Endowooza ey'okukebera n'okussaawo empango bikulu nnyo mu nkola ya gavumenti y'Amerika. Ekakasa nti tewali ttabi liba na maanyi mangi, mu ngeri eyo ne likuuma eddembe ly'abatuuze n'okugoberera amateeka. Enteekateeka eno si bukuumi bufaananyi. Eno si nkola ya maanyi ereeseteese eby'obufuzi bya Amerika okumala ebyasa bibiri. Okutegeera enkola y'okukebera n'okuliwula kw'ebiragiro by'ensi kikwetaagisa okwekenneenya engeri amatabi gaasatu gye gakolaganamu, ennyiriri ez'ebyafaayo ebigasaanyeewo mu butonde bwago, n'engeri gye gakoleramu ddala mu bufuzi bwago, era n'engeri ez'abasomesa ab'eby'omulembe omulembe guno, byebalirira ku ndowooza zaabwe ezaago, era n'abasomesa abawabukulembedde mu nsi.

Amatabi Gasatu ga Gavumenti: Empandiika ya Bunnambiro

Nga tonnaba kubbira mu biwandiike, kikulu okutegeera obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo obuli mu buli ttabi. Ekiragiro kya Amereka, ekyasagibwa mu 1788, ne kigabanyamu amatabi g'ensi eyo essatu ag'omukiikirirwa kimu, nga galina emirimu gimu n'obuvunaanyizibwa obusinga obukulu. Okwawula kw'ensi kiriko omusingi enkola y'okukebera n'okugeetiika we biri.

  • [[Act:0] Ob'oluganda obwali buteekeddwawo: Buvunaanyizibwa bwa kkaadi (Ennyumba ey'abakiikirira n'enkiiko), y'evunaanyizibwa okuteekawo amateeka, okulangirira entalo, okuyingiza, n'okufuga ensawo z'eggwanga. Akatundu I ak'abakwasi b'amateeka mu kakiiko akafuzi.
  • [[NKULULA] Ettabi erifuga: Liwa obulagirizi bwa Prezidenti, likwasisa era ne liteekawo amateeka g'ensi, lilagira abaserikale okulwana, liyisa enkola ey'abagwira, era lilonda abakungu ba gavumenti (olwo oluba luteekeddwa ku lukiiko olukulu olw'ensi). Akatundu II kannyonnyola obuyinza bw'obuyinza.
  • [[NKULU] ettabi eririna musingi: Linnyonnyola amateeka mu kkooti enkulu n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo, era linnyonnyola amateeka, lyongera ku mateeka n'obukulu bw'ebiragiro, era ligonjooza enkaayana wakati w'amawanga. Akatundu III kasalawo obuyinza bw'emisango.

Nga bakwasa amatabi ag’enjawulo amaanyi, abagakola baakakasa nti tewali kibiina kyonna kyalina okufuga gavumenti.

Ensibuko y’Enkola y’Eby’Okusalawo n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Abakola ku nsonga z'amateeka baatwalirizibwa nnyo omufirosoofo Omutangaavu Baron de Montesquieu, alina omulimu gwe 1748 Omwoyo gw'Amateeka[ yagamba nti, eddembe ly'eby'obufuzi lyetaagisa okwawula amatabi. James Madison, emirundi mingi liyitibwa Taata w'Etteeka, era lyakola enteekateeka eno mu Federanst No. 51: "Etteeka liteekwa okukolebwa okuziyiza ettuttumu lyanti. Abafumu baasaze baabirenga ku ngeri y'okuyisa obubi mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza n'ennyogovu, era ne wansi w'Eemitwe gy'ebiteebiri egy'obuteemyoyo egyabanga tegibwalimu. Era, amateeka ago agagiddwawo tegayinza kusobozesa kuteekawo mu nkola y'amatabi galalalagimu.

Omuyambo Weetaaga Okukeberebwa ku Bizimbe by’Ettabi Ebiddukanyizibwa

Enteekateeka z'amateeka zisobola okukomya obuyinza bwa Prezidenti n'obw'ebitongole bya bannakyewa.

