Ebyafaayo ku Mateeka ga Musa

Olukiiko oluwandiisi olwa Ssaawaa mu 1787 olwawandiisibwa mu mwaka gwa Philadelphia, lwava mu kiseera eky'obuzibu mu by'obufuzi. Speats of Confederation, lwasazeemu mu 1781, ne lukolagana olumu n'amawanga egaanyizidwa ennyo ne gavumenti ey'amaanyi etasobola kweyingiza mu misolo, oba okukuza amateeka ku buwagizi mu ngeri entegeke obulungi. Okujeema kw'abalimi mu 1786-187, obukyayinja bw'abalimi ab'omu Massachusetts, kyayanika obuteesobozi bw'okukuuma emirembe n'obutebe bw'eby'ebyenfuna. Akabenje kano kaago kaasaze kaambulaa okuva mu masaza 12 (Rdecek'obusuuli ga Gavumenti) okubeegattira mu Philadelphiya mu kigendererwa eky'okuzza obuga z'ebitundu ebyo, naye ne baasalawo akakiiko akappya akappya akappya akappya.

Okweyisa Obubi mu Nkuŋŋaana y’Etteeka

Enkola ey’okuwandiika ebitabo yalimu okukubaganya ebirowoozo okw’amaanyi okwali ku kiwandiiko ekisembayo:

  • [[NTANDIKO:0] Okuyusizawo okw'Obweyusigwa okw'Ekyuuka okw'Enjawulo (Enkolagana ne n'Enkolagana): Yagonjoola obutakkaanya wakati w'amawanga amanene n'agato. Ennyumba ey'Ababaka yandibadde yeesigama ku bantu abali mu nsi, so nga ate olukiiko olukulu luwanyisa buli ssemakatimu lwenkanankana(8:2).
  • [[NT:0] Ensobisatu n'ensobi ttaano ze baakyusa: obumalirivu obw'okutwala ebitundu bisatu eby'abantu abaatwalibwa mu buddu nga balinga abalinga abafumbo ab'ebitiibwa oba abasolooza mu nnyumba. Endagaano eno ey'obunafu yawa gavumenti ez'omu bukiikaddyo obuyinza obw'enkuka n'eteeka obukulembedde mu nkola eya tteeka erya ntegeka.
  • [[AK:0] Obusuubuzi n'obusuubuzi bw'abaddu baasaddaaka: Ekiragiro kyagaana Olukiiko olugaana okuwera okutunda abaddu mu nsi yonna okutuusa mu 1808 era ne kileka katembaana okutegeka ebizimbe mu nsi yonna nga tekyetaagisa kufuga ttutumu lya waggulu.

Kino kyabanga kyetaagisa okusobola okuggya obuwangwa mu by’obufuzi, naye era baalwawo okuleetawo entalo ez’amaanyi eri abantu abaddu.

Empaka ez'okulaga enneyisa ya puloguramu n'Eya Federalist-Anti-Federalias N'Enkkukaalo

Oluvannyuma lw'olukuŋŋaana olwo, olukuuti tteeka lwali lwetaaga okukosebwa nga mwenda ku bitundu bisatu. Okutaasagana kwaleetawo enkaayana ez'eby'obufuzi enkulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Federalsts, nga mw'otwalidde Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay, baalwanirira gavumenti y'eggwanga ey'amaanyi era ne bakuba . Kino kyaleetawo enkanyi ezisookerwawo mu by'obufuzi, okunnyonnyola n'okulwanirira Amateeka. Anti-Féderals, nga Patrick Henry ne George Mason, baatya nti gavumenti empya yandifufuzza obufuzi n'enkulembedde. Okuziyizibwa kwaleetera ekisuubizo nti eddembe lyammwe lijja kugattizibwawo amangu ago, ne kiyamba okulwanirira enzikkiriza enziro eziva mu lukusa Virginia nga Virginia York York.

Emisingi gy’Etteeka Egikwata ku Mateeka

Amateeka gano gali ku misingi etaano egikwatagana egisobozesa gavumenti ya Amereka okubeera n'enteekateeka ennungi mu by'obufuzi.

