Emitala gya Afirika ne Asiya, enzimba za gavumenti ez'omu kiseera kino — okuva ku lukiiko lwa palamenti okutuuka ku buyinza bwa nnaakakulu mu kitundu ekimu — ziwa obukakafu obw'enkwakwate. Ensalo, ensalo, amateeka, ennimi ez'enfuga mu mawanga mangi, tebyakolerwa mu ngeri ya bulijjo naye byateekebwawo okuva ku nkola ya gavumenti za Bulaaya ne Asiya. Obusika obwo tebwalina buko obugambo obwa bulijjo; bweyongera okuleetawo obumu ku bufuzi, era n'enkolagana wakati w'obufuzi bw'eggwanga lya gavumenti z'ensi n'ebya bannaazo. Okutegeera ebizibu eby'obufuzi bw'ensi n'ebya demokulase, omuntu alina okusooka okutegeera engeri obufuzi bwa Bulaayansi ne Asiya gye buzzibwa obuggya obwa bulijjo.

Abafuzi b’Ettwale: Baateekebwawo Obukulembeze

Okusobola okukola kino, gavumenti za gavumenti zaatandikawo enkola eyaddawo oba enzivuunula ez'enjawulo. Kino kyaleetawo okuteesa okusoosa kwa bannabyabufuzi mu Bulaaya okukwata ku ngeri y'okuleetawo enfuge mu bifo ebya bulijjo. Ekyavaamu kyali enkola efuuka enfuze mu ngeri entegeke obulungi mu ngeri enfuge mu Bulaaya gye yakwataganyaamu obulyi bw'enkola n'obusobo n'okufuga nga tewansi.

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika okussaawo ebyokulabirako bibiri eby'abafuzi abafuga nga bannaakyemalira. Obufuzi obw'okubiri obwakkirizibwa mu Bufalansa ne Portugal. Obubonero buno bwasemba okuyingiza abantu abafugibwanga mu buwangwa bwa Buperusi, obutuuti, obuyitibwa Olufalansa oba Olupotugo ng'olulimi olutuufu. Ekiragiro [[FLT:] [2] enkola ya commune[, yasigibwa mu bitundu bya Afirika ow'ebugwanjuba, era ne kisobozesa okutandikawo enkiiko z'obukulembeze mu kifo ky'obuwangwa, nga ziddamu butereevu eri abaami b'omu Paris. Empandiikiikiikiikiiki ekitegeeza amateeka, nga kireeteeyambidde mu nkola y'obuyinza mu mawanga, naddala mu nsi y'obuwanjufu mu nsi za Bungereza, nga zifuga okuyitira mu n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enjvumbo, ey'enkola y'enkola y'emu n'enkola za gavumenti ez'omu nsi ez

K'ebeere nga enkola eno ey'okussaawo, gavumenti ya konfu yatandikawo endowooza empya ku nfuge za Afirika ne Asiya. Abafuzi ba Koloni baateeka ennyiriri ku mmaapu ku nkuŋŋaana nga Conference of 88. Berlin Conference of 88.Escapes zaayambala ebitundu bya Afirika ebiwandulwamu enfumbo, enfumbo ez'ennimi, enfuge ez'enjawulo. Enfumbo zino zaafuuka ebitundu ebifuga ebiramu eby'amawanga, era nga zenkanankanankana n'enjawukana mu mawanga. Ebiwaawaawaawuka bya Bakgo byesigaliddemu ebitundu ebikumi na bikumi byabwo, era nga bisigalamu n'enjawukana mu mawanga mangi.

Okunoonyereza ku Case: Ekikonge ky’Empaka za Bannaggwanga

Ebukiika kkono bwa Saharan Africa: Federalism v. Central Society

Obukulembeze bwa Bungereza bwava mu kussaawo gavumenti z'eggwanga mu mwaka gwa 1914. Mu mwaka gwa 1960, obusosoze ne bufuuka ekitundu kya Nigeria ekyategekebwa okusobola okuleetawo enjawukana mu bitundu bino. Kyokka, ebitundu ebya Bungereza tebyalimu bantu ba njawulo, nga baava mu bukiika kkono, ebuvanjuba, ne mu bugwanjuba bwa Bugwanjuba bwa Bulaaya. Obuwagizi bwa Nigeria bwalina enteekateeka ez'enjawulo mu mwaka gwa 1960. Ebbeewansiya yasikira enteekateeka y'eggwanga eyakolebwa okusobola okuwanirira enjawukana zino. Kyokka, ebitundu bino tebyalina bantu bangi era n'eby'eby'obugagga bingi, ekyaviirako okuvuganya mu lutalo lw'e Bia Biafraation (1967-70). Leero, enkola ya Nigeria eyinza okugobeeyambizibwa mu ttwalo ezo ne mu bitundu ebisatulwamu. MPANDIKanya gavumenti byennyini byeyongera okuleetawo mu nsi.

