Eddembe ly'Etteeka mu Kakwate: Ebyokulabirako eby'Ensi Ebiriwo Ddala

Ekiragiro kya Amereka ye tteeka ekkulu erifuga ensi eyo, nga kissaawo entegeka ya gavumenti y'ensi eyo ate nga mu kiseera kye kimu kiteeka ekkomo ku maanyi gaayo okuyitira mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Okutegeera eddembe lino ery'ennimi zeetaagisa okwekenneenya engeri gye lirina okugattibwamu mu bukuubagano bw'ensi. Kino kitegeeza okuyitira mu kkooti enkulu, okukontana n'endowooza, n'enkola z'amateeka nti emisingi gya Bill of Rights giweebwa amakulu amatuufu. Okuva ku ssomero okutuuka ku ssimu ssimu, obukuumi bw'amateeka obwaba bukyeyongera okugobereza obulamu bw'omutuuze yenna.

Omuteende Ogwasooka: Olwazi Olukwata ku Kufuga Obufuzi

[[NKULULA]: Mmaapu esooka ewa eddembe ettaano erikwatagana: eddiini, olulimi, empapula z'amawulire, okukuba, okukuŋŋaana awamu. Obusobozi buno butegekebwa okuleetera abantu obutasuubula katale ka buntu n'okukuuma omuntu waabwe ow’omunda okuva ku kukakibwa gavumenti.

Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Okwogera

Emboozi ekwata ku kwogera kw'abayizi eva mu [FULT]] .[FUNT:2] . Mu Ddesemba 1965, ekibinja ky'abayizi mu Des Moines, Iowa, nga mwe muli Mary ow'emyaka 13 egy'obukulu, yayambala engalo eziddugavu okujaguza essomero. Ekitongole ky'essomero, nga kitya okuteeba. Kkootikko, entono yayisa obulungi abayizi. Abeta yawandiisa endowooza y'abayizi, n'eraga omulambo gw'obubonero, ng'abayizi balaga eddembe lyabwe nti eddembe lyabwe teribakyusizza ddembe lyabwe ery'okunyumya oba enzigibwa mu luggi lwoyango olwo lwokka olugenda olwo olwo olwo lwokka olugenda okumenya amateeka. Ekko ekyo kye kiyinza okubaamu ennyo okubaamu eby'obuyigirize obw'ebyanyiikibwa mu nsi ya bulijjo.

Obukuumi bw'embaga ey'olukalala olusooka busingawo ku ssomero. [FLT]] . Johnson[KITA]] [19989], kkooti yasalawo nti okuyiwa bendera ly'Abamerika ng'engeri ey'okwekalakaanya okw'akabonero. Kino kyaleetawo okukaayanya okw'eggwanga n'okugezesa amateeka ga samateeka. Gye buvuddeko awo, olukalala olw'ennamba z'ennimizannyo, oluvanyuma lwaleetawo enziji z'ennamba empya. [5][FLT].[FLT:][FLT:][5].[FLT]] [5][5]

Eddembe ly’Eddiini

Ekitongole ekitegeka Free Exes Classione ne Free Exes Classione kikola mu ngeri ey'okukuuma eddembe ly'eddiini. [FLT] Engel v. Vitacee[FLT]] [1962], Kkooti yasalawo nti okusaba okwawandiikibwa mu matendekero ga gavumenti kwamenya enzivunnay'omwoyo, wadde nga kwali kwa kyeyagalire era nga tekukyali mu kibiina. Omulamuzi Hugo Black yagamba nti "sibe kitundu kya bizineesi ya gavumenti ey'okusabiramu abantu mu Amerika okuyimba. Kino kyakkirizibwa mu [[FL:][5][5] mu bitongole bya yuniversa.[5]

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Okusoma ekimalirizo ekijjuvu eky'ekika kya Tinker v.Des Moines kisalawo ku Oyez[[=KY'OKUMALIRAKO]

Emisingi Egyasembayo: Buli Mukisa Kikontana n’Eby’Okwerinda

Mu kyasa ekya 20, kkooti efuga essazaamu ey'okubiri yanoonyereza ku ngeri gye yakozesaamu emmundu ey'okunaddaaki. Kkooti yakwataganya eddembe ly'okusitula amagye n'okuweereza mu magye aga bulijjo nga bwe kiragibwa mu [FLT]].[FLT] United States v. Miller[FLT]] [12] [193]].

Heller ne McDonalve

Mu [[NKULA:0][FLT] .Diformation of Columbia v. Helder[FLT] [2008] [2], kkooti enkulu yayogera oba oba nga olukusa olw'okubiri lukuuma omuntu okuba n'obuyinza okubeera n'ensolo ey'okwefuga yekka. Mu kusalawo 5-4 okwakolebwa Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, kkooti yaddamu yee, n'ekubamu Washington DC..'ebakkookerok'. Kkooti yali ekkiriza nti okuzirinamu obwa bulijjo kye kintu ekisinzibwa nga "ekyuma ekisinzibwa obwa bulijjo. Ebbanga ku nsonga y'omuyaga . Ek'empalo yago, era n'egaana okuzikkiriza mu gavumenti ez'okubiri ez'omuyaga.[FLY'omuyaga ogw'omuna, ekikolebwa mu lukulembe olukalala olwo olwo lw'ennyonnyonnyonyi.[5][5][5]

Emitindo gy’Empisa Egitali Gimu n’Ebyaddirira

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ennyo mu Kukyusa okw'okubiri kyatuuka ku kukulaakulana kwa [FLT]] mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT]]. Kkooti yakuba obwa "ensonga enkulu" okusitula omumwa gw'amasasiro mu lujjudde. Omulamuzi Thomas yateekawo ekigezo ekippya: amateeka g'omulembero kino galina okuba nga "gassa mu bulombolombo obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo." ebyafaayo bino, ebyafaayo, n'ebyafaayo bya kkooti z'ebyasooka byakozesebwa okusoomooza amateeka amatono, nga n'okuwera okuwera amateeka agamenyesattulira abantu abangi bagobe. [F][5]

[[AGUMENTI] Okusoma ku kusalawo okw'oburu oba Bruden ku mukutu gwa kkooti esinga obukulu

Okuteegera okw’Okuna: Okwegalwa mu Kiseera eky’Obukugu

Ekitongole eky'okuna eky'empeereze kikuuma "eddembe ly'abantu okuba n'obukuumi mu bantu baabwe, mu mayumba, mu mpapula, ne mu bye basalawo, ne mu bye basalawo, ne mu buzibu bw'okunoonyereza oba okugwa ensimbu." Ekifuula okunoonyereza okutali kwa magezi kubadde kukyukakyuka nnyo nga tekinologiya bw'akyuse.

Kisuubirwa Okuba Obwannamunigina

Ekigezo eky'omulembe ekyawerebwawo ku kukyusa okw'okubiri kyatandikibwawo [FLT] (1867]. Charles Katz yasibibwa omusango ogw'okukuba zzaala nga wamaze okuteekebwako ekiteeso ku FBI mu kifo kya ssimenti. Kkooti eyo yaguvuuniza olukusa olumu, n'ezuula nti gavumenti yali efudde "sensense" wansi w'Olutementi olw'Ekkumina. Kkokko nga John Harlan II akkiriza ebikongoberamu nga kati nga bimaze okukeberezebwa okw'emirundi ebiri: omuntu ateekwa okuba nga "yawulibwa ku siteesiteesi" era n'okusuubira "omulembe ogutegekebwa mu kifo eky'okumanyisaamu abantu ababadde babadde basuubira nti batwalibwa mu kifo eky'okudda mu kifo eky'eky'okuteekawo eky'ennya ey'ebintu ebya bulijjo..

Ennimi n’Emmandiro

Mu kyasa ekya 21, Kkooti yazibuwalidde okugoberera emikutu egyana ku mikutu gya kompyuta. [FLT]] California v. [2014] [[kooti]] era nga zonna zigasse wamu nti poliisi yalina olukusa okunoonyereza ku mikutu gya kompyuta egiba gikwatiddwa okusobola okukwatibwa. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts yawandiika nti amasimu ag'omu kompyuta si ge gamu obukugunja obwa tekinologiya oba obwa tekinologiya oba obwa kompyuta obusingako obugirimu.

Mu [[NKULA:0][FLT][[FLT]][[FLT]] [2017], kkooti yeeyongerako okukomyawo. Kkooti eyo era yayisawo nti gavumenti ekyetaagisa okusobola okufuna obubaka obukwata ku butoffaali obw'omu nnukuta ez'enjawulo (CSLI) obufinkyalibwa omutwale wa kyuma. Kkooti eyo emanyi nti omuntu alina kye yeetaaza mu nzikusu zaamu mu nziku z'oto eziriwo, ne bwe kiba nti akolera ku ssi n'ebitundu byayo eby'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'empandika.

[[AGUF:0] Akawayiro kano kaleetera ekiragiro okwongera okuyiga ebikwata ku digitation progress Foundation (EFF) ku mukutu gwa kompyuta

Okuwummuzibwa okw'okutaano: Okuteekateeka, Okukuuma, n’okweroboza wekka

Omuteende ogw'Okutaano guwa eddembe ekkulu ery’okuvumirira: eddembe erigaana omuntu okwewaana, obukakafu obulaga nti atuukiriza etteeka erisaanira, obukuumi eriva ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri, n’ebbeeyi ey’okutwala ebintu bye mu kyama.

Obusobozi obw’Okusirika

Ekifo ekimanyiddwa ennyo mu Amereka y'Empeererezo ey'okutaano kisibuka ku [FLT]] Manda v. Arizona[FLT] (196]. Ernesto Miranda yakwatibwa olw'okubba n'okukwatibwa. Oluvannyuma lw'okubuulibwa ebibuuzo bibiri, yateekako ekiwandiiko ekiraga nti akkiriza nti amanyi eddembe lye. Kkooti eyo yagikkiriza nti ekiwandiiko ekyo, era nti okubuuza kw'alina ensonga kwetongozaamu, era nti okubuuza kwalina kuba kwa nnamaddala. Kkootikkulu kwalina okukkirizibwa. Ate era ne kujja okuba nga kulina omukunguzitondo ogumu. [FF][4][4][4]

Entegeka n’Eddembe Ebiba Biteekeddwawo

Ekitongole eky'okutaano ekiwereza erinnya Claus (ne 'Sced Programme defix') tekikukuuma buteeso obwenkanya kyokka naye era n'obukakalu obwa wansi. Enjigiriza ya Custantive project ekozesebwa okukuuma e ddembe ly'omu Byawandiikibwa nga tekmanya byonna. Wadde nga kiwakane nnyo, kye kisinziirwako okuba n'obusobozi mu [FLT][12][FLT:][6]][195] n'okugatta obufumbo obwa fayiro mu [FLT:][5][FLT][5][5]][5]

Okutwala Claus ng’Omuwendo

Entegeka ey'okutaano ekomekkerezebwa n'ekiwandiiko ekiyita Princillas: "Ebifo bya bantu ebyamaguzi biritwalibwa okukozesebwa, nga tewali kusasula. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa gavumenti okusasula ebizito mu ngeri ennungi nga binyaanyi obutwasiddwa obwa bulijjo. Obungi obwa "bugaanyizi" bwatapukusibwa mu [FLT][1] Kello v. Ekibuga New London[FLT][2005]], gye k'ekkirizangalaze ettaka okutwala ebintu mu kyamalanga ekigo, nga kigamba nti, ebiva mu by'eby'enfuna bya bantu bonna bikozesebwa mu bantu.

Omutemwa ogw’omukaaga: Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Obwannabbi

Essira ery’omukaaga liwa obukakafu nti waliwo obukiiko obusobola okuwozesebwa mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya, nga mw’otwalidde n’eddembe ery’okuwozesa omusango mu bwangu era mu lujjudde, ery’abalamuzi abasala emisango egitabakwata ku kya nnawulo, ery’okutegeeza abajulizi, n’okuweebwa amagezi.

Obuvunaanyizibwa Obutuufu bw’Okuwabulwa

Omusango oguva ku kiwandiiko awano kwe . Gideon v. Wainwright (1963]). Clarence Earl Gideon yali munafu mu kufulumya ekisenge mu Florida. Yasaba munnamateeka okusiigako olukiiko olumu. Kkootis'amusalira olumu olumu. Kkooti lwewa olumu olumu olumu olumu olumu, era Gidiyoni yawalirizibwa okwewozesembesebwa ne wasibibwa omusango. Okuva mu katookolo we, yawandiika okusaba mu buwagizi eri kkooti ey'okukkiririvunna. Kkootikko yakwata ku nsonga eyo era n'ensonga zonna ez'enjawulo. [F][4] Kino kyalaga nti: [F] era nti okukebeesawo olukalala olwo olumu ku nsonga lubadde lukulu mu kkooti y'olupapula lw'olupapula: [F][5][4][4]

Munnaabwe ye Claus

Ekitongole eky'omukaaga ekiwandiikiddwa kikakasa nti olukalala olw'okukyusaamu era kiwa obujulizi obwali bugamba "okunakuwanyizibwa abajulirwa." Mu [FLT]][[FLT]]] [2004], kkooti yakyusa nnyo etteeka ku bikwata ku lusatu n'obujulirwa. Omuwaayi, Michael Crawford, yavunaanibwa n'okugezaako okutta. Olukiiko olwo terukkiriza bujulizi. Olukiiko olwo lwatandikawo terulina bujulizi bwa mukyala we Sylvia, Sylvia, naye n'ajulirwa ku musango ogwo n'obujulizi obw'omufumbo. Kkookolosa kyasalawo nti Omuwaabiromenti, yamenyawo Claus. Olukiiko olugamba "reempalaase" terukkiriza kubaako omujulirwamu.[5]

Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo

Kkooti Esingirayo ddala empalana esobozesa essente mu lusenyi okugattibwa, okusalirwa enzijanjaba ezisingako, n'okubonerezebwa okw'enjawulo. Ekiragiro ebigambo bino byonna bitegeeza nti abantu bakulaakulana mu by'omwoyo nga basinziira ku ‘ mitindo egy’empisa ennungi egigobererwa mu maaso. ’

Omutawaana gw’Okufa

Furman v. Georgia[[KM:3]], kkooti yasala mu kusalirawo ekibonero eky'okufa mu ggwanga nga 5-4, naddala ekivumerwamu obusosoze obwa langi, okukitongoza nga bwe kyakola. Ensala yagonjo mu United States. Ebbanga lya myaka ena oluvannyuma, Kkooti ey'okukwata ku ku ku kusalirako omusango ogw'okufa.[FLT:] v[FLT][FLD][F:6][5][5][FLT][5]][FLT][5]][5]], [6][5],[9][9], olukiiko oluppya olugonze mu kkooti empya, yawanjula amateeka amanya enkola empya, era n'okuboneresa obuboneromenti obutuufu.[5][5][5][5][E][6][6][6]][6]][6]

Okuva , kkooti etaddewo ekkomo eriko ekkomo eriko ekkomo eri ani ayinza okuttibwa. [FLT]] Attins v. Virginia[[FLT][[2002]] [192], kkooti yasalawo nti abantu abalya ebizizothebwa obulema bamenya amateeka. ] Attins v. [[FLT:][5][5], olukumbo lwayisa ekiragiro kino (2005], olukkujjuzaamu abantu abali mu kiseera kyabwe (kulembedde). [[FLT:]

Embeera mu Kkomera n’Engeri Embi Esukka ku Nsawo

Olukiiko olunaana olw'okukyusaamu mu by'enfuna era lusobola okuyisa mu mbeera z'okusibibwa n'okubonerezebwa mu by'enfuna. [[FLT:][FLT]] Timbs v. Indiana[2029], kkooti yasalawo nti olukusa olw'Empeereze lwa Swere ku Birenge mu Amerika lukwata ku gavumenti (kukolagana). Mu ngeri eyo, gavumenti ya Indiana yanoonya okunyamba Ensi y'omuntu eyitibwa Rover Suv, nga wabali ddoola $200,000, oluvannyuma lw'okutunda sente entono ennyo eza GGOKKOL. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti abantu bafiirwa ebintu eby'omuwendo ng'ebyo ebyeyambisibwa mu ku by'enjagaano ekitono ennyo ebiyinza okusaawula ebiva mu by'enyinyaawulamu.

Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Ekireeto ky’Obwewaze n’Eby’Obusobozi

Note: Tewali kinnyonnyolwa ku ddembe erya grandment emalirizidwa nga tewabaddewo olukusa olw'okukyusa kwa kkumi na n'ena, olwasagibwa mu 1868. Wadde nga Bill of Rights mu kusooka yakoma ku kukugira gavumenti y'ensi, olukalala olw'entegeka ya 1448 lwakyusa entegeka ya Claus. Ek'okuba nti enkola ya Cesoctive Claus ebadde kikozesebwa kya "Kitongole kya 'Ly Processom' erina n'emyoyo, era n'okuwereza kwa Claus kwakwo kwe kwako kwe kwasobozesa okuwangula okw'ensonga ez'omunda ez'enjawulo mu byafaayo by'Amerika.

Okusasula: Okussa Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa mu Amerika

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika mpolampola. Kkooti yatandika okuyisa ekiwandiiko ekitongozaamu olukalala lw'amateeka okugattika mu .[FLT]] Gitlow v. New York [1925]. Mu kyasa ekyaddako, buli kikuumi kya Bill of Rights kyateekebwa ku mateeka mu ntegeka. Kino kitegeeza nti omu poliisi mu California oba essomero mu Texas aba akigattiddwa amateeka ge gamu ne gavumenti y'ensi. Ekikongojjerwamu eky'okubiri mu [FLT:] Mcracqued v.[FFF:5] (20) era ne ku kugibwa kkopi ey'ekkumi ery'ekkumi obusatuunyiri mu Texas.[5][5]

Okukuumibwa Kyenkanankana n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Eŋŋamira

Ekitongole ekinoonya enjawukana mu mulimu gwa 'FLT' kigamba nti tewali ggwanga lirina "kutuukiriza muntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwalyo okukuuma amateeka nga genkana.'Ekiwandiiko kino kye kyakulwanyisa eky'omu mateeka ekyakozesebwa okusangulamu obusosoze. ][Brown v. . Ekiragiro kya Eduuka ky'Enjigiriza[FL:]][F]] [1954]] [1954]] [1964], kkooti enkulu yakkiriza amateeka agaawulamu ebisomero bya baddugatte banna, nga gaawulamu amateeka agafugamu ebizimbe ebizimbe ebizingirwamu, nga gaayiiyirimu abaana abangidde mu n'abavubi, nga gaayinjanjabibwa "teenkana" enjigiriza ey'ekiteego n'ennya.[Fogro][F.][FF.5:5]]][F.[F.]

Era ekitongole kye kyeyambisa enkola ey'okukakasa obusosoze mu bitundu eby'ensi yonna, kwe kusalawo ku ngeri y'okulagamu obusosoze. [FLT][[FLT]] [1996], ekyaviirako okutongozebwa kw'abasajja mu Virginia Arendary Institute. Mu kyasa ekya 21, kwe kwalina omusingi gwa [[FLT:][5].

[[Act:0] Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okusoma ebisingawo ebikwata ku njigiriza ey'okukkopanya okuva mu ksomero ly'Amateeka eriyitibwa Cornell [[[Aka]]

Olupapula: Endagaano Ennungi Ekoleramu

Ddembe eryateekebwa mu mateeka ga Amerika teriri mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo eziteekeddwawo mu kyasa ekya 18. Za bukuumi bwa maanyi nnyo era ezeetaagisa okutaputa buli kiseera n'okuteeka ku nkola ebibaawo mu bulamu bw'Amerika. Okuva ku mikono gy'abakyala ba Des Moines ne bannassawansi ab'ensimu mu nnukuta zaffe, emisingi gya Bill of Rights gye tufuga emitindo gy'ennungi ennyo egy'obulamu bwaffe. Emirala egy'eby'ensonga zino tegiterekebwa mu ngeri ennukuta, wabula y'obulabisi y'ennyi ezigo wakati wa kkooti, gavumenti, ne bayizi. Abasomesa n'abayizi nabo bwe bafaana, balina okutegeera emitindo egifaananira ddala wakati w'ab'obuyinza n'eddembe mu Amereka. Obutebenkevu obwo tebukola ku mateeka ga Amerika. Obutuufu obutuufu obugobenjevuusibwamu tebuli mu kkooti z'amateeka, naye nga bategeera bulungi ensonga zaabwe, naye nga bannannyini bannabigambibwe bannaabwe ababumanyisa.