Obufuzi bwa Kika

Obufuzi obwa waggulu butegeeza nti obuyinza bwa gavumenti buva ku kukkiriza abafuzi. Ekiragiro kitandika ne “Ffe Abantu ab'omu Amerika,” nga kikakasa nti gavumenti efuga nga etandikirawo okuva ku bantu, so si ku nnaakabaka oba ku kibiina ekifuga. Omusingi guno gulagibwa nga bakuba akalulu buli luvannyuma lw'omulimu, era nga n'ebyo ebibeetaagisa abakiikirira babaako kye baddamu mu bufunze bwabwe. Abalonde bwe balonda prezidenti oba omu ku kibiina kya Consement, baba bafuga nga basinziira ku ngeri yaawulibwamu.

Okwawukanya Obufuzi

Ekiragiro ekifuga amatabi asatu kigawulamu amaanyi g'ensi yonna: ekitongole ekifuga amateeka (Conterrent), omukwanaganya (Puntainner), ne kkooti z'amateeka. Buli ttabi lirina emirimu gyalyo. Akatundu Iwawa gavumenti zonna obuyinza mu kakiiko akafuzi k'eggwanga; Akatundu II essaawaaweeti mu Prezidenti; Akatundu II II kateekawo obuyinza obw'okusala emisango mu kkooti enkulu ne mu kkooti entono. Okwawulamu amatabi agamu ku buyinza obw'amaanyi. Okuteekawo kuno, kuyinza okukugira ettabi erimu okufunira obuyinza bungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Congresssionssss ziwandiika amateeka, naye Prezidenti agabatuukiriza, ate kkooti zinnyonnyola. amateeka agamu nti Omukulembeze w'awee kkooti tegasobola kutuukiriza oba nti kkooti zisobola okukuba.

Ebweru n’Obujjulukuka

Okusobola okwawulawo ab'obuyinza, Constitution ewa buli ttabi eby'okuziyiza ebinaafuga ebirala. Pulezidenti asobola okuyisa amasawo agayisibwa Congress; Congress ayinza okusala olusenyi olumu n'obululu nga wabiri mu bisenge byombi. Olukiiko oluwagizi ne lukakasa okutongoza obukulembeze. Olukiiko lw'eggwanga luyinza okukoma ne luggyamu omukulembeze w'amatabi. Kkooti enkulu esobola okufulumya amateeka agatakkirizibwa okuyitira mu kunoonyereza okw'amateeka, amaanyi agataawandiikibwa butereevu mu mateeka ate nga gaateekebwa mu kkooti y'amateeka gyembi ate nga gaanywewo mu .[FLT:][18]] [18]].

Fraationalism

Obudde buyawulamu amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kyawula ebitundu eby'obuyinza ku gavumenti y'ensi nga okuteekawo essente, okulangirira entalo n'okufuga ebizikwata ku by'obusuubuzi.[1] Kyokka, okuteekawo obufuzi obulala bwonna mu Amereka oba abantu (nga bwe kiri mu kkampera ey'Ekkumi n'Ennu). Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa gavumenti okukola nga demokulase, okunoonyereza ku by'enjigiriza, okugezaako ku by'obujjanjabi, n'ensonga ez'obumenyi. Embaago ezifuga wakati w'ab'amatwaze ne gavumenti za Amerika zibadde nsonga enkulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okuva ku mpaka za 1830 ezikwata ku by'omululu gwa ssambazi n'okuva mu mateeka n'okuva mu ggwanga.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe

James Madison yateeka mu kifo kino mu 1791, Bill of Rights ky'ekolamu enzivuunula y'amateeka ekkumi esooka. Ebisooto ebyo byasabibwa okwogera ku ebyo Anti-Federast ebikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu.

