Okutandika

Okukakaatika enkola n'okugobereza obukwasi. Kumpi mu nteekateeka za demokulase zonna, abantu baagala okussaawo amateeka agakwata ku makolero, okukuuma abaguzi, n'okunnyonnyola ebintu ebya lukale. Wadde nga bitwalibwa ng'ekikolwa eky'omulembe, okusemba enkola ekuumibwa mu mateeka ekozesebwa ng'omukutu gw'empuliziganya ogukolera mu bantu, ebikolerwamu ebikolerwamu empuliziganya. Kyokka, obukugunjufu bw'essente ezizikwata ku makolero, obukugunjufu, obugunjufu bw'okunyanya okubukwata ebikolerwa mu bizinga, okugobeeta mu bitala, okuyingiza n'okumanyisa enkola yabyo mu nkola ya sayansi, era n'okumanyisa enkola yaanyisa enkola zabyo mu by'obufuzi.

Okuzannya Omuzannyo gw’Okweyagaliramu Kye Ki?

Okugoba ekiwaanyisa, kye kikola eky'okugezaako okukyusiza abakungu ba gavumenti okusalawo ku nsonga nga bannabyabufuzi.[1] Emirundi egisinga obungi, abafuzi, oba abo abakola ku bitongole bya bannakyewa. Mu Amerika, olukalala lwayo kiwandikiro olusooka okutegeeza gavumenti y'ensi y'emu. Mu kiseera kino, ekiwandikiro ekimala ennyo nga gavumenti ewandikiddwawo. , ekiwandikiro kikakasa obwannannyini obwa “byuma okukwegayirira gavumenti okuwa abantu ebiwandiiko ebimalako obutereereza ebimalako ennaku,” ekisobozesa abantu okubaako kye bakolawo mu buyinza. Kyokka, okuyingiza obutongole obutongole obuwandiikizibwa mu mwaka gwa 2023, nkumi na nkumi na bunna banna banna banna banna banna banna banna bannabyawunziina banna banna banna banna banna banna bannabyawunziina.

Okusiba ekiba kikoleddwako si kibi mu butonde. Mu nkola ya demokulase ey'enkola ennungi, kiwa abafuzi obulagirizi obuba busobola okuba nga busobola okuba n'obukugu mu bintu ebitali bimu, nga bassawo obubaka, oba nga bannabyabufuzi, endowooza zaabwe ziyinza obutakkirizibwa. Naye eky'okuba nti eby'obugagga bingi mu bintu ebikolebwa ku nfuna ey'obwannakyewa kireetawo obuzibu mu byetaago bya bannannyini. Enyinnyonnyola okukaka abantu okuleetawo obukalu n'okugezaako okubaako kye bakolawo ku ndowooza z'abantu, gamba nga kaweefube n'okuyingiza ebinywa ku n'enkula y'omuddo. Enjawulo efuula ekitegeeza okulumba obubonero obwa gavumenti nga gavumenti bw'ebigendererwa eby'okukyusa amateeka oba enkola.

Ebyokulabirako biraga engeri abantu gye batwalamu obubaka nga bagoberera emitindo gya bannassaabakyala. Mu kyasa ekya 19, abakungu ba ggaali y'omukka abaakozesebwanga okukaka abawagizi ba mpulizi bakkirizibwa okussaawo amateeka agabawa obuwagizi mu nsi.Mu kiseera kye kimu, abakubi ba ggaali y'omukka baayoleka “obubuulizi bw'amaduuka obwa "influnce" obwava mu kiseera kino, ne kiviirako gavumenti okutandika okunoonyereza ku bintu. Leero, okuyingiza abantu mu kukola emirimu gy'amagye, amakolero g'amateeka, n'ebitongole ebikola ku n'enkola entegeka entegeka okuvuganya.