Veto Ebbaliikirivu

Singa omukulembeze wa gavumenti ayisa etteeka eriyisa akakiiko akaayisa akarye, singa siniya yayisa etteeka nga yeegasse n'ebitundu bibiri mu nnyumba ne Ssemakatimu. Okukebera kuno kukakasa nti omukulembeze wa gavumenti tasobola kussaawo mateeka agakugira abantu okuwangula. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 2020, Consert asrode Pulezidenti Trump's demoto of the National Defense Leact Act — ekikoma ku ku ku kulonda obwa dekanarikiti kye (ekiragiro ekisooka kyayo kyakolebwa mu 2016 ne musalali nga muteesiteesi w'obutuutiuti mu kiseera kya Obama).

Okwenoonyeza Omuze ogw’Okufiirwa Omugabo

Akatundu II, Ekigaba Ekitundu 4 ku lukalala lw'abasigire, kyongera ku buyinza bwa bakungu ba gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti era n'abakungu abalala ba gavumenti "Bawayiriza, oba Empalana oba Enzikolo ez'amaanyi". Olukiiko olwo lusala omusango era ne lusibawo akalulu nga baggya omukungu oyo ku ofiisi yennyini. Abalabirizi baagiggyamu obuyinza ku ofiisi y'obukulembeze ne balwanyisa obusatu bw'Amerika.

Okukakasa Okulondebwa kw’Omuntu mu Nsi Endala

Obuyinza bwa Prezidenti okulonda ab'ebitongole bya Kbiina, abalamuzi, ababaka, n'abakungu abalala ab'omu kiti ekya waggulu bekeberwa olukiiko "obwannannyini". Olukiiko oluwagizi bwe lukakasa oba ne lugaana bannannyini kululonda mu kalulu (Wadde nga n'omukulembeze wa gavumenti ayinza okusemba ab'ekika kya 60 mu kakiiko akakkirizi ka Kkabuno, oba okulonda ab'ebiragiro ebirala bingi). Kino kyeyoleka engeri ekiwandiiko kino gye kiyinza okusengeka ek'ekkumi n'abamu, ate nga n'abakyala batera okunoonyereza ennyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiwandiiko ekya 2016 ekigaana okuwa emboozi ewama omutwe obutongole okusiikiriza ebiwambibwa Merricland, Prezidenti Obama’s Nomine, kyeyakola mu ku kukebera ekiragiro kino okumala emyaka mingi.

Amaanyi g’Emmere

Congress afuga ensimbi zonna ezikozesebwa gavumenti okusobola okufuna ssente ezizimala. Omukungu tayinza kusaasaanya ssente nga takkiriziddwa ku mateeka. Kino kiwa Consell enkrectory okumanya ebintu ebisinga obukulu mu kifo kya Prezidenti. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okukyusiza akakwakkulizo oba ebitongole ebigoberera enzijanjaba, oba okukozesa enkola y'enkola y'okukwata ku nkola y'obukujju. Gavumenti ya 2018-2019, ezikyasinze mu byafaayo, yajjawo olw'okuba Conseumment egaana okugula Pulezidenti ya Trump, ekiraga nti enksaawo olukomera lw'ensalo.

Endagaano Okukendeeza

Wansi w'Akatundu II, Ekigaba 2. Ekigaba Ekiragiro kino, kisobola okukola endagaano nga kiriko akabonero, naye nga kitandika butaka singa ebibinja bibiri mu ssaawa emu ebisatu ebya Seketi ekolawo okuzikkiriza. Kino kikakasa nti obweyamo obw'amaanyi mu nsi yonna bulaga nti endagaano ez'enjawulo zigattiddwa, so si ku bugambi ku butongole obwa nnamba. Okugaana endagaano y'e Versailles mu 1919-1920 era n'okulemererwa kwa Ssetment Conterance Consolation ne Ban mu 1999 bye bimu ku ebyo ebikakasa endagaano eya Ppulilezidenti.

Omukungu Akebera ku Bukulembeze bw’Ettabi

Prezidenti era alina ebintu bingi bye yeekenneenyeza ku Lukiiko olukulu olw’ensi, olwategekebwa okuziyiza abafuzi okubunyisibwa era n’okakasa nti abafuzi baalyo basobola okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe.