Okwawukana ku ekyo, amatwale ga Bufalansa ag'omu bugwanjuba bwa Afirika, nga Sengal, Côte d'Ivoire, ne Mali[FL:1], gasikira obutundu bwa kika kya waggulu, amatwale ga Bufalansa. Amaanyi ag'omu Bufalansa geesigazza obuyinza mu bukulembeze obw'amaanyi ne ku siteesitekiti ey'ekikompo, ng'abakungu abaalondebwa okuva mu bitundu eby'obukulu mu kifo ky'enkaago. Ekiragiro kino kireetedde gavumenti zino okuba nga tezisobola kufuga bokka era ne kiremesazeemu okuvunaana n'okuvunaana ensonga. Mu mwaka gwa 1990, gavumenti enzijjuvu yafuuka ekirabo eky'omulembezo, ekiva mu n'okuva mu bya bufuzi, ne mu nsonga ezimu ezisinga okukulembera entalo mu CeroboodYUE, nga bwe zaaberebwa mu 2000.

Asiya ow’Ebukiika Ddyo: Institution Imprint of the Raj

Mu bukiikaddyo bwa Asiya, British Raj yaleka enteekateeka ez'enkola. yaleka enkola ya bapaaliya ba Bungereza. Palamenti ey'okutuukiriza enkola, ekolera ku nkola y'ekikungu mu Buyindi, ssaakasiro eteekeddwa mu mateeka aga bulijjo, era n'amagye agategekeddwa mu nnyiriri za Bungereza. Amakampuni gakozese essente mu ngeri ez'enjawulo era n'obutebenkevu ne butebenkevu ebirala ebirala ebiteebeere nga ebiva mu nsi endala. Buyindiya, obutongole obwa nnamba okulonda abalonde, obwatandikibwawo, bwatandikibwawo mu 1950 bwatandikibwawo obutongole obukola eby'obukulembeze, era nga businziira ku nkola y'eby'obufuzi mu ggwanga eririmu, era nga n'okuvanjubalwa kw'okuva mu ku ddembe eringi. Ng'obutunzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzinzi z'obunnabwo zisobola okumanyibwa mu ggwanga eriba nga terimu gavumenti z'omunna pulisimu.

Babangladesh era Pakistan obusika bwe bumu naye obululu bwabwe bwa njawulo. Pakistan, naddala yalwawo ennyimirira ez'eby'ekiwandike eza gavumenti, olw'okuba enkolagana ey'eby'obufuzi, eyateeka amagye mu kifo eky'okukuuma, teyaddamu kugiteeka mu nkola. Bungereza yeesigama ku Army Meevienti ey'e Buyindiya okufuna obukuumi obwa munda, era n'ekikolwa kino eky'ebyekijaasi mu bya Bannayuganda kyazibuwaza okukomya. Eby'obufuzi mu by'eby'enfuna, ne mu magye ga judia, gayinza okujjuzibwako mu nteekateeka za Ray'eby'obufuzi.

Ebukiikaddyo bwa Asiya: Abakolopoota n’Engeri za Hybrid System

Akatundu k'obukiikaddyo bwa Asiya ow'omu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika kalaga engeri enneyisa ey'enjawulo ey'okussaawo amateeka mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Indonesia, eyasikirwawo obuwangwa bwa Dutch, enkola ey'amateeka eyakyusaamu mu buwangwa bwa Buddandi n'obulombolombo . Enkola eno ey'ekika kyakolebwa olukalala essookero olukkirizibwa mu bungi era nga y'ekyamasaza ekijjuluza enzijiri. Era, Abatundi n'etera okuteekawo amateeka ag'eby'eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo, awamu n'ekitongole ekipya ebikyasiikirwawo mu nsi enfunze enjvu n'ekitongole ekiggudde mu butondo kya Bufalansa. Era ekiwanjula ekiwanduunyise ekiva mu bitundu eby'omulembedde mu butoffatooteeyi , ebiva mu bugazi eby'enna, ebivanyumat'enna mu mawanga eby'enfu mu

Filippines y'emu ku ndowooza ez'enjawulo. Obufuzi bwa Sipeyini bwaleka obusika obwa demokulase, obw'obufuzi bwa demokulase, obugavumenti, obufuzi bwa Bakatuliki. Obufuzi bwa Amereka, okubuyigirizi, obwayitirira obuyigirize bwa pulezidenti, obuyigirizi obwayingibwa ku U.S., ne ku ddembe lya Amerika (wamyawudde emyaka nga 50). Obuwagizi obwo obw'emirundi ebiri busimbyewo enkola mu nkola ya demokulase, ey'obufuzi, ey'amaanyi n'ekkirizi nga n'amakanisa ag'amaanyi. Gavumenti ya Philippines eyoleka okugoba kwabwo mu byafaayo byayo, era n'okusosola okw'obugunjufunja obwa bulijjo.

