Bill of Rights, yakkirizibwa nga Ddesemba 15, 1791, ekiikirira ensibuko y'eddembe lya Amerika. Ebiwandiiko bino ekkumi ebisooka bikyusa etteeka erifuga etteeka lya Amerika era bikugira eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu era bikoma obuyinza bwa gavumenti y'ensi eyo. Ekiwandiiko kino kikozeewo etteeka erifuga eggwanga eryo, ebibiina ebikubiriza okusala omusango, era ne kisigala ku stebek'eby'obufuzi eby'amaanyi. Okutegeera Bill of Rights·itrithroot, enteekateeka zaalyo enkulu, n'ensonga zaalyo enkulu ezikolebwa mu Amerika okusobola okutegeera ebiruubirirwa by'ensonga ez'obwenkanya.

Ebyafaayo: Lwaki kyali Kyetaagisa Okuwa Eddembe

Okukolebwa kwa Bill of Rights tekwali kwewali kabi era tekwali kwa bwenkanya. Oluvannyuma lwa Convention eya 1787 eya Constitution okutandikawo gavumenti y'eggwanga ey'amaanyi, wajjawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi mu bitundu bisatu. Abamerika bangi baatya nti Amateeka gaawanga obuyinza bungi obuyinza ku nnamba ey'ewala, ne kiviirako abantu okulekebwa obusosoze ng'obwo bwe baali balwanyise okudduka okuva mu Bungereza.

Omuwandise ogw'Eddeera n'okulwana

Okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kwolesebwa okubiri okw'enjawulo. Abakugu ba 'FULT' , nga bakulemberwa Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay, baakiraga nti etteeka ery'enkwanirizo teririna mugaso kubanga tteeka lya Ksikitikiti lyawa gavumenti lyabawa gavumenti obuyinza bwokka. Baalabula nti okumenya eddembe liyinza okuba ery'akabi, nga litegeeza nti eddembe eritakkirizibwa teririwo. , akakiiko akafuzi akafuzi kalina kye kalina kufuga.[8], Hamilton yawandiika nti "Gwatuko gennyini ge gayinza okuba nga gaawula, era ne ku buli kigendererwa eky'omuganyulo, nga Bill w'Eddeakifo."

Ku luuyi olulala, abanoonyereza ku by'entegeka nga mw'otwalidde Patrick Henry ne George Mason, baagamba nti singa tewaaliwo bukuumi obw'enkuudo, abantu tebasobola kwewala gavumenti. Baayogera ku bulombolombo obwa Bungereza obw'okwegayirira obutuufu n'obw'obusobozi obwa Bungereza obwa Diguli. Abanti-Federali baawakanya etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'obwannannyini, naddala singa ab'obuyinza obunene tebukkirizibwa ku buyinza bwa gavumenti.

  • Abakugu mu by'enfuna bakkiriza nti gavumenti ey'amaanyi yeetaagisa okusobola okuleetawo obumu mu ggwanga n'obutebenkevu mu by'enfuna; etwala eddembe ng'eririmu obumyufu oba obw'akabi.
  • Abayivu mu by'obufuzi band'awuluza obuyinza obubadde butiisibwa bwandyonoonye obufuzi n'eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu; nga baagala okukuumibwa mu ngeri enneekusifu okusobola okubuyungibwa.

Okusobola okuwangula empewo enkulu nga Virginia ne New York, abafumbiriganizi basuubiza okugatta ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku ddembe gavumenti empya lye yatandikawo. James Madison, eyasooka okubuusabuusa, yafuuka omuyimbi omukulu ow'ebikompe ebigootaanye okukomya ebiwandiiko ebigobererwa mu lukuŋŋaana lwa gavumenti era n'ekivumenti ky'Ekrakiti kya Virginia of Rights. Yatandikawo enziji z'enkola 12 mu Lukiiko olusooka mu 1789; kkumi zaasiimibwa gavumenti era ne zifuuka Bill of Rights.