Obukuumi Obukulu mu Mitemu Ekkumi Egisooka

  • [[NKULULA] Omutemwa gwa demokulase: Kino kikuuma eddembe ly'okwogera, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuba mu mpapula z'amawulire, ery'okukuba mu bya mboozi mu nkuŋŋaana, n'ery'okukwegayirira gavumenti. Kino kye kisobozese abantu okunenya abakulembeze baabwe n'okuwagira enkyukakyuka awatali kutya.
  • [[NKULA]] OKUWEEREZA: Kino kikuuma eddembe ery'okukwata n'okukwata emikono. Ebyo kkooti ey'oku ntikkooti enkulu bye yasala mu diformation of Columbia v. Heller [2008] ne MDONAld v. Ekibuga ekya Chicago[] (2010]) kyawandisizza ku ku ku kukakasibwa nti eddembe lino lirina kuyitira mu buweereza bw'ebitongole.
  • [[NKULULA]] OKUWEEREZA: Gavumenti ekkiriza gavumenti okuva mu bitundu bya ssaza eziwera mu maka g'abantu nga tewali muntu agikkiriza. Wadde nga tewaaliwo muntu agikkiriza, eyoleka engeri omulembe gye gukakibwamu mu magye ga Bungereza.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Omutemwa ogw'obusatu: gukuuma obutasegeka oba okukankana era nga kyetaagisa obukwasiro obukkirizibwa okubuwagira olw'ensonga eziyinza okusaasaanyizibwa. Kino kikyusa enkola za poliisi ez'omu kiseera kino, nga mw'otwalidde n'okukozesa tekinologiya oba okuyimirira kw'ebidduka.
  • [[NKULULA] [:0] Okuyisa Omutemwa ogw'okusatu:[[[NKULA]] Okuteekawo enzivvuunuzi z'amateeka agakwata ku tteeka ery'amaanyi, okugaana obuteeteeka mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri, okukugira okwesibako ekiwandikiro, era n'okukakasa nti ebiba bifuuliddwa biwereddwa buteefu ku bintu ebyatwalibwa mu bifo ebya waggulu.
  • Omutemwa ogw'enkukunala guwa obukakafu obwa nnamaddala:[ Kino kikakasa obwannannyini okuwozesebwa amangu oba okusalirwa omusango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, okutegeezebwa abajulizi, n'okuba n'okuweebwa obulagirizi mu by'amateeka. Omusango ogw'enkumbo Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) guwandikiddwa nti etteeka liteekwa okuwa bannamateeka ababawaze ababa baleme kubawaze.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Omutemwa ogw'okubiri:[[[NKULULA]] Gukuuma obwannannyini okuwozesebwa abalamuzi mu mbuga z'ekituuze nga ze ssente ezisukka mu 20 ezava mu kasawo akaddanyuma.
  • [[NKULULA]] Omutemwa gwa fundikwa ogw'empaka: Okusasuza amasawo, okusasula enzivvuunula, n'okubonereza okw'obukambwe era okw'ekika ekitamanyiddwa. Kino kye kivaako enkaayana ku kubonerezebwa okw'olutalo olw'enkomerero n'embeera z'amakomera.
  • [[NKULULA]] Enkyukakyuka mu nsonga eyo: Kino kikakasa nti olukalala lw'enkwaso z'obusobozi obumu mu mateeka terugaana oba terutwala ddembe lyonna abantu lye balina. Kino kikakasa nti Bill of Rights tesobola kusomebwa mu bujjuvu nga lukalala olwa ddembe lyonna.
  • [[NKULA]] Omutemwa ogw'okukkirizisa: Obuterekero obwa bulijjo tebuweerwa gavumenti oba abantu. Kino kikyusa emitindo gy'amateeka okusobola okuleetawo entegeka z'eggwanga.

Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyusa y’Eby’Obutonde Bya Katonda

Ekiragiro emirundi mingi kiyitibwa ekiwandiiko ekikola ku nsonga eyo kubanga enkyusa yaakyo ekkiriza okukyusibwa okutuukana n'embeera. Akatundu V kawa engeri bbiri ez'okuteekateekaamu ebinaago: okulonda mu mayumba ga kassemb'awumbi oba olukuŋŋaana olunene olw'emirundi ebiri mu enkumi ssatu eza kawumpuli z'eggwanga. Enkyukakyuka zonna omusanvu ziteereddwawo gavumenti. Ekiragiro Ratiation kyetaagisa okukkirizibwa mu bitundu bisatu mu bitundu (kati kati emirundi makumi asatu mu munaana).