Etteeka Erya Nnamaddala: Law, Bureaucracy, ne Gavumenti Ey’Eby’Eby’Enfuna

E sisitemu ez'Eby'Eby'Eby'Eby'Eby'Eby'Eby'Esembedde: Kopi ezitegekeddwa ne Pluturalism

Ekimu ku biragiro ebyasinze okubeera mu bufuge y'amateeka. Mu nsi nnyingi eza Afirika ne Asiya, gavumenti za Bungereza zaateekawo amateeka gaazo, obusika, era n'eb'ateeka amateeka g'eddiini. Kino kyatandikawo amateeka ga mirundi ebiri oba gingi. Mu [[FLD], [[1], Bungereza yatandikawo amateeka aga bulijjo, naye amateeka agafuga kinnoomu, obusika, n'ensonga z'amaka byalekebwa mu bika bya ddiini — Abahindu, Abasiraamu, n'Abakristaayo, n'ebirala. Kino kireeteendwadde mu n'empala, nga buli ludda lwokka bwenkana olukyayinza okuleetawo enzigiro. NYUGUIIIIIIIII, embeera y'enjawulo y'esinga okuba n'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo mu mateeka ga bulijjo. Era, abakazi bangi bayinza okuteekawo endowooza zaabwe zaabwe okwawukana ku mateeka.

Gavumenti za gavumenti, ezaasikirwa okuva mu Bufalansa, Portugal, ne Spain, zikola mu bitundu bingi ebya Afirika ne Latin America. Gano gassa essira ku mateeka agaasinziizibwako n'okusala emisango gy'abalamuzi. Ekiragiro kya French Common kyateekebwawo mu Bugwanjuba bwa Afirika, era kisigala nga kye musingi gwa sistemu mu nsi nga , SSGAL, Côte d'Ivoire, ne Mali[:3]. Kampuni zino bwe ziwandikira abantu mu bugwanjubanjufu, zisobola okumanyira era ziyinza okukaluubibwa ennyo. Ate era, enkola ez'eby'amateeka ezitera okuteeka mu bukuumibwa bw'enkusingo n'ebiziina, nazo zibaamu obutuufu.

Bureaucracy n'Enkyuka eri mu Bumeedi

Gavumenti zaakolebwa okuggyamu eby'obugagga n'okukuuma emirembe, so si okuweereza abatuuze. Zali nfumbo nzibu, nzibubu, era nga mbala nnyingi nnyo zoonoonese. Mu masaza mangi ag'oluvannyuma lw'obufuzi bwa koloni, obutuuti bw'abantu bwasigala nga bunywevu. Obuweereza mu nsi nga [[FL:0] Babaglajesh, Ghana, ne Kenya[[FL:1] byeyongera okumanyibwa nga ba Servacage, ettude, era n'okussa essira ku ngeri ey'okufugaamu. Obukulembeze bw'obukungu mu Bungereza, obusinga obungi bumanyibwa mu nsi eyo, abafuzi bayita mu macato ne mu bitundu ebirala. Obuwangwa obukyasingi obusinga obunene obukolebwa mu matendekero g'eby'eby'obukusimu. French, awamu n'okutendekebwa okumanyisaasaasaasaasa obunene mu magyero ge'eggwanga.[FFod'edictictic , era n'oset'othetic , promotementment

Enkolagana wakati w'eggwanga n'eggwanga nga limaze okufugibwa amatwale gaalyo era esinziira ku ebyo ebibaddewo mu nsi nnyingi. Mu bitundu awaali ettwale lya Rooma eryali libalyamu obulabe, abatuuze baalekera awo okwesiga gavumenti. Ebbeesiga eno eremesa gavumenti okukuŋŋaanya emisolo, okugobererwa, oba okukuŋŋaanya abatuuze ba ggwanga okusobola okukola omulimu gwa gavumenti. Ettemu eriri mu matwale gannaalyo okukolanga obutakka n'okufuga amagye era lyaleka obusika bwa poliisi n'okufuga obutuuzeebwe mu kifo eky'okugakuuma abatuuze. Amawanga agakola eby'obutebenkenkenkenke gaago gazibu nnyo okusobola okugoongera ettujjuzizo.