Engeri Abakugu gye Bakolamu Ebirabo

Bannakyewa bakola emirimu egitali gimu mu kampeyini oba mu kukolera wamu eby'obuyambi bwa gavumenti. Bakola emirimu egitali gimu mu kifo ky'okukola obulagizi ku kaweefube oba okusembeza abawagizi. Akakodyo kawa abawagizi b'amateeka obukugu ku nsonga za gavumenti ez'enjawulo, ne kawa abawa obulagirizi ku ngeri gye basobola okuwandiikamu ennyimba ez'amasasiro, era ne kayamba okuyita ku b'obukiiko obukola ku mateeka n'obukulembeze. Emirundi mingi, abo abagoberera enkola za kampuni bakolera nga enkola ezilabula abantu, nga balabula bakasitoota oba nga basuubira abawaabiyambi b'okutuukiriza ebibatwalibwawo.

Abatumbula Ebikwata ku Bintu

Ekimu ku bintu eby'omuwendo ennyo mu gavumenti kirimu obubaka obwesigika. Abakugu mu by'enfuna basobozesa ebitongole ebikola ebbeeyi okuzuula ebikwata ku by'enfuna n'obukugu abakungu ba gavumenti bwe batamanyi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole ekirabiro ekirabirira embeera entegeke obulungi mu nsi bwe kitwala empewo empya ez'amasannyalaze mu mmotoka, abannyi balonde ba kampuni ezikola kabutiki, abagaasi b'amafuta, n'eby'obutonde bw'ensi yonna nga bawandisizza lipoota z'ebyenfuna n'eby'obukugunjufu.

Abaawagira Enzikiriza n’Eby’Okwebyabya Obuwabuzi

Ng'oggyeko ebyo, abo abagezaako okuwaliriza abantu okukola omulimu ogwo bayamba abantu okumanya biki ebiyinza okukolebwa mu ngeri eyo. Bamanyi bakulembeze b'amateeka bye batwala ng'ebikulu mu nsonga emu, era bakwanaganya enkuŋŋaana, okukubira amasimu, n'okupikiriza abalala. Mu kaweefube akoleddwa okusiikiriza abantu, ebibiina ebikola ku tekinologiya bikolera wamu okusobola okubunyisa obubaka bwabwe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abakola ebitongole ebikola ku ddembe n'enkola z'eddembe abantu bayinza okusembeenyiikiriza enteekateeka zabwe mu kibiina, ne bassa kimu ku kiwandiiko ekiwandikiro kya Congresssion.

Okukyusa Obulagirizi

Oboolyawo engeri esingayo obulungi ey'okukyusaamu endowooza z'abo abagezaako okukkirizisa abantu bagoberere ebiwandiiko ebya biwandiiko oba ebiragiro. Wadde nga kino kikkirizibwa mu mateeka, kireetawo okweraliikirira ani ku bikwata ku ani akyasikirizibwa mu mateeka. Okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi okuva ku London School of Economics kwakakasa nti mu nsi ezimu eza Bulaaya, 80% ez'obutereezesebwa ku mateeka ga tekinologiya wa bannabyabujaasi b'eby'obujjanjabi. Mu U.S.

Engeri y’Okusamba Omutindo

Okusiiga ebintu si mulimu gwa ngeri nnyingi, era nga buli emu erina ebyuma by'ekozesa oba w'enyandiko.

Okuzannya Enjawulo

Okukaka abantu okusobola okutuuka ku kigendererwa eky'okukakasibwa wekusangibwa nga kuliko n'abakwasi b'abo abatwala enkola eyo. Munnabyabufuzi asisinkana akakiiko akafuga oba omu ku abo abakola ku kakiiko akalagira olukalala okukajjako oba okuwakanya enkola emu. Kino kiyinza okubeera eky'omuganyulo mu kutwala obukwasifu okusobola okuyingiza oba okuwakanya enkola.

Emirandira Eminene Egiviirako Abantu Okunyigiriza Abalala

Bannasayansi bakubiriza abantu okutuukirira ababaka ababalonde, okusaanida, okugenda mu nkuŋŋaana oba okukuba leediyo. Ekigendererwa kwe kusobozesa abantu okuwagira abantu mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kaweefube ono akolebwa ku kaweefube ageefube ageetaagibwa abantu bonna okusobola okufuna enkola emu.

Okunyigiriza okw’Obuwangwa

Ebibiina ebikola ku by'enkola eno bwe biba nga birina ekigendererwa kimu, biwa ebibiina obukuŋŋaanyi okugattika ebbeeyi, obukugu, n'okuwagira obukugu mu nsonga z'ensi yonna. Ekimu ku ebyo ebyeyoleka nnyo kye “American for Reformation” ekigatta awamu, ebibiina by'abafuzi b'eggwanga ebikola obukuukujju, n'abo abawaayo kinnoomu okusobola okusasula emisolo egya wansi.

Okukolera Awamu n’Okuteekawo Obufuzi

Wadde nga essira liteekeddwa ku kukkirizisa gavumenti, ekitongole kino kissa essira ku nkola y'okussaawo amateeka. Ebitongole ebifuga emirimu nga Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Federal Communications Commission (FCC), ne Federal Commission ekikola ku by'obuwagizi n'obukwasiro mu ngeri esobozesa abantu okuyingiza amateeka, era nga bye bawandisizza ebiragiro n'okussaawo amateeka, nga bibawa byonna awamu n'okusisinkana abakungu ba bikola ku tteeka erisembayo. Kino emirundi egisinga obungi tekirina kakwate ne ku kutwala bukkirizo obukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu ku kukola ebikolerwa.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kukyusa Endowooza y’Abalala

Obusobozi obuyunga ku mateeka busikirizibwa okuyitira mu ngeri enneekusifu. Ebimu ku byo bikola mu ngeri enneekusifu, gamba nga okunoonyereza ku by'okussaawo obwetwaze. Ate ebirala bikoma ku kuteekamu ebbaasa eziba ziteekeddwamu kampuni ezimu obutagoberera mateeka.

Empeera Ezeebonerezebwa

Omukutu ogusinga okukozesebwa mu nkola y'enkola y'amateeka gukolebwa. Abakozi bakola nnyo okuleetera ab'oluganda mu Congress okufuna ssente ezibawa ssente, okuzza ebbeetu oba okuteekawo amateeka agatali gamu. Ekyokulabirako ekya bulijjo kwe kutuuka ku buwanguzi mu kuziyiza ebigula by'amalagala mu kiseera eky'okutonda Medicare Part D mu 2003. Ekirabo kino kisobozesa gavumenti okusaza ssente ezisukka mu doola obukadde 100 mu mwaka ogwo, ate ekiwandiiko ekisembayo ne kigaana gavumenti okukozesa amaanyi gaayo ag'okugula ebintu ebitono okugula ebiteeyibwawo mu bungi bw'ebbeeyizza emiwendo gya ddoola obusukka mu buwumbi bubiri obusukka mu myaka 200,000.

Okukwata Obukulembeze

Obukwakulizo bukolebwa nga ekitongole ekikola ku by'eyagaza mu kifo eky'okugoberera enkola y'amakolero. Kino kiyinza okubaawo nga bayitira mu “bugunjuzi obwadda budda". Abakungu ba kampuni gye balekera omulimu mu makolero oba nga bayitira mu ntegeka z'amakolero okukulembera abanyabiina, enziganya n'okuteeka mu kifo kya bannasayansi mu kifo kyayo. Okunoonyereza okw'enjawulo okwakolebwa James Kwak ne Simon Johnson kwalaga engeri embalirira ssente gye zaanyamu SEC ne Federal Reserve gye ziyinza okusobozesa ebbeesaawo obuteesitemu okutuusa mu 2008 nga bakubaganye, ekiva mu ku ku ku kulemberwawo n'okukulembereza. Mu ngeri y'emu, okunoonyereza okw'eby'eby'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo ku by'obugagga kulaga nti obuyinjabi obukola obwa protencess, obukko n'okukubawaza ssente mu madukkulembeddwa mu maduuka g'okukuguduuka.