Enzikyusa ey’Amakulu

  • [[AKMENT:0]] Empuliziganya eyalemesebwa (1865): Yawalirizibwa okuba omuddu n'okukozesebwa nga tewali ayagaliddwa okuggyako ng'abonerezebwa olw'omusango. Kino kyakoma ekibiina ekyali kimaze okutabangula eggwanga era nga kikwetaagisa okutereezebwa emirembe egyali gigobererwa.
  • [[NKULULA] [[FOLT:0] [FORENT] Amereka (1868)] ekitegeeza obutuuze obwa bulijjo, obwakakasa obutuuze bwe bumu wansi w'amateeka, era obwakola mu nkola ekkirizibwa eri gavumenti. Okukuuma kwa Claus kwe kwasinziirwako okufuga kw'enkalo, nga mw'otwalidde Brown v. Akakiiko ak'Essomero'Essomero [1954], akaasalawo okumenya empandika y'enjjulukunziko mu matendekero, ne [[FLT:]OG. [OLT]bergekemb v. ]
  • Fintenth Amerekance (1870): Yagaana obusobozi bw'okulonda langi, langi, oba obuddu obwali businziira ku buwangwa obwa bulijjo. Wadde kyali kityo, kasoobozese ku kukyusa mu mateeka, okulonda emisolo, okukebera mu kusoma, n'ettemu byaleetera abalabu okugaana abavvumi okulonda mu bbanga lya myaka nga kikumi okutuusa mu 1965 lwe kyatuuka ku Kko.
  • [[NKULULA] Entegeka ey'ekika kya 4:0] (1920): Obwannanyini okulonda. Kino kyava mu kuwandiika alipoota nga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ne Alice Paul.
  • MPPUPU-yakuna (1964): Emisolo egy'okulonda mu kulonda okwa kampuni. Okusasula ebya Politifoomu okusingira ddala kyakozesebwa mu bitundu by'ebukiikaddyo okugoba abavvunsi abaayingira mu Afirika abalonde.
  • [[Act:0] [Akawumbi n'akaomukaaga] Entegeka eya Y'Akawumbi (19971): Yassa omutendera ogw'okulonda ku myaka 18 mu. Empaka nti abo abaalina emyaka egimala okuyitibwa okugenda okulwana mu Vietnam, baalina okusobola okulondamu obululu obwangu obw'okukyusaamu, era kino kyatwala ennaku kikumi zokka.

Buli lukalala lulaga okusoosa kw'enkyukakyuka n'emitindo egy'omu biseera byalwo. Nga bwe kiragibwa kiraga nti amateeka tegakoma. Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yawandiika mu Mcloch v. Maryland[ [1819]], “tetwerabiranga nti, luva ku mateeka kwe tuli ga kufuga."[1]

Amateeka Okugagoberera

Amateeka tegakolera mu museum; g'awandiikiddwa ku buli ngeri ey'obufuzi bwa Amerika. N'olwekyo, okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka, amateeka, n'enkola y'obukulembeze, n'okugoozanya amateeka, n'okukuuma Amateeka nga malamu mu bulamu bwa buli lunaku obw'ebyobufuzi n'obw'omu mateeka.

Okwekenneenya Omusango n’Emisango

Okuva Marbury v. Madison, kkooti enkulu ekoze enneyisa mu ngeri eraga enkyuuka kw'amakulu g'amateeka okusobola okunnyonnyola ebbengo ly'amateeka. Emisango mingi ginnyonnyodde engoberedde ddala eza tteeka lya jirikiti.