Omutemezo Omulungi mu Biwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe: Enseko Eziliko Enseko

Ebiba biterekeddwa ku kkumi birimu obukuumi, okuva ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu okutuuka ku kirimba kya gavumenti.

Omuteende Ogutandikiddwa: Eddembe Etaano

Ekitongole kino kikuuma eddembe ttaano ekkulu: eddembe ery'okwogera, eddiini, okukuba empapula z'amawulire, n'eddembe ery'okusaba gavumenti okutereeza ebyamaguzi. Kitwalibwa ng'ekikolwa ekikulu ennyo kubanga kikuuma enkola ya demokulase. Ekiragiro programmenti kikakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kutandikawo ddiini ya ggwanga oba okugaana abatuuze okugigoberera. Ebigambo n'okuyingiza ebigambo mu nsonga z'eby'obufuzi bivvuunuddwa mu bungi, ne kikuuma buli kimu okuva ku butakkiriziganya na by'obufuzi. Ebiwandiiko ng'ebyo nga Co.[FLC][12][1964][19]) okusobola okuleetera abakungugisawa

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Emikono

Ekitongole eky'okubiri ekiwerezza ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi kigamba: "Ekyombo kya Kkooti Ekirala kya Saaluti ey'oku sistemu kyategekebwa bulungi mu Lusitula, olw'okuba kyetaagisa eri abantu okubeera n'eddembe ery'okukuuma n'okusitula amagye, tekirina kumenyebwa." Ekyasawo kya Ssaze ekya waggulu kyawakanyizibwa. Ek'okusalawo mu Decutity of Columbia v. Heller[FLT][200:1] [2001] [obusobozi] (2008) bwewandikiririza ddala nti okusobola okubeera n'omuntu omulina obwannannyini okwefunirako obuwato, obwa kye bukola ku mabbala, era n'ensonga ez'okukkulembedde mu k'okwegobeewanjula, n'okwekutulaagongera mu k'olupapula lwokubiri. Ekibuga Chicago.[FLT:][FFF3][FF]] (20]) (20) kyeyongera okuk'okusala mu n'

Omuteende ogw’okusatu: Okutwala Abasirikale

Tewaaliwo kakwate konna mu byafaayo naye nga kalina amakulu, Etteeka ery'okusatu ligaana gavumenti okukaka abajaasi b'amayumba okubeera aba mu mirembe awatali kusembezebwa. Eno ye ngeri enneeyisaamu ebikolwa Abangereza abawagizi bye baasanga nga byekubidde ddala mu nkola.

Okugaayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okunoonya n’Okufiirwa

Oluweerera olw'okuna lukukuuma obuta "busengere oba obutakwatibwa kawumpuli" era lwetaagisa ebisaanyizo okusaasaanyizibwa nga biwagirwa, nga biwagirwa olw'ekirayiro oba olw'okukakasa, era nga binnyonnyola ekifo eky'okunoonyezebwa n'abantu oba ebintu eby'okukwatibwa. Kino kikyusa kifo ekirimu ennyo eky'ebibuuzo ebyamakulu mu kiseera kino. Kkooti enkulu ekikozesezza ku ku kukebera oba kukwatibwa kwa kompyuta. Enkola ya GPS, okuwandiika ebifayiro, ne ku dipulooma za dipulooma. Carpenter v. United States[FFLT:1] (2088), kkooti yalina obujulizi mu bifo ebya bulijjo ebisookerwamu mu nnyiikivugiro, era n'okumanyisaamu ebintu ebipya.

Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa n'obuteefuga

Oluweerera olw'okutaano luzingiramu enkuufiira ez'omuganyulo: olukiiko olukulu olw'abalamuzi olw'obumenyi obw'amaanyi, olw'okwewala obusobe obw'amaanyi, olw'okwewaawo, olw'okukifuula, n'olw'okugaana okutwala ebintu ebyamaguzi awatali kusasula. Ekiragiro "Enkola ku kutaano" ebisibuka mu lukalala olwa bulijjo. Etteeka eryandiikiddwa mu lukalala olw'abalamuzi litegeeza olulina eddembe ekkulu, nga mu buli nsonga nga Roe v. Wade v[12][12]][5]) era [FLT:berge]. v [FGOLT]

Omuteeso ogw’omukaaga: Okuwozesebwa okw’Amangu era okw’Amangu

Olukiiko olw'omukaaga olw'ebbaluwa lukakasa nti buli muntu alina okuwozesebwa mu bwangu era mu ngeri eyo. Omusango ogwa bulijjo gulina okutegese omusango ogwa buli muntu okusalirwa abalamuzi, obwannannyini okutegeeza abajulizi, obwannannyini okuwaliriza abajulizi okuwa obujulizi, n'obusobozi obw'okukuteeka mu nkola amateeka. Omusango ogw'enjawulo Gideon v. Wainwright [1963]

Okutereezebwa kw’Emisango okw’Omu Kumpi: Okugezesebwa mu Misango gy’Abatuuze

Enkola eno ekuuma eddembe ly'okusala emisango mu kkooti z'abalamuzi gavumenti w'erina okusala emisango mu kifo enkaayana we zisukka doola 20 era eziyiza kkooti okusirisa ebyo abalamuzi bye bazudde okuggyako nga bataddewo amateeka aga bulijjo.

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Ekitongole kino kiremereddwa okusoomooza ekibonerezo ky'okufa, embeera z'okusibibwa mu kkomera, n'ekibonerezo ekitamanyiddwa na bantu. Ekiragiro kino kikozesa ebigambo eby'obukambwe era ebitali bya bulijjo okusoomooza ekibonerezo ky'okufa, embeera ez'okusibibwa, n'ekibonerezo ekiba kyenkanankana n'ensonga eyo. Furman v. Georgia[192], Kkooti enkulu era ennungi, kye kyewawawadde enzivvu mu ggwanga lyonna, wadde nga oluvannyuma gavumenti zaayungiddewo amateeka gaabwe okugattira ku mitindo emipya.

Oku Ameezaako Okwawukana: Enkizo Ezitakkiriziddwa

Olukalala lwa Ninth Amendment lugamba: "Okubala tteeka mu mateeka, oba eddembe erimu, tekyitwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abalala mu nnukuta. Kino kyeyava kiwa Madison eky'okuddamu eri eky'okulaga nti okumenya obuvunaanyizibwa obwali butekiribwa kitegeeza nti eddembe erya bulijjo teririwo. Wadde nga teritera kuba nga y'omusingi omukulu ogw'okufuga, kiwa obukakafu nti Abamerika balina eddembe erisukka ku ly'abo abamenyesebwa obutereevu. Ekyo kye kiwandiikibwa nga tteeka eriringa tteeka ekkulu eryali mu . Connecticut[F:1] [1965]

Omutemwa ogw'ekkumi: Entegeka za Amerika n'Eddembe ly'Obufuzi

Ekitongole eky'Ekkumi eky'empeereze kikikoze okusobola okuwangula amateeka oba okugateeka mu bantu obutasigirwa gavumenti z'ensi era n'egaana gavumenti. Kirondedde ssemateeka wa Amereka, ekiyinza okuteekawo obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu ey'omulembedde okusaanyawo amateeka g'ensi agasukka ku matwale ga gavumenti, nga mu Printz v. United States (1997), ekyalemesa etteeka erikwata ku ku kukuuma bannaago okugula emmu.

Endowooza Ekwata ku Ddembe ly’Amerika

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Bill of Rights si kitonde kya njawulo nnyo; kibadde kya maanyi nnyo mu byafaayo by’Amerika, nga kikubiriza ebibiina by’abantu, nga kissaawo amateeka, era nga kinnyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola y’emisango.