Okusikiriza Abantu

Okusiba ekigo mu kifo ky'okukolagana butereevu n'abakungu ba gavumenti mu kaweefube ono akolebwa okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ndowooza za bantu. Okukola kino kiyinza okukifuula ekyangu eri abakwasi b'amateeka okusemba oba okuwakanya amateeka agamu. Kaweefube wa kampuni ya ssigala ow'okugaana enkwatano y'okunywa ssigala ne kookolo k'enkanankanankana. Gye buvuddeko awo, kaweefube oyo akolebwa ku masannyalaze gago gannaago gakeeramu ebintu ebizingirwamu mu kunoonyereza n'okulanga ebikolebwa okubuusabuusa sayansi n'okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku mbeera y'ensi.

Okussaawo Obufuzi n’Okukakasibwa

Wadde ng'amateeka gaakwasiddwa, kalonda asigala nga agoberera enkola z'ebitongole. Abakozi bagoberera nnyo enkola eno. Babaawo obuwoowo bwa gavumenti, bawaanyisa bye bawandiise, era ne basisinkana abakungu ba bitongole. Wansi w'ekitongole kya Adheader Proceduture Act, ebitongole biteekwa okubaako kye bikolako ku “bigambo bya ssissississistemu, naye mu ngeri nti ebigendererwa byabyo bitegeeza nti ebiwandiiko ebiteerekebwako bisobola okukomya omulimu guno. Ng'ekyokulabirako, FCCC yatwala amateeka agakwata ku butabaako ludda lwonna ku bwa bya bya bufuzi mu 2017, 23 obukumi bwanoonyerezebwa obuddako buzuuliddwa nti obukadde n'obukulembebwa bannabya makolero, nga bawandiikibwa amakolero mangi. , gavumenti agasembayo, agagoberera enkola eya k'obuteempalaafu mu makolero mu makolero ga makolero ga makolero ga makolero ga makolero ga makolero ga makoleddwa mu 2017.

Bannasayansi bayinza okukaka abawagizi okukaka ku nsonga eziba zibakwatako. Bakozi balemesezza ebibiina okukaka abantu okukakasibwa enkola ez'okwerinda, okukendeeza ebibonerezo oba okutuukiriza ebbeesa. Bwe bamala okuyita mu ttwale lya poliisi mu BP Deewater Hopery, abo abawamba ebisale bya kampuni bawagidde ddala okubawaatiriza ekikompe ekyabanga kifisse. Act eya 1990 ey'okwerinda empya, era yazingiramu n'enteekateeka ezibakugira ekbanja lya petroli.

Okunoonyereza ku Kabi Akakwata ku Kuddukanya Emizannyo

Okunoonyereza kulaga engeri gye bayinza okulondoolamu amateeka n’engeri gye gakwatamu abakwasi b’amateeka, era n’engeri abantu gye bayinza okukozesa enkola ez’enjawulo okugobererwa.

Eby’Okutunda Ssigala

Kampuni za ssigala zigezaako okulemesa bannasayansi okuwakanya enkola ya ssigala, era okuva mu myaka gya 1950 okutuuka mu gya 1990, kampuni z'anywa sigala zagezaako nnyo okukugira okulanga amasande, okuteeka ssigala nga ziwa ku bulabula ku by'obulamu oba okukugira okunywa ssigala mu bifo ebya lukalu. Zaasemba okunoonyereza ku bya sayansi okuwakanya akakwate wakati wa ssigala ne kookolo, ne zikola ebizingirwamu okusobola okukaka abantu okukaka abawagidde okutandikawo empakalya lya temu. Wadde nga waliwo obukakafu obw'entalo obw'enkukunaanyi, ek'enkasaze kyatwala ekiwandiiko ekya 1998 Master Settlement Accement ekifuga enkola ya FDA n'ebintu ebirala ebikolebwa mu mpaka za gavumenti z'okuva mu by'amacawa.