Amaanyi ga Veto

Pulezidenti ayinza okuyisa etteeka lyonna eriyisibwa Congress, ng'addamu okugaana. Wadde nga Congress eyinza okutongoza etteeka eryo, voto kya maanyi nnyo kubanga wabaawo okukyusiza mu kifo kino wakwetaagisa ebintu eby'amaanyi. Wakati w'omwaka 1789 ne 2020, Prezida w'eggwanga yayisa obusaze obusukka mu 2,500, nga buli kimu kya 4%S, obukyayinza okukolebwa nga kirimu n'omukulembeze Franklin D. Roosevelt's deto of the Postrucration Bill mu 1944 ne Pulezidenti George W. Bush's yateekako ssente ezisukka mu 2,500 ezaawebwa obunene bw'eyambizibwa mu 2006.

Okuyita Abantu ab’Enjawulo

Akatundu II, Ekitundu 3 kiwa omukulembeze olukusa okutandikawo enkuŋŋaana ennene. Wadde nga tebyatera kukozesebwa mu kiseera kyaffe, akasembayo kaali akakiiko k'omukulembeze wa gavumenti Harry Truman mu 1948 ak'enjawulo okwogera ku by'enfuna, okukeberera kuno kusobozesa omukulembeze okukaka abakungu okussaawo amateeka nga mu kiseera kya kampuni.

Ensengeka y'ebiragiro

Omukulembeze wa gavumenti ayinza okulagira abakungu okulagirira abafuzi engeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu oba engeri y'okuddukanyaamu ebitongole bya gavumenti. Ebiragiro bino birina obuyinza ku mateeka naye nga bisaanyizibwawo Conseil okuyitira mu mateeka oba kkooti singa bisukka ku mateeka. Ebiragiro ebyo bibadde bikozesebwa buli Mukulembeze w'eggwanga, okuva ku Prezidenti wa George Washington’s Patain Proclation (1793) eri Prezida Biden ku ngeri y'enkyukakyuka n'okusengukira.

Amaanyi ga Pardon

Akatundu II, Ekitundu 2 kiwa Pulezidenti obuyinza okuwa bannabyabufuzi ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti eby'okusonyiwa ebibi n'okusonyiwa ebyasaze. Okukebera kuno kuyinza okusinga ekirango ky'emisango n'enkola z'amateeka ez'obumenyi bw'amateeka, nga kiwa enteekateeka okugonjoolerawo okugonjoola obwenkanya oba okutumbula obumu mu ggwanga. Ekyokulabirako ekimanyiddwa ennyo ye Pulezidenti Gerald Ford' okusonyiwa Richard Nixon mu 1974, naye obuyinza busigala nga buwanyisiddwa mu kukolera wamu ne bannabyabufuzi.

Okusala Omusango ku Matabi g’Omusango n’Eggulu Ennyo

Ofiisi y'ettabi esala emisango, okuyitira mu buyinza bw'okulambula, ekola ng'okukebereza ekiwandiiko ku kizimbe oba ku Prezidenti. Okulambula amateeka oba ebikolwa bya bannakyewa, tebyogerebwako butereevu mu mateeka naye byateekebwawo kkooti enkulu mu Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] [1803]. Okuva olwo, kkooti zikozesezza nkumi na nkumi za mateeka ga gavumenti, era ne zitabangula abo abamenya amateeka ga gavumenti.

Okumenya Amateeka

Bwe kuweebwa etteeka Kkooti ey'oku nti Kkooti ey'Empandika ey'oku ntikko n'ekkiriza, etteeka liba tekkirizidwa. Ebyokulabirako ku Landmark bitwaliramu rown v. Kkuŋŋaaawe ya Enjigiriza (1854], eyaviirako obusosoze mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti, ne United States v. Lopez] (199595], obuyinza bw'ekibiina kya Classibwe nga kigaana ekiragiro kya bannakye mu kkooti ya Gun-Foc.