Obufuzi bw’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga: Ekizibu n’Obwesigwa mu Ntegeka z’Eby’Obugagga

Eby'enfuna ebya lukale byateekebwawo okusobozesa ebyetaago by'ensi ya konfissi. Eby'enfuna by'ensi eno bikyusa nnyo engeri y'eby'enfuna mu nsi ezikyewa. Eby'enfuna bya Afirika bingi ne Asiya, nga biri ku buzibu bwa maanyi nnyo olw'okubunyisa ebintu ebikulu, amafuta, eby'omulimu, eby'okulimi, enkola eyateekebwawo mu biseera bya konkumi. Kino kireetawo akakwate ku ssente n'obukujjukujju bwa . [[FLT:] Obukyayizi obwa ssente mu nsi yonna, obukyasinze mu nsi ezo nga [[FLT:] obuwandikiro, obwa kampuni, Angola, ne Democratic Republic of Congo , gye bifunze obulyinjaanyi n'obukyayinjaanyi. Ebitongole ebyo bireetebwa mu nsi eyo, ne mu nsi nga ebiva mu bungi bw'ebyo ebiva mu bungi bwa zza ssente ebiva mu nsi endala.

Enteekateeka z'omusolo ogwakolebwanga mu matwale ga gavumenti ga gavumenti za Isiraeri era ne zigoberera enkola y'okukaka abantu ba Afirika ne Asiya okukola emisolo. Omusolo gukuttu era ne gwagootaanya omusolo. [[FL:2] musolo mu Bungereza, ng'engeri y'okuwaliriza abantu okukola mu faamu ne mu birombe ebya Bulaaya. Kino kyakaluubirira amasaza g'omusolo mu kifo ky'okuteekawo obuwanjufu mu kifo ky'okugoba emisolo, ne mu kifo ky'okwesiga emisolo egibagirwa mu nsi za Afirika, era ne mu bitundu bingi eby'omusolo, bye baasasula, bye baatwala ne bye baafuna.

Ebizibu Ebiriwo mu Kiseera Kino: Omulimu gw’Okugutunda Tegunnazikirizibwa

Entegeka Embi n’Obufuzi Obukwata ku Buntu

Ekimu ku bizibu ebikulu ennyo ebibaawo mu kiseera kino bwe bunafu bw'ebitongole. Mu nsi nnyingi, obufuzi bw'ensi eyo tebusobola kunafuwa, eddembe ly'eby'obuwangwa teribaamu bukuumi, era abalamuzi baagootaanye nnyo mu by'obufuzi. Obunafu obwo busibuka mu nkola za bannaakyewa ezaateekebwawo abafuzi abassa wansi obuyinza mu mikono gy'abafuzi era ne bunyoola eb'enkyukakyuka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Bungereza, abaami bannaafuga mu bifo ebya bulijjo baatwalibwa okuba abafuzi b'akye nga bannakyeko, era nga baagezaako okuteekawo enkola y'enkola y'enkulembedde mu kifo eky'okugaba ebizizo, oba ey'okugaba obutunzi, oba ey'obukungu obutongole mu by'eggwanga. Kino kiva mu ku bufuzi bw'obutongole obutongole obugobenje.

Enjawukana mu Bitundu n’Ebitundu

Enkola y'okufuga y'obutuuti era yeeyongera okuleetawo enjawukana mu mawanga ne mu bitundu. Enteekateeka ya Bungereza ey'oku "divide ne Control" mu Nigeria, Buyindi, era n'ebitundu ebirala byatumbula enkola ey'okwawula n'okuvuganya. Rwanda, abafuzi b'e Buperusi baakozesa kaadi z'obujulizi okukizisaamu Abahututu ne Abatuusi, nga banyweza ekika ekyasinga okuleeta enjawukana mu bitundu bya Bulaayansi ne bateekawo omusingi w'ekittawuka. , Spanish b'enjjulukuuganda baanyuse ebitono mu n'ekika kya Blaaya, ate nga baddiba ne bakyuumira ekiwayinja ekya waggulu mu bitundu bya Bulaaya, enkola eyava mu ku kweyawulamu. emirundi mingi, obukyayinjawulu ne ku n'entalo ezo teziri mu nsi ez'enjvuu

