Ebitongole Ebikwata ku by’Eby’Amateeka: Engeri Ekibonerezo ky’Omulamuzi gye Kitegeeza Obuyinza bwa Bapoliisi

Enteekateeka wakati w'okusala emisango n'okugobereza amateeka, z'ekola nga kigobererwa mu nkola y'amateeka. Kkooti bwe zinnyonnyola ekitongole eky'okubiri ekifuga enziji z'amateeka ̱ ebikuuma obutakwatibwa obuswazi n'ekangala, era n'endwadde ez'ekika kya Findth Amerekament Reconstment era ne Wetment; bikakasa nti teyeetongoddewo ddala, oba nti tewabaawo nkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye kiyinza okukkirizibwa, era zisobola okuteeka ennyiriri ku nsalo abapoliisi mwe bateekeddwa okukolera.

Okusala emisango kugoberera enkola y'amateeka wansi w'enjigiriza ya stare decis[#812]; Latin for “ okuyimirira ku nsonga ezisazeddwa. ̵ Olukiiko olukulu, naddala olukulu mu kkooti enkulu mu Amerika, lutongoza ekiragiro, kkooti zonna ez'essa wansi ne kkooti za gavumenti (ku buli ssemaka lya gavumenti) ziteekwa okugoberera okunnyonnyola okwo. Ebitongole ebikwata ku mateeka mu nsi yonna bwe bibaamu ennyinyonnyonnyola amateeka ne gakireetera okukyusiza mu nkola enkola yaago, okutendeka, n'okuddukanya enkola empya. Okulemererwa okuteeka mu kkooti ezo n'okwewala obujulizi, okulagira obujulizi, n'obujulizi bw'obujulizi bw'emisango.

Mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, okusala emisango kuyinza obutateekawo mateeka amatuufu. Ebiwandiike bingi by'empiso by'okwetaagisa okupima ebiruubirirwa ebituukagana ne ebizingirwa mu mulembe — gamba nga epima buli muntu kinnoomu ̱ ebiwawawa obwama ku gavumenti olw'ensonga ezikkirizibwa. Kino kitera okulagira obukwasiddwa bw'amateeka okuba nga bukola enkyungiddwa ku mateeka, nga kiwaliriza abakwasito n'abafuzi ba mateeka okuteekawo enkola ezisukka ku ebyo ebiteetaagisa kkooti.

Obuteefuga, n’Okutendeka Abalala

Okutegeka Ebigenda kugoberebwa

Ekidduka ekikulu mu kussaawo ensala y'amateeka mu ngeri y'okugoberezaamu obukwasi bw'amateeka. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ’ ennyinnyonnyola za tteeka liragira buli gavumenti, gavumenti, oba omukungu wa gavumenti ku nsonga nga, okuteebereza, n'okusala amateeka. Omusango okuguggulawo obubonerezebwa. [1] [OLT] [O] .OW'OLW'OKUVA][FLT][FLT] [1961]], kkooti yalaga nti ekimenyeseddwawo ekiteeteeka amateeka eky'Ekyesa obugenda okukolebwa mu kkooti ez'ekkumi. Kkookolobo, obukaluufu mu buli kika kya poliisi mu ggwanga okusobola okugoberera obukaluuzi obw'ebiragiro n'okutuukiriza ebiva mu ggwanga.

Kkooti enkulu ez'ensi era ne kkooti z'ekitundu nazo zikola nga zisinziira ku buyinza bwazo. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekiyitibwa Ninth Court of Apprys ekifuga enkola y'okukwata abasirikale mu Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon ne Washington. Abakwasisa amateeka mu mawanga ago balina okukyusa enkola yaabwe okusinziira ku buyinza bwabwe ne bwe kiba nga kikkirizibwa walala wonna. Ekiwandiiko kino eky'okugobererwa kireetawo engeri enjawukana ez'okukola emirimu n'abakungu abakolera ku layini y'eggwanga.

Ebyawulirwa mu Kitongole Ekikola ku by’Okwejjukanya n’Ebigambo

Ekiragiro kino kigoberera enkyuuka y'ekitongole kya poliisi. Ebitongole bya poliisi ebikola ku by'omulembe ebigoberera enkola eyo, byekenneenyezebwa. Agumenti, akuuma era ne beekenneenya emitindo gy'ebiragiro n'ebiri mu lukiiko oluwandikiro. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'okuva ku kkooti enkulusa ’ esala ku lukalala [[FL:0][FLD]][1] GRAM v.[1999] [1998], oluva mu kko n'okugiwandiko k'enkola, olugassiza ekira ekiwandibwawo n'okukkebe nga kireeseka oba ekirengo ekirengo ky'okugikwirako. oba okugaana okuzza obujulirwa mu nsonga eyo, oba okukebeebuzza obujuliziri mu nkola ey'okukibwa.

  • [[Akawayiro:0] Enkola eya 'o' ey'okukyusakyusamenyese' kati ezingiramu olulimi olw'obubonero obukozesebwa okulaga nti ebigenda mu maaso byategekebwa bikendezedwa oba lwe bikoledwa mu ngeri enneyisa yaabyo etegeerese bulungi ku bulagirizi bw'emisango.
  • [[Act:0] Etteeka eriragibwa nga ' liba limaze okutegekebwa nga li '. California (2014], nga ligamba nti poliisi bw'eba yeetaaga akabonero akalaga ebyo ebiba bikolebwa ku ssimu ssimu okusobola okukwatibwa.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Ebiragiro[[[KY'OKUKOLA] bikyusibwa oluvannyuma lw'okusalawo okw'ekika ekimu [[OLW'OMUKITO:1] Miranda v. Arizona (66) era n'eby'ebiddako bikyusibwa nga [ Berguis v. [2010], obwaliko obuwayiro obwa 'obubonero bwonna obusobola okuzuula eddembe lya mu ntegeka.]

Abatendeke n’Ebiwandiiko Ebisinga Obulungi

Ekiragiro bwe kifuna obulagirizi ku mateeka bwe gaz'enkola empya, ekinaddako kwe kutendeka. Ebisomero ebya poliisi, ebitendekebwa mu kutendeka ab'obuyinza ku mukutu gwa Intaneeti, era n'enteekateeka ez'okuteekako enkola mu by'okugootaanya tebyetongodde. International International Association of Highs of Police (IACP)[FLP][FLLY]] ne gavumenti eteekako akawayiro ku buyigirize obwa poliisi (POST) bitera okuteekawo enkola ey'okukoppa okusinziira ku ku n'okunoonyereza okwakolebwa. Mu magye mangi, abakungu bateekwa okulemererwa okumanyisa obulungi okunoonyereza ku nsonga enkulu mu kkooti enkulu ekolawo. Bakungu bateekwa okuteekawo enkola ey'okukoppa enkola eya tekigobeeyambisibwa mu nkola ey'okweko. Mu mitendera, mu ku ku kusobola okugonjoola ku ku kusalawo okw'okusinziira ku nsonga enkulu eya kkooti ڵ crectives.

Era okutendeka kukwata abaami ab'omu lunyiriri olusooka, abavunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma obuwulize. Okugeza, oluvannyuma lw'okufuga mu [FLT]Sreesae v. Garner[[FLT]] (1985]), ekikomya ekiragiro eky'okukomya amaanyi ag'omusaayi n'okudduka abafu, ebitongole ebyateekebwa eby'amaanyi mu kuwoompanya/don/̱ obukodyo obulagira kusalawo mu mateeka. Ekiruubirirwa kwe kuteekako ekisinziirwako ku mu mateeka agafuga abakungu abawandikiro ̱ ebikolebwa mu ngeri ey'ekiragiro mu budde obwa waggulu.

Obuzibu Obuakyusa Etteeka Ery’Amateeka

Ebyo kkooti enkulu bye zisalawo biraga nti abapoliisi baatandikawo dda enkola eya Ppuliida, era buli nsonga yawa ensonga ereetebwawo amateeka era kino kyaleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'olubeerera mu nkola za poliisi.

Miranda n’Arizona (1966) ne Progeny

Oboolyawo etteeka erisinga okulaga ebifaananyi, Mairanda[ liraga nti okuganzibwa kw'amateeka okw'okutaano kyetaagisa poliisi okutegeeza abo abateebereza eddembe lyabwe okusigala nga basirise era n'okufuna munnamateeka nga babuuzibwa ebibuuzo. Ekiragiro kyaviirako okulabula kwa Miranda okwa bulijjo okusomebwa mu buli kakiiko. Wadde kiri bwe kityo, okugattibwa mu bitundu ebiddako.

  • [[NKUMBO:0] Ebitegeeza: Kati abapoliisi batwala ka ka kaadi nga zirina ebigambo byennyini ebibalabudde, era n'ebitongole bingi biwandiika awalala ebibuuzo nga biwandiike ebiwandiiko nti okulabula kwaweebwa era ne kuggibwawo kyeyagalire.
  • Obuzibu obukolebwawo:[FLT]] Obw'okunoonyereza kwa bannalukalala bwaviirako okunoonyereza ku Mirnda okuleeta okulabula okw'amaanyi mu kifo kya buli muntu okugyawo mu mu New York v. Quarles [19984], okuleka abakungu okubuuza ebibuuzo nga bawabudde Miranda bwe wabaawo ekiyinza okutabanguyira abantu okutabanguyira.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Abasirikale bateekwa okumanyirawo ddala ddi omuntu lw’asibibwa mu kkomera olw'ebigendererwa by'e Miranda, ekiyinza okubaawo nga takwatiddwa singa omuntu ataliiko ky’ayinza kubaleka.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) ne Stop- and-Frisk Practics

Ekiragiro [[[NKULULA]] kye kitongodde okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi okusobola okufuna ebyokulwanyisa nga kisinziira ku kuteebereza nti omuntu alina emmundu era nga wa kabi. Ekiragiro kino kyasobozesa omulimu okuyimirira n'okulagira kutandika ngeri gye gukolebwamu. Kyokka, okunoonyereza okuddako kulongoosezza enjigiriza eyo.

  • [[AK'OMUTEGO]] Awateekebwa ennyo obuwayiro buno:[[AK'AWULA:1] Abakungu bateekwa okuwa obujulizi obw'ensonga lwaki balekedde awo. Engeri gye baakwatamu enkola ey'okukoma n'okuyingizaamu obubaka obukwata ku langi ez'ekika kya New York ne Philadelphia, kye kiviiriddeko abalamuzi okusala emisango mu bibuga nga New York ne Philadelphia.
  • [[NTL:0] Obudde n'obukosezza ebikoma ku: Obudde obwa bulijjo buwayiriziddwa ku nsonga nti obuwanvu bwa kkomo ya Terry busobola okuwerebwa ku kunoonyereza okw'embwa n'ebbeeyi, okukebera (ona nga RDriguez v. United States[FLT] [[2015]]), era oba omuntu ’ okubuuka okuva ku poliisi mu kitundu ekya waggulu kireetawo obusokeroosi oba obutakakomanga (ona nga[[[FLT:]]] kireetawo endowooza ey'okimu n'ennukuta mu.[200]]
  • [[:0] Obubonero bungi kati bwetaagisa abakungu okukomyawo kaadi eziwandiika kaadi ez'enkalakkalira ku buli emu ku nkyukakyuka ezo, n'okuzikakasa buli emu ku nyimirizibwamu, ebikoledwa ebitegeeza okuzuula ebizingirwa munda n'ebiragiro ebikkiriza.

Jones (202) ne Surveillance eya tekinologiya

Mu [[NKULA] [[NKULA]], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okuteeka ekyuma eky'okusiiga ekiragiro ku mmotoka nga kikebera enkula yakyo mu nteekateeka ey'okusengeka amakonko [[NKULU] mu bifo eby'okuna ebitegekebwa mu kiseera kya tekikola ku busimba obwa GPS era ne kikuuma entambula zaakyo nga kikebera ebikolebwamu mu kukyusakyusaamu mu ngeri gye kisalawo obutabo obwo. Ekikongojjedwa kino tekyetaagisa kuba nga kyongera bukakafu obukwata ku by'obuboneroozi obwa kompyuta. Akabonero kano kakyusizza ku ngeri abakwasisa amateeka gye bagobereramu enkola y'obuko.

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA:0] Ebitongole ebisinga obungi kati byetaaga ebiwandikiro ebikola ky'onoonyezesaamu nga tekinnaba kutwala data ey'ekifo eky'obutoffaali obw'omu ka 'GPS' oba nga binoonya data ey'ekifo ekiwanvu (nga bigoberera [ Meribater v. United States [2018]]).
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Abaddukanya ekifo kino balina okukigattika obusibe obulagira akakwakkuliro kukebera ebifa ku mikutu gya kompyuta n'okugoberera enkola ekugira obuwanvu bw'amannya g'ekifo we kibeera.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Abakungu bayiga okwawulawo wakati w'okuwandiika fayiro mu mpandika enfunze (emirundi egimu kikkirizibwa nga tewali kiragiro mu buyinza) n'okulabiriza ebyamalanga nga kibuulidde. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa okuwandiike enkola eyo okutegeka emirembe n'okulonda ebifa ku fayiro.

Graham v. Connor (1989) eyakozesanga aka '-Force' n'eya bulijjo

Nga [[NKULA:0]] GRAham, oluusi beekenneenyanga ebiwandikiro ku ntegeka eya 145th Amendment’s'ebitundu eby'empandika eya bulijjo ebireetebwa mu 'Kinneth Constment'. Graham[ Kino kyalaga nti okwawukana kwonna okw'amaanyi mu kiseera eky'okukwatibwa, okukoma okunoonyereza okukoma, oba okwewalula okubuzibwa kwonna kunoonyezebwa kukolebwa wansi wa KYDYUMENT; ’ ̴ ekipimo eky'obuwombeefu ” ekiragiro kya n'ensonga eno kyetaagisa okwetegereza ebijulirwa mu bakungu, nga tewali kiyamba mu mbeera.

  • [[AK'OMUTWE]] Ebitegeeza: Abakugu bayigirizibwa obutundu bwa [Graham: obunene bw'obumenyi bw'amateeka, obut'akakwate, n'obuteeyisa mu ngeri ez'enkalakkalira. Ebitundu bitendeka abawagizi okugezesa ensonga enfunda n'enfunda.
  • [[NKULULA]] Akabonero ak'okusasula: Kaayamba nnyo abakungu ba gavumenti okuzuula omusango ogwasalibwawo mu bwangu okusobola okusasulira omusango mu mbuga eziteekeddwawo obunene, ne kiviirako ebisalo n'ensawo z'abalamuzi okuteekako obujulizi obw'enkomeredde. Okuva olwo, ebitongole ebikola ku bukakafu ku nsonga ezikwata ku mubiri bibadde biteeka ssente mu kamera okulaga obujulizi obw'empandika.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Enzikkiriza nti ebintu byajjawo byokka: Ebitongole bingi kati bikozesa enkola ey'okusumulula ebiwandiiko mu kifo kyabyo, wadde nga kkooti teragira kukola. Eggwanga ezimu zireese abakungu baazo okukuma amasaawa gonna agayinza okukomya omulimu nga bakozesa amaanyi ag'omujaalwamu, ebizimbirako [[FLT]GRAham[]

Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu Okuli mu Bufumbo

Okusala emisango tekufuula nkola y'emu. Abakulu b'amateeka, abaami, n'abakola emirimu egitali gimu bayinza okuziyiza, okukaayana, oba okumenya amateeka agafuga amateeka.

Enneekukwe n’Eky’Okufuna Obuzibu

Ebisaze ebifuga kkooti enkulu bitera okuleetawo endowooza ez'enjawulo, ne kileka kkooti entono okuzikolako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo United States v. Drayton [2002], kkooti ezitasobola okunnyonnyola engeri y'okussawo bbaasi mu mpagi y'olusenyi kwe & #820; enneeyisa ya politiki. Ekivuddemu kyaviirako okusoberera ddala mu bitundu by'ebitundu byonna. Ebitongole ebikola ku mateeka nga bikolako ku nsonga eyo ebiteetegeefu, kiyinza kugoberera enkola ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezo (eyo enzivuunvu) oba ezo ez'amaanyi (ezeeba nga ze zigenda mu kifo ekisukka mu kifo ekinene).

Enkola y’Okuziyiza Enkyukakyuka

Obuwagizi bw'ekibiina mu ntegeka ya poliisi busobola okulemesa emitindo gy'amateeka emipya okukkirizibwa. Abasaze ab'ekika kino bayinza okubutwala ng'okusala emisango mu Plato. Okusala emisango mu ngeri eyo mu ttuluba lya njawulo. Okuteekawo akakodyo ka '#820';handcuff” poliisi. Awatali nkola za maanyi ezikwata ku ngeri y'okuvunaanyizibwa, enkyukakyuka ziyinza okusigala ku mpapula mu kifo eky'okukuteeka mu nkola eya bulijjo. Ekiragiro eky'okuziyiza ekikolebwa kitwaliramu etteeka erikkiriza enkola eyo [[FLT:]] mu Ferguson, Missouris, awalaga nti ekitongole kya 'Lment' kimenyeddwa mu bujjuvu mu kifo eky'oka ky'okaseera eky'okuna.

Obugunjufu bw'Ebyo bye Tufuna

Okusobola okutuukiriza ebisalibwawo by'ensalako y'emisango kitera okukwetaagisa okussaawo kamera ez'eby'ensimbi. Kamera z'omukaadi, omusingi gwa GPS, omusingi gwa kompyuta, n'obutongole obw'omu mateeka byonna bigula ssente. Ebibiina ebitono, naddala mu byalo, biyinza okuzibuwalirwa okugoberera emitindo gye gimu n'eggyo egitegekeddwa obulungi mu bitongole bya quatost. Ekyo kiyinza okuleetera omuntu okukweka obusobozi eddembe ly'omu mateeka mu bitundu byagwo.

Obumu bw’Abakkiriza Obuyambi

Ebisaanyizo by'okukuuma obukuumi kiyigiriza nti abakungu ba gavumenti baalowooza ku nkyukakyuka, naye nga tebamenye Bulagirizi era nga bamenya etteeka ” eryateekebwawo bulungi ̵. Wadde nga okusobola okwerwanako kulina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma abakungu abakola ensobi, abawakaanyi bagamba nti tekiyinza kulemesa bannakyewa kwevunaana kwevunaanawaanya oba okukendeeza ku kufuukafuukafuuka mulongo gwa mateeka. Kkooti enkulu elowoozezza ku nkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka. Naye kaakano, abakwasikirizi b'obusobozi basigala nga bakyasimbye enziza enzikkiriza okuko abakunguzi b'ebitongole ebikola nga tebakkirizisa mu ku mateeka agaawerera ddala. ̴[821]

Eby’Obukugu, Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa, n’Obugazi Obukyukakyuka

Tekinologiya bw’agenda yeeyongera era abantu ne beeyongera okumanya eddembe ly’abantu, kkooti zijja kweyongera okwolekagana n’ensonga ezisoomooza amateeka agazze gabaawo.

Amagezi n’Obulimi Ebiteeberezebwa

Ago akozesa enkola ezikozesebwa okulagula obululu oba okwawula abantu abali mu kabi ak'obumenyi bw'amateeka era n'okuteekawo eby'okukola ebimala kuttululwa. (2016], kkooti enkulu ewagira enkola ya COMPAS (eky'okuteeka obulamu mu kabi) naye yalabula nti engeri gye but'okufuga eyinza okumenya abawandiisi ̱ eddembe. Kkooti ezifuga enfuga zaatandika okwekenneenya oba nga empandika ez'eby'okulabirako nga eby'okulabirako bituukiriza obubonero. Ebisalibwa mu kitundu kino biteekwa okuba nga abakunguzi banoonya ebiva mu ku nkola ya algo alvin.

Okumanya Obulungi Ebitundu by’Omulimu n’Ebitonde Ebinene

Enkola ya tekinologiya ow'okumanyibwa mu maaso ereeteddwawo amateeka ku KG Ekiragiro ekifuga ettuluba ery'okuna ery'ebitundu eby'okwerinda ne gavumenti. Lynch v. Ekkomera mu 2020], kkooti enkulu mu Washington yagamba nti, okulabirako omuntu alowoozebwa nti ayogerwako ’ amaka ga kompyuta tegaamenya amateeka ga kamera ku kamera ey'okutuuti ey'okuna, naye abawakanya enkola ya Kyuma kya '/Plat' kyeraga. ̵ ebitongole bya poli nga bisobola okutuuka ku kkooti enkulu, ebitongole bya poli biteekwa okutegeka olukiiko olumanyiddwawo olw'okulaga obulaanyisinze oba mu bifo ebiva mu bifo ebya lukale.

Kamera ez’Omunda n'Akakwate ku Bitongole bya Poliisi

Wadde ng'ebitongole bingi byeeteerezza kyeyagalire kamera ez'omu nsawo, ensala y'emisango ekola enzivuunula y'enkola eya gavumenti ’ eddembe eryawula empaka ku kutuuka ku lukalala. Kkooti zisseewo obanga ebyakawaayiyiyidwa tebikkirizibwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti. Ebitongole bya poliisi biteekwa okubuuka amateeka mangi agalaga nti omuntu bw'abiraba ku nsonga ezikwata ku nkolagana ye ne kikalu yekka oba nti yeetaaga okunoonyereza ku nsonga ez'ebya . Ebyakasa ebyakayita nga [[FLT:]] ACLUO of Illinois. Ekibuga Chicago (2018]) kyetaaga ebitongole ebikola ebikola ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga za kikaluukiriza oba ebisale bye by'okulaga obutundu ebipya.

Okudduukirira Obulwadde bw’Omu birowoozo

Okusalawo emisango gyeyongera okulagira obukwasi bw'amateeka okusobola okuyisa abantu abalina obulwadde bw'obwongo. Sheppard v (201]), ekitongole ekikyalira ebibiina kigamba nti abakungu baakozesebwa nnyo bwe baayisa omuntu mu buzibu obw'enneewulira naye nga tatiisibwa muntu yenna.

fundikira

Ebyo ebisaze ebisala ku lukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka tebiri mu buwanya; bye biwandikiro ebifuga amateeka okulaga obulagizi bw'abafuzi. Okuva ku Miranda okulabula ku mitendera egikwata ku kugoberera empandika ya GPS, buli tteeka liwaliriza abakwasisa bannaago okukebera amateeka gaabwe, okutendeka abaami baabwe, era n'okumanyisa enkola zaabwe nga bagoberera emitindo gya mateeka egigendera ku mateeka. Okusalawo okwo kubaamu obutakkaanya, obutategeera bulungi, era n'okukalambira ku bintu. Kyokka, kusigala nga kukyali ku nkola esingayo obulungi mu kutuukiriza emitindo gya demokulase.

Abakwasisa amateeka abanoonyereza ku ndowooza ezikoleddwa gye buvuddeko awo, abanoonyereza ku ngeri gye bayisibwamu, era ne bakulaakulanya empisa ez'okugoberera amateeka, bajja kusobola okusala amateeka mu bifo ebikyukakyuka. Abakungu ba mateeka bwe bategeera bye basobola okukola kyokka, naye nga bamanyi ne kye bagaana okukola. Tekinologiya n'ebisuubirwa mu bantu bwe bigenda bikyukakyuka, okuteesa wakati wa banna mateeka n'a poliisi kujja kusigala nga kunywevu mu kugoberera obwenkanya wansi w'amateeka.