuma lw'okugattika. Ku luuyi olulala, gayinza okukifuula ekigonjookyirwako ky'amateeka okukyusa emitindo n'ebyetaago by'abantu, naye era ne kiyinza okuleetera ennyimirira ku nnyinyo ku nnukuta y'amateeka okuleetawo amakulu. Amawanga agakyusaamu ne kiyinza okumanyibwa bulungi okumanyisaamu amateeka gaago, ne gagobeewa okuga ku bizibu ebippya.

Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti okusobola okutereeza Amateeka ga Amerika, waliwo enkyukakyuka ez’amaanyi ezikoleddwa mu nsi ezitali zimu, era nti amateeka ga Amerika gaago gayinza okuba nga tegakyukakyuka mu nsi endala.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Emitemere y’Amateeka

Enkyukakyuka ezisembayo zaakkirizibwa mu 1992 era nga tezinnaba kukolebwa, enkyukakyuka ey'okubiri yakkirizibwa mu 1971. Okukendeera kuno kulaga nti wazzewo enjawukana mu by'obufuzi, ekisobozesa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi eziteebeereka, era n'obuwanguzi mu ngeri endala ez'enjawulo ezisobozesa enkyukakyuka mu mateeka okukolebwa, naddala mu kkooti esinga obukulu okunnyonnyola ensonga.

Wadde nga wabaddewo okuddirira kuno, n'ensonga ekyetaagisa okutereeza ekiba kigenda mu maaso. Ebirowoozo ebireetebwawo okutereeza ebipya bikyateekebwa mu kakiiko akategese era ne bikubawo okukuba empaka mu bitundu ebya lukale. Ensonga ezimu, gamba nga kaweefube ow'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'ensimbi oba okuzza obujjanjabi mu kkolero lya Electoral College, ziyinza okuwanirira ennyo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Okusobola okukolebwa kwa pulinsikiti ekiyitibwa gavumenti, wadde nga tewalina ngeri ya kugikola, zikyayinza kusobozesa kkomo lya kkomo lya kkomo eriva mu nteetwaleetwa.

Ebinaddawo nga nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka za mateeka biyinza okusinziira ku nsonga eziwerako: enkyukanya y'enjawukana mu by'obufuzi, enzivuunula y'enkyukakyuka eziyinza okukolebwa mu mateeka okusobola okukyusibwa, okubunawo kw'ensonga ezireetawo okugattika okugattika, n'okutuuka ku bantu bakoleebwe mu kuwagira enkyukakyuka eziba ku mateeka. Ka kibe ki ekinajja okubaawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso, enkyukakyuka zijja kusigala nga ekintu ekikulu ennyo mu nkola eya demokulase eya Amereka, ebiwandikiro ne bisobozesa abantu okufuna enkola eya demokulasibwe mu mateeka gaabwe amakulu.

Ebisinga Okukolebwa ku Kukyusa Amateeka

Okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka kukiikirira enkola abantu b'omu Amereka gye bayinza okukozesa okukyusa etteeka lyabwe ekkulu. Enkola eyo, eyayogerwako mu kitundu eky'okutaano eky'amateeka, ekwetaagisa okukkiriziganya okw'enjawulo mu kyewandiike ekyo era ne mu ngeri ey'okulongoosaamu, nga kikakasa nti enkyukakyuka zonna zifuuse kitundu kya mateeka. Ekiragiro ekibautiddwa okutereezebwa kitegeeza nti, ku nkumi na nkumi bya zigobererwa zikkirizibwa, naye ezo ezimaze okukolebwa zikola kinene nnyo ku ssaayansi era ne ku bufuzi bwa Amerika.

Ebitongole ebyo ebibiri mu musanvu ebikola enkyukakyuka mu kiseera kino biraga engeri abantu gye batwalamu obutuufu bw'eddembe ly'abantu mu byafaayo bya Amerika: okukuumibwa kw'eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu mu Kitongole Ek'Eddembe ly'Eddembe, okulongoosebwa kw'eggwanga lya Amerika okuyitira mu kugattidwawo ebiwambe ebirongookebwawo, okugattibwa kw'obufuzi okulongoosebwa kw'enkwaso n'okulongoosebwa kw'enkola z'eby'obufuzi. Buli kye kikoze kitegeeza nti gavumenti zikola enteekateeka ez'eby'eby'obufuzi, enkyukakyuka mu n'enkyukakyuka mu ntegeka.

Okutegeera enkola y'okukyusaamu mu by'obutuuze bw'omu Amerika kiyamba okusobola okumanya engeri demokulase gy'esobola okugonjoolamu enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, engeri abatuuze gye bayinza okukkiriziganya mu ngeri y'okutereezaamu amateeka gaabwe. Ng'ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ku kukyusaamu ebintu ebiyinza okubaawo, okumanya engeri obutuuze n'ebyafaayo bya demokulase gye bisobola okugonjoozebwamu n'okwegatta ku mateeka g'eggwanga.

Enkyukakyuka eyo eyoleka omusingi ogulaga nti Amateeka agafuga enfuga ya bantu era gayinza okukyusibwa bwe kiba kyetaagisa. Wadde nga kizibu okukola enkyukakyuka mu ngeri eyo, kiba kyangu eddiini okukyuka ne kiba nti tewabaawo kukyusa mu by'amateeka, era nti amateeka gasobola okugonjoolwa ne gagonjoolebwa ne gagoberera enkola ya Amereka, naye nga wayiseewo ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri, ne kikakasa nti eddiini tesobola kukyuka na kutuuka ku butebenkevu. Okugattika okw'amateeka n'okugonjoolekanya kw'amateeka ga samateeka ne gavumenti ya Amerika okusobola okutuuka ku buwanguzi.

Abo abaagala okuyiga ebisingawo ebikwata ku kukyusa ebiba bikyuseeko ne ku nsonga ezaagobererwa mu byafaayo, omukutu gwa Leavention Institute ku Cornell Law School guwa obusobozi obujjuvu nga mwe muli n'ebiwandiiko byonna ebiva mu byonna ebiba bikomye n'ebikwataganako. U.S. Omukutu gwa Ssemakati guwa obubaka obukwata ku nkola y'okutereezaamu n'okukyusizaamu enkyungirizo. Ssobo ziyamba abatuuze b'obutundu okwongera okutegeera ensonga zino enkulu ezikwata ku nkola ya demokulasenti ya Amerekayini ne okwenyigira mu n'enkyukakyuka ezibaawo mu mateeka.