  • [[NT:0] Mcloch v. Maryland (119) yakakasa nti gavumenti ya gavumenti ekiraze amaanyi agasinga ku ago agamenyese bulungi olukalala era nti tesobola kusasula misolo.
  • [Brown v. Ku kakiiko k'Essomero (1954) kwasala nti ebifo eby'okusoma ebyawukanya tebyali binukkuka, ne kisiimula enjigiriza eya “senseteera naye nga yenkana” okuva ku Pellev v. Ferguson (1996]). Ekiragiro kino kyesigama ku kkopi ey'okwerinda eya 141 ey'embaliriragima y'empandika eya Claus.
  • [[NKULA:0] .CUUMENTI[1973]) yakkiriza amateeka agafuga obwannannyini ku bintu ebyamaguzi ebikkirizibwa n'ebyo ebikkirizibwa omukazi okuggyamu ebbali ly'omukazi omuli obuvunaanyizibwa obwatongodde nga yamalibwawo okuggyamu olubuto. Kkooti eyo yatongodde nga y'etongodde mu .[FLT:] Ek'empandika y'obudde obwa Classissi ne mu t'ekitongole ky'eby'obulamu obwa bakyala. Jackson’es Health Organization of Assembly [[FLT:] 202], ekivamu evaamu ku ku ku mateeka n'okuteesa eby'okugobeeyeeya ennyo.
  • [[AK'AKA]] FEC (2010) yali egamba nti okukoma ku kukendeeza ku by'obufuzi, tekikkirizibwa kuwerezebwa wansi w'amateeka ga kampeyini agakola ssente ezizikola ku kampuni ez'oku sayansi.

Ebyo ebisaliddwawo biraga nti amakulu g’Etteeka gawakanya era gafuuka bannaakyemalira mu kunnyonnyola ebigambo nga bakozesa obufirosoofo obw’enjawulo, okuva ku bulombolombo obusooka okutuuka ku bulombolombo obugendera ku mateeka.

Obulagirizi n’Etteeka Ery’Olukiiko

Congress ateekwa okussaawo amateeka agamenyese mu ttwale lyayo. Commerce Classiale (Atennazo, Ekitundu 8, Classia 3) ewandikiddwa nnyo obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Wickard v. Filbur [1952]]), kkooti yawagira ekiragiro ky'ensi kikuliriza eky'eŋŋaano ekulibwa olw'okugikozesa mu bulamu bwa muntu, ng'egamba nti n'emirimu emitono gisobola okuba n'obutuuti obwa waggulu ku by'obusuubuzi. [FLT:] United States v. Lopz[FLT:] (1995], Kkooti y'ebbali mu myaka nga 60, yakubawo amateeka aga waggulu mu by'obusuubuzi, n'obutebe bw'obutebe bw'eggwanga. Era, olukalala lw'obuteego mu kifo kya Precialmentirse, olumu, era ne mu kifo eky'obukulembeze obunene kiyinza okuteekawo akasonga mu kifo eky'obukulembeze.

Ebikola nga w'ewandike era n'obubonero mu mateeka

Omukulembeze wa gavumenti ateekwa okuddukanya amateeka mu mpagiro eya GGycrative. Ekiragiro kino, bye biragiro ebifuga gavumenti y'ensi eno, nga biba tebisobola kuteekawo mateeka mappya. Amaanyi ga Prezidenti gagazizza mu bifo nga kikuumibwa eggwanga oba ebitali bya ggwanga, ebitera okugezesebwa kkooti. War Power Power Declation of 1973, ebiyimidde Pulezidenti Nixon's devetoo, ebigezaako okukomya obusobozi bwa Pulezidenti ne kuteekako awrase, obuteeguwa w'okukwata emmu nga tewali kukkirizibwa. [FL: 0] [FLT]; Tube Co. Sawer[FLD [195], Court:], Courts Court akyawanyinyizaamu olukulembedde mu kifo kya munnamateeka mu Korea, ng'aaaaaaaaakesembye gavumenti. [2][12]