Engeri Enkizo z’Abantu gye Zikwatibwako

Okuva ku kugoba eddembe mu ggwanga okutuuka ku kiseera kino, abalwanyisiizi bataddewo ebiwandiiko ebigoberera etteeka eryali liragira okukakibwa okuyisibwa mu mateeka. Ebiwandiiko ebifuga ebifuga project ebifuga entegeka ya Organisation of United States byawagidde mu mateeka obutayawulwa mu mateeka. Abakulembeze nga Martin Luther King Jr. Baakozesa eddembe ery'okukaka okukaka gavumenti okukomya gavumenti okutemya okuteebwa. Enkola y'abakyala okukoma mu ntegeka y'entegeka y'enkinnyimba estikitikizo, eweeba mu kkopi mu kulembezk'empaka n'okwetongo ogwa 19th Contemplity, beeyambisa emisingi egigaziwandisizza egy'okwetongodde mu Bill of Rights. Gye buvuddeko awo, LBTQ kye kikozesezza ku miteeso egitali gimu ku ku ku kukugira n'okufuga mu n'okufuga kw'obutebefumbo. proset.[15]

Okunnyonnyola Obulungi Omusango n’Emisango

Kkooti enkulu yakola kinene nnyo mu kumanyisa engeri gye lusengekemu olukalala lw'entegeka z'eddembe. Wadde nga Marbury v. Madison yassaawo okunoonyereza okw'emisango, mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri olusooka kkooti gye yatandika okukomyawo olukalala olukalala olunene mu biwandiiko bya Ddoola za ddembe mu nsi. Enkola eno, emanyiddwa ng'enzijjuvu ekkirizibwa ne gavumenti z'etakkiriza gavumenti okuwa bannaazo envumbo ezikkirizibwa. Ebbeetwaliddemu enkakasaze ne ku ddembe ery'ennanyiikivu. Ebbeeyitis'etwaliddemu n'endwadde mu luba lwa ddembe lya ddembe lya buli omuwatulwa. [FF][6][5], era ne mu lukunsi y'olupapula lw'olufulume.[194][4][4][4]

  • [[NKULA] Brown v. Kkukulu ey'Essomero (1954): Wadde nga kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu Consurection ey'ekkumi n'ena, kyasimba emisingi egyaw'eddembe n'ekitiibwa ebyaweebwanga Bill of Rights.
  • [[NKULULA] Mira ne Arizona (1966): Kkooti yatwala ebigambo ebitegeeza nti omutemwa ogw'okutaano ogw'okukyusizaamu ogwa tteeka byali bigamba nti omuntu okuteebereza eddembe lye yalina nga tannabuuzibwa lukalala lw'omukaka, ekyaleetera omuyigirizwa Miranda okulabula okwamanyibwa ennyo.
  • [[NKULULA] Roe v. Wade (1973): Kye kyakkirizibwa okubeera mu kyamalangalwawo mu lukiiko olwa "penumbras" mu Lukiiko olwasooka, olw'okuna, olw'okutaano, n'olw'olw'olw'okutaano.
  • [[Act:0]CIZIZENS ABONERO FEC (2010): Entegeka ey'okutangirizaako ereme okuwerezebwa ssente mu by'obufuzi, eviirako okukaayana buli kiseera ku by'obufuzi.

Okuddamu Okubatizibwa: Ebiwandiiko eby’Eddembe Erya Nnamaddala eby’Omu Kyasa 21

N’okutuusa leero, enkyukakyuka mu by’obufuzi, empisa, n’obwetwaze bw’eby’obufuzi zireeseewo okusoomooza okulala era ne zireetawo okukaayana.

Okwogera mu Kiseera eky’Okutiisa

Tekirina kyangu eri gavumenti kuddamu bibuuzo ebyo. Gavumenti teyinza kunoonyereza obanga ebigambo ebyo bisobola okukakaatika endowooza z'abantu ku nsonga enkulu oba okusiiga enzijira ku mukutu gw'empuliziganya. Olwo nno, okusoomooza okutalimu kuvudde ku mateeka amapya, era n'okukyusa amateeka. Kkooti enkulu elowooza ku ngeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okukaka kampuni okuwandiika ebigambo ebiba biwandikiddwa oba okusiigibwa obugulumizibwa ku bantu.