Ebiragiro by'okozesa ng'obyeyambisibwa mu kwejjukanya

Kkooti era ziyinza okulagira nti ebikolwa bya prezidenti bisussa ku mateeka oba ku mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Akawayiro ak'obuto Ak'oku Mataagibwa & Tube Co. v. Saayer (1202). Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, Omukulembeze wa Truman yatwala obuyinja bw'ekyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w' Korea kubanga Consert yali takikkiriza. Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti yaziyiza enkyuuka z'obugunjufu bwa Prezidenti Trump mu 2017 ne Pulezidenti Biden's Crea asonyiwa ebibi by'abayizi mu 2023, ekiraga nti omukungu oyo abadde anoonya ebitongole ebiva mu ku ntegeka.

Ntegeera Endagaano

Kkooti enkulu erimu ekikongoze ky'amakulu g'amateeka, nga mw'otwalidde n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku buli lukalala. Mu kusalawo kwayo, kkooti ennyonnyola ekkomo eri wakati w'amatabi, gamba ng'enkizo ez'enkizo ez'omu n'awunzi (umg., ] United States v. Nixon], oba ekkomo lya koonti y'obuyinza obufuga enfuga mu mateeka. , ekitegeeza ekitongole ekifuga gavumenti kikebera ebiva mu nkola ya gavumenti.[FRET][FLT][FLT], 1997], ekyo kiwanjula obuyinza obwo obukola ebintu ebiva mu nkola y'obuyinza mu nkola ya gavumenti.

Ebiri wakati w’Olunyiriri lw’Etteeka n’Eby’Okulunyisa Amatabi

Wadde ng'olukiiko olukola ku kkooti luyinza okusala amateeka, Conset esobola okusalako akakwakkulizo mu ngeri yennyini. Olukiiko olwo lukakasa abalamuzi bonna ab'ensi yonna nga mw'otwalidde ne Abalamuzi Abakulu mu kkooti enkulu. Ate era, Consert eyinza okukyusa obuyinza bwa kooti entono (amaanyi agaakozesebwa mu 1860 okuziyiza Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson okutandikawo ebikaluubinja), era n'okuggyawo abalamuzi bonna olw'ensobi. Abalamuzi 12 baafuga mu U. ebyafaayo, era ne k'edda, ne k'ekibiina kiyinza okutegeeza empewo entebe y'amateeka, singa ekkirizibwa, esobola okulekawo ebyo ebisalibwawo mu kkooti enkulu — nga bwe kyali nga ku Kkookolopeesiteesi ([FL: 0].Cholm v[FF1][5]) era ne ku KGeneartentententenner [D] [5]] [SD]]

Omukwano n'Obuzibu mu Kitongole kya Disitulikiti

Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi ab'empaka naye okulondebwa kw'abalamuzi kwaetaagisa okukakaatika olukiiko lw'ensi. Abalamuzi ba gavumenti bwe balondebwa batuukiriza etteeka eribakugira okweyisa obulungi. Kyokka, Prezidenti asobola okusalirawo abalamuzi nga ateekawo abalamuzi abalina endowooza ezimu ku nsonga ze — enkola ebaddeko ekkomera mu ntalo z'eby'obufuzi ez'omulembe guno. Omukulembeze w'ekika ekyo era akwasizza abalamuzi okusala etteeka mu kkooti, n'asinziira ku nkola eya bulijjo. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga ateekwa okukakasiza ddala abalamuzi okuziyiza enkola y'amateeka, naye okutyo kusobola okuleetawo obuzibu. Mu butuufu, okuteekawo ensalasaze mu kkooti y'emu nga Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson, kyeyagitiisaamu, John Marshall; kati akikoze ku nsonga eyo, embaganyi eyo embaganyi" ku bikwata ku [F:] Georgia.[F2][12]

Okusoomooza n’Okusoomooza Ebibatuukako

Enkola eno ereetebwawo enkola za gavumenti ez'enjawulo n'abantu abagimanyi, era nga n'okweyongera kw'obufuzi, n'okweyongera kwa maanyi mu buyinza (naddala mu byannannyini mu byabunnaabwo ne mu by'obukuumi bw'eggwanga). Leero, engeri ezizze zigoberezebwa ziggumiza amaanyi n'obunafu bw'enteekateeka eno.