Obuyigirize n’Eby’Olukalala by’Essaawa

Okuyigiriza tteeka kukwetaagisa okukwata mu mutwe ebintu byalyo n'okukyusaamu. Okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gakola mu butaka obwa nnamaddala kiyamba abayizi okubeera n'okuba n'obutuuze obwa bulijjo. [[FLT]] Constitution Center[[FLT]] kiwa abaana eby'okwerinda, nga mwe muli n'empagiro ezago ezizi ezizirimu, ezikubiriza abayizi okunoonyereza ku byafaayo ne ku by'enkaanyi ezigendera ku mateeka. Era, [[[FLT:][FLT:]][FLT] Kino kiwandikira okutuukirira mu kkooti enkulu, n'okujjulula ebiko ebiko, ebiva mu ku ku ku nsonga enkulu, ebigobeega ebisinzidde okusobozesa abayizi okuwuliriza empalaatuufu.

Engeri ez’Omuganyulo Abasomesa Ze Bayinza Okuyigirizaamu

  • [[NTLL:0] Okuvunaana oba okukomyawo kkooti ez'ekika kya Mooki: Okunnyonnyola ensonga ku nsonga eziba zikkiriziddwa mu kkooti enkulu gamba nga New Jersey v. T.L. (1985) oba . Johnson [[FLT:]] [19]] Kino kiyamba abayizi okutegeera engeri emisingi gye gikola ku nsonga ez'amazima.
  • [[AK'OKULWALA]] Empaka' ez'ekikaanyi: Kino kitegeka obutakkaanya ku nsonga gamba nga eddembe ery'okwogera ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya, obwannanyini ku kusitula eby'okulwanyisa, oba obuyinza bwa bannakyewa, kiwaliriza abayizi okumeggana n'ensonga zombi ezigwa ku nsonga.
  • [[Akawayiro:0] Ensibuko y'ennono Enoonya ebizingirwamu: Okwekenneenya ebiri mu 'Federalist empapula', ebiri mu 'Anti-Federalist', n'ennukuta eziri wakati w'abaatandikawo biyamba okutegeera obulungi ensonga ez'edda n'ebiwandiiko ebiziwagira.
  • [[Act:0] Okwegatta ku ebyo ebikolebwa kati:[ Kyogera ku ngeri amateeka gye gatwalamu mitwe egy'obukulu]. Ekimu ku bintu ebizingirwa mu mateeka bwe gatakkirizibwa kwewandiisa obwannannyini ku mateeka okuganyisibwa, oba okulaba oba okulonda.]
  • Ebirowoozo ebikubiriza ebizimbe ebyo: Bikubiriza abayizi okubeera mu nkuŋŋaana za gavumenti ez'omu kitundu, okuwandiikira ababaka baabwe oba okunoonyereza kuteebwa okukolebwa, kijja kubayamba okwongera okunyweza omusingi gwa gjini n'eggyeko.

[[Akawayiro:0][[NKUMBO] 'Etterekero ly'eggwanga[[FULT:2]][[FULT:3] Kino kisobozesa ekiragiro okuwandika byonna ebiri mu ndagaano ya 'Constitution' awamu n'ebifaananyi ebitereezeddwako mu ngeri ennyanguyira abasomesa okuyingiza ekiwandiiko mu kibiina.

fundikira

Ekiragiro ekyo kikyasimbyewo ensibuko ya Amereka. Emisingi gyaakyo mu bitundu ebitongole ebifuga enneyisa nga bwe gyalemererwa, emisingi gyaakyo emikulu egikwata ku bufuzi, okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza, okukebera oba okugobererwa kw'amateeka, n'obusobozi bwaakyo okuzzaawo, era n'obusobozi bwaakyo obw'okuzzaawo n'okuzzaawo ntegeka zaayo, byatandikawo sistemu enzimba ezimaze ebyasa ebisukka mu byasa bibiri. Empala y'Eddembe era n'okutereeza kw'enkola yaakyo, ebikoledde mu ngeri y'okukwata ku ddembe n'okukuuma eddembe. Abasomesa n'okuteesa kw'ensonga, okumanyisa okusobola okumanyisa obulungi eddembe ly'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Ekiwandiiko ekyo bweyongera okuziganya ebigobeeyambisibwa mu ku ku kuzimba obufumbo obutuufu.