Obuzibu bw’Okunyweza Enzikiriza ya Demokulase

Ensi nnyingi mu Afirika ne Asiya zaagoberera demokulase oluvannyuma lw'okwefuga, naye tekisokratiki kizibu okugatta. Obuwangwa bw'obufuzi obwawula gavumenti mu matwale ga demokulase, obuttu n'enjawukana mu mawanga, byonoona embeera mu by'obufuzi bwa demokulase. Okulonda kutera kwonoonebwa ebikolwa eby'obukambwe n'okukugunja. Ate era n'amatwale aga demokulase gayinza okubufuga nga Amatwale ga indiya, endowooza ezakaseera ku by'obufuzi bwa demokulase era n'okuddirira kwa demokulase, byeyongera okuteeka mu kabi ku bikwata ku ku nkola ya demokulasenti. Obukkero mu nsi ezimu zisobola okuzimbiramu enkola eya demokulasebwa mu byafaayo bya demokulase.

Amakubo: Okuleka Obuwaŋŋanguse

Mu kutegeera eky'okusigibwawo eky'okufuuka kabaka, tekibadde kya magezi okusooka, naye tekikola ng'okwekwasa obusongasonga. Abayivu n'abajja mu nkola ez'enjawulo okusobola okuvvuunuka obuzibu buno obw'ebyafaayo. Kino kiwandikiro ekifuula enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi eziyinza okufissibwawo mu gavumenti ez'omu kitundu, ne ziyamba eddembe erya nnannyini ku bufumbo, ne zikuuma eddembe ly'ekitono ne lisobola okwogera ku busika obwa waggulu. [[FLT:] Enkola y'enteekateeka ey'ekitongole [[FLT:] [FLT:]] — naddala enkola ey'okusobozesa obugattizi n'okuleetawo ebizibya mu bitundu ebirala, okusobozesa amawanga okumanyira ddala. [FLT:][5][5] era n'enkunkano: [5][5][5][5]

[[NTANDIKO:0] Ekitongole eky'ekika kya kivvunulo ekifuula ekifo ekirala ekikulu ennyo. Okufuula entegeka y'ebitongole, okutandika okubuuka n'okutumbula obutuuze, era n'okuteekawo enkola ez'okussaawo obukulembeze kiyinza okuyamba okuvvuunuka ennono y'ekika ey'ekika. Omulongo gwa Justical — nga mwe muli n'okuteekamu enkola ey'okuyingiza obukwasisaamu amateeka mu bungi, okulonda abalamuzi abeetongoza, n'okuteekawo abalamuzi abeetwaze, n'okuteekawo olukusa okw'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ensonga — biyamba okuteekawo amateeka agakyusa ebizimbiddwa mu kukyusa ebitongole ebikola mu buyinza bwa gavumenti, ne mu ngeri ey'ensonga ey'enjawulo. [[FLT:] Ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekikola ku nkola ey'ensonga ey'okufuga ekitongole kya bulijjo nakyo kizikolako kiddamu okuba eky'ensonga enkulu.

Ku nkomerero, obwa kkusikeko bw'eby'enfuna n'eby'obugagga eby'omu nsiko bikulu nnyo mu kuggyawo omukugu ogw'okuteeka obulyi bw'enguzi n'obulyi bw'enguzi mu nsi. Amawanga agasobola okuddukanya obulungi eby'obugagga ebya bulijjo, nga Botsswana[, nga gateekawo amateeka agabandabikku, n'obukkulembezi okusobozesa obugazi okubuteeka mu n'obulyingi obw'enkola. Ebitongole ebikolebwa mu nsi nnyingi mu Asiya, ebikolebwako n'ebikolebwako ebirala bingi, naye nga birimu n'ebyo ebitakkirizibwa.

fundikira

Obuwanguzi bw'eby'obufuzi mu nsi ya Afirika ne Asiya si bulombolombo butono oba kwewandiisa ku bunafu bw'enfuga za gavumenti ez'omu Asiya. Wadde kiri kityo, ebyafaayo by'ensi eno birina engeri ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo era enneekusifu. Ensalo, enfuumu z'amateeka, n'eby'eby'obuwangwa ebyateekebwawo mu kiseera ky'obufuzi, era n'eby'enfuna ebyateekebwawo mu buwaŋŋanguse bisigala nga bikola enteekateeka y'okufuga okw'ekika kya leero. Kyokka, ebyafaayo by'ensi bingi biraze nti kisoboka okuzza enzigibwa k'enkola y'enkola y'obugezi, n'ensonga ez'ebyobufuzi obusinga obungi. Ekkulembe eriwo mu nsi nnyingi mu kiseera kyaffe, era n'ebkulembekkulembedde ku nkola y'okumanyibwa obutuufu.

Ensi nga [[NT:0] Botswana, Mauritius, ne Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .