Enteekateeka y'eby'obufuzi mu Amereka ekola ekifo ekitegekeddwamu ab'obuyinza mu Amereka, kyokka esigala nga y'emu ku ngeri ezisinga okubeetaagisibwa ennyo. Eri abasomesa, abayizi, n'abatuuze, okutegeera amaanyi ga kino kiyamba okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu, okugobererwa, n'okusoomooza. Wadde nga Amateeka gago gawa obulagirizi, amazima geeyongedde nnyo okukiikibwa, era nga n'obuyinza obusinga obusinga obuba busobola okuleetawo entalo mu mateeka, enkola ez'okutandikawo ebya mateeka, n'okutaatabulatabula. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'omu kkooti enkulu, era n'ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku by'obuyigirize.

Emirandira gy’Etteeka Egikwata ku Kiwandiike

Ekiragiro kino tekissaawo kibiina kya nukuulu ey'ensi; wabula, kissaawo enkola esobozesa gavumenti y'eggwanga okwawula obufuzi. Okwawulamu okwawukana kuno kukulu mu kukuuma obutuuze bwa gavumenti nga bakolagana bulungi. Abakugu mu by'enjigiriza nga Montesquieu era nga bagoberera enkola eyagobererwa mu mpagi z'eby'obufuzi, bagezaako okuteekawo enkola esobola okuziyiza okunfuga mu maanyi amangi.

Yasigirwa Ebirabo, Ebirala Ebiri mu Nsi Embi, n’Eby’Obuyinza Ebikyaliwo

Amagatte gano ge gano: gano ge gaaweebwa gavumenti ya gavumenti ey'ensi yonna, Ekitundu 8 eky'amateeka. Gatwaliramu amaanyi okutegeka ebizimbe, okulanga entalo, okuteekawo amagye, okuteekawo amapositi, n'essente. Amaka gasigalira, ebikuumibwa n'Omutemwa ogw'Ekkumi, tegaweereddwa gavumenti oba obutaweebwa gavumenti oba gavumenti. Gazingiramu okuyingiza obutongole bw'eby'eby'obufuzi, okulonda, okuteekawo gavumenti, n'okuteekawo embeera z'eby'obulamu, n'eby'enjigiriza. Amasaza agakolera awamu ga gavumenti zombi gagattibwa ku mitendera, ng'okusasula emisolo, okuwola ssente, okutongoza, n'okukwasisa amateeka.

Enjawulo eri wakati w'amatwale agaategerekebwa n'amatwale, naye mu ngeri entuufu, okutaputa ebitiibwa bino kweyongedde era ne kufunibwa oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera.Ebigambo ebiyitibwa Theat ne Theith Claus I, Ekitulikito 8, Claus 18) biwa Consings obuyinza okukola amateeka gonna nga "ga mugaso era gasaanira" mu kukozesa obuyinza bwago, obwakozesebwa okugaziya obuyinza bw'ensi yonna mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.

Omuntu Ayitibwa Claus era Ayitibwa Amalyi g’Ekibiina

Ekiragiro kino bwe kikontana amateeka ga gavumenti era n'ago agafuga, Supremacy Claus (Artle VI, Claus 2) gategeeza nti, Amateeka ga ssemateeka, amateeka ga gavumenti, ne emikono bye bitegeeza nti abalamuzi mu buli ggwanga baasibibwa ku mateeka g'ensi, era ne ssemateeka oba amateeka agafuga agakontana n'amateeka g'ensi tegalina mugaso. Kyokka, okugoberera Suprematy Claus tekiba kitegeerekeka bulungi. Kkooti ziteekwa kusalawo oba nga ddala amateeka g'eggwanga ddala gakontana n'amateeka ga gavumenti oba nga gawandule mu kifo ekigo ekitegekebwa nga gavumenti eteekeddwa okuggulawo amateeka.

Engeri ez’Okukemebwa

Okukemebwa kuyinza okubaawo mu ngeri nnyingi:

  • Ekiragiro bwe kibala amateeka aga gavumenti mu kitundu ekimu nga gagoberedde amateeka agafuga enfuga ez'amateeka, nga gattuluba oba nga gaba nga geetongodde, Act, nga gat'etteeka erya mu ntegeka ya gavumenti limenyawo amateeka agafuga ekitundu ekimu.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] Bw'okozesa ekiragiro, amateeka aga gavumenti gakola ebikolebwako:[[FULT:1] ne kiba nti tegakkirizibwa kufuga mateeka g'ensi ("olusuku olukulembera olunyiriri okununulibwa") oba singa amateeka g'eggwanga gakontana butereevu n'amateeka g'ensi ("okununulibwa").

Kkooti Enkulu etaddewo ekyokulabirako ekirungi eky’okugezesa eddembe ly’omuntu, nga emirundi mingi egezaako okulumiriza ensonga lwaki Akakiiko k’Obwakabaka kalina ekigendererwa eri abapoliisi ab’omu mawanga ago.

Ebintu Ebiyinza Okukulemesa Okuvuganya n’Okuyomba

Okunoonyereza kuddako kulaga engeri enteekateeka eno ey’obufuzi gye yakolebwa mu ngeri ey’ekitalo era ey’obukuubagano.

Okutongoza Omusango

Oboolyawo ekitundu ekikyasingidde okukubagana ennyo okutabulagana kw'ebiva mu butaka buno kizingiramu enjaga. Ekitongole ekifuga empalana mu mateeka kisiiga omussumu omungi essomero nga dduyiro Study Act. Ekiragiro kino kiteekamu enjaga nga tegooya y'ebika bya Rocraced Substances, ekola, okugabala, n'okubeera n'okugiteeka mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kyokka okuva mu 1996, omuwendo gw'amawanga gawaze gwagikkiriza okukkirizibwa okunywa omujanjalo omunjabi guno okugulwa obujanjabi. Kino kireetawo akakungo: abantu kinnoomu n'amakolerobo ga gavumenti gasigala nga gakyayinza okukwatibwa. Kyokka, okuyitira mu Rocbaker·raker·lamorement amendement ate mu buwayinjabibwamu ate oluvannyuma ne mu mateeka 20 g'obukungu, ebitongole eby'omutiryinjabibwa mu mateeka eby'okusalamu, nga bikkirizibwa bya progaano eby'ebyo ebimenyebwa mu mateeka eby'envuvuvuvuvu

Engeri y’Okufaayo ku Bulamu n’Enkyukakyuka mu Kikolwa eky’Okujjanjaba Ekitayinza Kusaasaana

Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA) eya 2010 eraga obunene obufuga engeri y'okulabiriramu ebiwangwa. Gavumenti yateekawo olukalala olwa insuwalensi ekkiriza okusaasaanyizibwa (oluvannyuma yagiwandiikibwa) era n'egaziyizibwa Medicaid. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu mu NationalFoderation of Independent Business v. Seberius[[202] yakkiriza nti gavumenti teyinza kuwaliriza Médic okugaziya byonna nga zigenda kuteeka mu nkola y'okuggyawo ebizitookebwa. Ekyo kyaviirako embeera y'eby'obusuubuzi okuteeka mu nzijanjabwa k'empani eyo okusobozesa okuggyawo ssente mu nzijuzaamu zonna ezikiriwo.

Okukkirizibwa Okulondawo Awatali Kusendebwa

Kkooti y'okukyusaamu kwa kitongole kya gavumenti ya United States era egezesezza okuteekawo obuyinza mu mateeka nga Gerizona’s S.B. 1070 (2070), ekyakwetaagisa abakwasisa amateeka ageetaagisa okukakasa obuwagizi mu kifo ky'okuwummula mu sitenseni. Mu Arizora v. United States [202], Kkooti enkulu yasattululira etteeka eryasinga obungi ng'ereetebwawo amateeka ga gavumenti aga gavumenti agava mu gavumenti okukkirizibwa, naye yawagira "oleka empapula zo", ebikusoomooza eby'omu mateeka. Wabula, ebitongole ebifuga enjjulukuufu ne gavumenti bye zikola ne ku bunnabikkulembedde mu ku kuddawo. Kkubo kino eky'ekiwandikiro n'ekitongole ekiryungidde mu magye ga gavumenti agafuga oba ekigobeego. Gavume kino kiwagira mu mateeka ne gavumenti ne kigobeeyongera okugobeezzaako okugo

Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka mu Nsi

California era efunye etteeka erikwata ku mbeera y'obutonde okussaawo emitindo gyayo egya ssemazinga w'ensi. Kyokka, gavumenti zitera okussaawo emitindo gya gavumenti era ne zigoberera ebiragiro ebyagonjoolwa. California, , Omuntu afunye etteeka Eryooka erisobozesa okuteeka emitindo gyazo kussa mu mmotoka. Mu ngeri y'emu, gavumenti eziwerako zireeseewo empano ez'eby'ekika kya California. Kyokka, abafuzi ba Trump baasaza baasaza abo abangi baasaza California ne baggyamu omuteesiteesi mu 2019, ne bagenda mu kkooti ey'ekulumya; n'ababinde baddamu. Obukulembeze bw'empaka bw'omutindo mu ngeri y'emu, abafuzi baawula enzirowo nga baddiga z'amatabi zza enzirowo.

Okufuga Emmundu

Ekitongole eky'ensi yonna kissaawo amateeka agaawukana. Kyokka, gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'eggwanga byombi zitaddewo amateeka agaawulamu okusobola okuwanirira emmundu. Etteeka lino libakugira okuba n'obuyinza ku ngeri y'okukwata emmundu. Kkooti enkulu era n'erya gavumenti za gavumenti ziragira okulonda obwannannyini okubeera n'okuba namukubi wa nguzi. Okusala emmundu mu [FL:0] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen Yakuba mu gavumenti z'ensi yonna okukebera oba okukugira eby'okulwanyisa ebireetebwa mu ggwanga. Okusala okwo kuleetawo okusoomooza kwa maanyi mu mateeka gamu.

Ekifo kya kkooti esingayo obukulu mu kugonjoola obutakkaanya bw'Empaka

Kkooti esinga obukulu ye yasinga okuleetawo obukuubagano mu mawanga.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Omusango guno gwatandikawo nti gavumenti y'ensi eyo ebeere n'obuyinza obw'ekika ekisinga ku obwo obwayogerwako butereevu, era nti gavumenti teyinza kusasula ebibiina by'ensimbi. Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yawandiika nti: "Amaanyi ag'okusasula omusolo gazingiramu okuzikiriza," era nti Amateeka gaava eri abantu so si gavumenti. Kino kyagatta wamu obuyinza bw'ensi n'omusingi gwa gavumenti nti amateeka ga gavumenti tegayinza kuziyiza nteekateeka za gavumenti.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Omusango ogwo gwalaga bulungi engeri ekibiina kya Cream gye kiddukanyaamu eby'obusuubuzi, nga bagamba nti gavumenti esobola okutegeka ebizimbe mu bukiikaddyo bw'ensi erimu amaanyi mangi nnyo.

Amerika okugw. Lopez (1995)

Kkooti yassaawo omukomo omuzibu ku maanyi g'eby'obusuubuzi, era n'ekuba ekiragiro ku mateeka g'ekibiina kya Gun-Free School. Kkooti yagamba nti, okubeera n'emmundu okumpi n'essomero tekirina kye kikola ku by'obusuubuzi mu nsi emu, nga kiraga ebyo ebizingirwa mu gavumenti. Misango egiddirira nga United States v. Morrison[FL:1] [2] [2]] NFIB v. Sebelius[FLT] (20) gyeyongera okunnyonnyola ekkomo lya gavumenti.

Murphy ay a National Collegiate Athletic Association (208)

Omusango guno gwasaanyawo ekitongole kya Professional and Amateraur Sports Protection Act (PASPA), ekyali kigaanye okuwa obuyinza okukuba zzaala. Kkooti yagamba nti PSPA yamenya enjigiriza ey'okuwakanya ebiragiro.[1] Omusingi gwa Paspa gugamba nti Consert tasobola kussaawo oba okuyisa kaweefube. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesezza gavumenti okutongoza ebbeesa z'emizannyo nga zigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti nga kati zisukka mu 30.

Obuzibu mu Bukulembeze bw’Eby’Enjigiriza

Okugattika obufuzi bwa gavumenti ne gavumenti kya mugaso nnyo mu kuyigiriza, era nga kino kisinziira nnyo ku nkola z’eggwanga.

Buli Muyizi Atuuka ku Kikolwa (ESA)

Mu 2015, ESSA yadda mu kifo kya No Child Lend Behind Act era n'ezzawo obulabirizi mu ngeri y'okukebera oba okutegeeza ebisaanyizo ebya gavumenti. Kati gavumenti zikkirizibwa okussaawo enkola ez'okuvunaanyizibwa, enzigi n'empandika z'enjigiriza, era n'okusalawo enkola ez'okugobererwa mu masomero aga wansi. SSESSA kino kiraga nti gavumenti etaddewo ebiruubirirwa ebinene naye nga esalawo engeri y'okubituukirizaamu. Kyokka, ekitongole ky'eby'enjigiriza kikyekebeekenneenya enteekateeka za gavumenti era kisobola okufiirwa ssente singa kilemererwa okutuukiriza ebisaanyizo by'etaakiribwa.

Emboozi Ekwata ku Kugaba n’Essente Ezikozesebwa mu Kibiina

Ku mutwe I ku tteeka lino liraga ensimbi eziweebwa amasomero agalina ebitundu eby'amaanyi okuva mu maka agaafiibwako. Okufuna erinnya Ssente ze nnyandiko z'obuyigirize bwa gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebikwatana ebisaanyizo by'obusomesa, okulongooka kw'essomero, n'obutwa bw'abazadde. Kino kisobozesa essente ezikolebwa mu matendekero ne mu mutikiti: kikkiriza ensimbi eza gavumenti era ne kyokka wansi w'embeera z'eggwanga. Ekivaamu enkola enzijamu, nga y'ebitundu ebisookerwako, era nga n'okulongoosa kwa bazadde.

Empaka ez’Empisa n’Empaka ez’Omunda

Gavumenti ya Core State Empatry, eyatandikibwawo abafuzi ne bakulu mu by'enjigiriza, yakkirizibwa kyeyagalire gavumenti nnyingi. Kyokka, ebiruubirirwa ebya gavumenti (nga Balaka bwe ziba zigenda ku ttendekero lya waggulu ne ery'okugoba abaana) byakubiriza abantu okutongozaamu, ne kiviirako abasoomoozezza ku ngeri Coral Core Core gye yakwasibwa obukumpanyi. Oluvannyuma amawanga agawerako okujjulula oba okuzza emitindo, nga galaga nti ensi erina endowooza y'eby'eby'enjigiriza. Ensi eriwo egattise emitindo gya yunidde egya kampuni era egitundiddwako ne kko.

Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini n’Enjigiriza ey’Enjawulo

Amateeka ga 'Federal Act of Salvation Education Act (IEA), Title IX, ne Civil Rights Act gagaana obusosoze era galagira gavumenti okuteekawo amateeka agenkananya eby'enjigiriza. ITEA ewa abaana abatendekeddwa obulema era nga bawa ssente ezisaasaanyizibwako. Ate era gavumenti zisobola okuteeka obukwasiro mu nkola obutereevu obulagira obukwasiddwa obutongole bwa gavumenti okusobozesa abaana okuyigirizibwa ku bwereere abantu bonna (FAPE) nga balina obulema, era nga bawaayo ssente ezisaasaasaasa ku ssente ezo.

Empeera: Obusosoze Obutaggwaawo mu Kiwandiike

Gavumenti za Amerika tezikola ng'enkola eya bulijjo, wabula zisobola okusobozesa enkola za Amerika okukolagana obulungi, okuzigeza, n'okukaayana. Kyokka, ekiwandiiko kino era kireetera obunyoomi okuyonja, okukaanya, okubuna mu mateeka, okuva ku kusemba okumanyibwa kw'empandika z'eby'obubudamu, okusibuka mu by'enjigiriza, n'okukuteekamu amateeka mu by'obufuzi, ensonga enkulu eremesezza endowooza za gavumenti ne enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka. Okutegeera kino kukulu eri basomesa abateekateeka abaana okuteekateeka obulamu.

Okusobola okweyongera okwekenneenya ensonga zino, abasomi bayinza okwekenneenya byonna ebiri mu Mateeka mu Tterekero lya National Archives, oba okujjuuuliriza ebyo kkooti enkulu bye yasala okuyitira mu Oyez. Congregal Research Service efulumya alipoota ekwata ku gavumenti n'ebwekenneenya ebizingirwamu. Okwenyigira mu bintu bino kiyamba okwongera okutegeera engeri amateeka gye gakolaganamu n'ensonga lwaki kikulu.