Oluguudo n'obukalu bw'ekikongo

Ebiwayi eby'enjawulo bwe bifuga ekitongole ekikola enzikkiriza ez'enjawulo ezizingirwa mu nkola eya demokulase, okukebera oba okubawa empalana ku kitongole ekifuga amateeka ne kisobozesa okuzimya enzijanjaba z'amateeka. Gavumenti bw'ezimyawo siringi eyo mu 2013, 2018-2019, era n'ebizibu ebitera okusiikebwa mu silingito eyo biraga engeri enkola y'okuziyizaamu ensonga enkulu. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti okukajja kw'amako ne kiremereza gavumenti okulaga nti tekirina kigendererwa kya bannakyemalirizza ku nsonga ezizizza n'okuzzaawo emirembe.

Ebiragiro by'Ogufuga - Ekiwandikiro era n'Okubaako ne ky'okolawo

Bannabyabufuzi ku bitundu bino byombi beeyongedde okwesiga ebiragiro by'abakungu b'ebitongole ebifuga okuleka abapoliisi. Wadde nga kiba kisaanira okukebera obukiiko obuddiriŋŋana, abakungu ba buyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkola ya gavumenti nga tewagudde akalulu, nga bwe kirabiddwa Prezidenti Obama's Defered Action for Childhosts (DACA) ne Pulezidenti Biden bw'akwata enjaga z'omuze. Abakuwakanya bagamba nti kino kiviirako ekiteesiteesi kya mateeka okukomya enkyuuka z'abateempukujjukanya, naye abawagidde ekyo bagamba nti kyetaagisa okukikolako mu ku nzikkiriza nti tezza gavumenti.

Okukwata Omusango mu Ngeri Ekwata ku Balamuzi

Okukakasa abalamuzi nti kkooti enkulu teyetongodde. Mu mwaka gwa 2016, abantu baagaana okwekenneenya ebigambo bya Merrick Garland, ne mu 2018 Brett Kavanaugh oluvannyuma lw'okusala emisango, era ne 2020 bayita buyimirizi okukakasa Amy Coney Barrett nti okulonda tekukyaliwo, era nti abalamuzi batandise okufuuka bannabyabufuzi. Okwemulugunya kuno kuleetawo okubuusabuusa obanga akakeberezo k'emisango teguyinza kusigala nga mu bwenkanya.

Okwenyigira mu Kitundu n’Okuyigiriza

Okusinziira ku kunoonyereza okwakolebwa Annenberg Public Policy Center, amatabi gayinza okuyitawo awatali kuvunaana. Okuyigiriza abalambuzi n'eby'okukola ku nsonga eziba zigobeddwawo mu mateeka ga gavumenti kyetaagisa okusobola okuwanirira gavumenti.

fundikira

Okutegeera enkola eno kikulu nnyo eri abasomesa n'abayizi nga bagoberera enkola y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Okuva ku nkola y'amateeka n'enkola ekakasa okunoonyereza n'okussaawo amateeka ga gavumenti za Amerika, buli ttabi lirina eby'amaanyi ebiyinza okukendeeza ku buyinza bw'abalala. Kyokka, enteekateeka teriiko kkomo lya njawulo — ligoberera obuwangwa bw'eby'obufuzi, ensalaze. Ab'obuyinza bassawo bassawo n'abakungu ba gavumenti baateeka mu kifo eky'okuteekawo ekiwandiiko ekikugira ettuuti era n'ebiragiro bya bannaalyo, naye buli ttabi lirina eby'amaanyi ebiyinza okukomya obuyinza okukugira n'okusuubira abantu okusasula ebiteebbeeyi by'obuwangwa mu Amereka okumala emyaka 230.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku tterekero ly'ebitundu ebitegekebwa ebitegekebwa ebitegekebwa ebitegekedwa mu by'ebiwandiiko eby'edda. Ekitongole eky'eby'amateeka kinoonya engeri y'okuzuulaamu eby'obufuzi [ ne [[FLT] Ekitongole ekikola ku by'enjigiriza mu ggwanga ekitegekedwa mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga [[FLT:].]