Okufuga Emmundu n’Okukyusa Ebiri mu Mpisa

Masasu era n'ettemu eringi ligenda liseerera waggulu, wabaddewo okukaayana ku by'okulwanyisa eby'okubiri. Kkooti enkulu efuga enfuga n'empalana. heller era ] McDonald[[] amateeka agaafuga buli muntu kinnoomu okuwanirira eby'okulwanyisa naye ganywezezza ebiragiro bingi, ng'ebiragiro nga ebikulembeddwa ku bassero. mu mateeka ga New York Rifle & Pistol Association. [[FLT:][2] [2]

Eddembe ly’Okweyama mu Kiseera eky’Ekyamagero

Enkola eno ey'okuna ey'okunoonyereza ku buzibu ereeteddwawo nnyo. Okusobola okufuna obubaka ku simu n'ennyanta ez'omu nnyimba, oba okufuna obubaka ku mikutu gya kompyuta, gavumenti ereetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kwetaaza eby'okwerinda. Karpaent[ okusalawo okw'ekiragiro kya maanyi nnyo, naye okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ngeri ebintu gye bitali bikolebwamu, gamba nga ebizuuliddwa mu nkula y'amakutu, tekinologiya bya nkulaafu, n'ebiwandiiko ebikkirizibwa okunoonyereza ku n'ennamba.

Okuyungibwa kw’Emitendera Omunaana n’Obumenyi bw’Amangu mu Misango

Kkooti enkulu etaddewo ekkomo ku bulamu obwa wansi obutasobola kuviirako bavubuka kusalirwa musango, naye eremesezza okuttibwa olw'okuba ewantu n'empalana, ewa ssente ezibaviirako okusibibwa bokka, n'okuttibwa. Gavumenti ezimu ziggyewo ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa, ate endala zikyasalirwa omusango ogw'okuttibwa wadde nga wabaddewo obutategeeragana wakati w'abantu.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Ddembe

Wadde nga Bill of Rights kiri mu Amerika, obuyinza bwayo bugaziye mu nsi yonna. Amawanga mangi gakoppye obukuumi bwe bumu mu maduuka gago agaago, nga gakoppolola butereevu okuva ku nkola ya Amerika. Olufulube lw'ekibiina kya United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) era era lwoleka emisingi mingi egikkirizidwa mu kutereeza kw'ekkumi okusooka, gamba ng'eddembe ery'okuwandiika, entegeka, n'obukuumi mu kukwatibwa okw'ebiruubirirwa.

Oluwumbayi: Omusingi Omulamu ogw’Eddembe

Bill of Rights kye kiwandiikiro eky'ebyafaayo ekikuumibwa mu tterekero eriyitibwa National Archives. Enkola eyo y'eyo ekola mu ngeri entegeke obulungi esobozesa abantu b'omu Amerika okufuna eddembe erya nnamaddala. Empaka ezaali zeetoolodde okutondebwa kwakyo(* ku kifo eky'ekipimo wakati w'obuyinza n'eddembe lya buli muntu, akabi ku buwagizi n'obukuumi obw'ennamba obwa nnamaddala. Ebizibu ebippya bwe biva mu kumanya obujja mu binyonyisifu, emisingi egiteekeddwa mu Bill of Rights Rights girgyive girgy'okuteedde mu ngeri y'okugonjoola ensonga. Okusinziira ku nsonga zino tekirimu ku kuyiga buyigirize; by'okukuuma eddembe eri mu Amereka , nga n'okulambula mu byafaayo, [FF:] ku nsonga enkulu ennyo mu kkooti z'eggwanga.[5][5]