Omuntu Akola Ebikwata ku Ssente Oluvannyuma lw’Okubatizibwa mu 2008

Oluvannyuma lw'obuzibu bw'eby'enfuna mu 2008, akakiiko akayitibwa Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act kaateekebwawo ng'ekitongole ekifuga ennyo. Kyokka, mu myaka egyakayita, kaweefube w'eby'eby'enfuna ataddewo kaweefube mu kunafuya enteekateeka zaago. Wakati wa 2009 ne 2015, banka mukaaga mu bunene bwa U.S. zaasaasa obunene bwa doola ezisukka mu bukadde 5000,000 mu buli kikumi okuyingiza abantu mu lukalala nga bawanjufu, okusinziira ku lipoota y'ekitongole kya [FL:0] Jahington Post[[FFLY:1]. . . . Kaweefube ogwo gwakolebwa okusobozesa bankanka n'okugobererwa ne ku ku kubaako bye bankanyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyi za gavumenti za Buddelbuganda. . .[20187]

Amateeka g’Eby’Obutonde n’Ebifo by’Amakolero

Mu kugezaako okukekkereza enkola y'okugobererwa kw'empewo, bannasayansi bawagidde enkola y'obuteefu obuba busobola okukendeeza ku gramungu. Mu ngeri eyo, bannasayansi bawagidde nnyo gavumenti okusaanyawo ebbeeyi y'obudde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, bannabyabukola bawagidde EPA okumenya amateeka ga Bunnassawanya amasannyalaze.

Amateeka ag’Ebisawo n’Aga Patunti

Kampuni z'eddagala ze zimu ku ebyo ebikyasinze okuvaamu ebibala bingi mu Washington. Ekiruubirirwa kyazo ekikulu kwe kuziyiza gavumenti obutasaasaanya ebbeeyi y'enjaga, okukubisaamu obuwagizi obwa bulijjo, n'okuziyiza okuyingiza eddagala mu nsi endala. Kampuni eyo ekolamu eddagala eritali lya bbeeyi mu nsi endala. Emirimu egitali gimu gyakatwala mu kifo kya 202122 mu kifo eky'okukulembereza mu kifo eky'okuteeka enzijanjaga mu kifo eky'okusuubira obusuubuzi obusinga obunene obwa bulijjo, obuva mu kampuni z'eby'amalaga amalagalanjaga ne galwawo okutuuka mu 2026. Okugatta n'ongera ku kitongole ekitongole ekikola eby'obusuubuzi eky'omulembedde ekikuumibwa amalaga amalagalanjanja agava mu bbanga eringi ennyo.

Engeri ey’Obulombolombo Okuzannya Omuzannyo ogw’Okwebongera mu Kifuba

Ku luuyi olumu, abantu beewala okutwalirizibwa enkola za demokulase era bawagira enkola z’eby’obufuzi.

Okutaangaala n'okutasisa

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebireetebwawo kwe kuba nti tewakyali mateeka ga ngeri ya kuyita mu ngeri ya kulagalala. Wadde nga gavumenti ya Amerika ewa kakwate ku mateeka okumanyisa, eyinza okukwewanguyira. Ebitongole bingi ebikola eby'okussawo enkola nga “ssouce devocy” ebirango ebikubiriza obutakubiriza kalulu ku mateeka agamu, biyinza okusasulwa aw'enjawulo. Okukozesebwa kwa 501 (c) okutali kwa ssente, kuyinza okuleka abo abawaayo nga bawanyisa ssente okugenda mu kaweefube. Kino kiviirako abakungu obutakkirizibwa mu lujjudde era ne kiba kizibu okulondebwa okusalirwa omusango. Okulondebwa ng'okukwatibwa kw'ekikolwa ekibangi, ekiyinza okukkirizibwa mu kaweefube yenna ow'okutumbula ebiva mu by'obukwasinjanja, era ne mu ku k'ekyuma ebivangabiinabirira.

Okutuukirira n’Obusobozi bw'Eenjawukana

Okusobola okufuna abakwasi b'enkola eya sipiidi tekugabulwa mu ngeri y'emu. Ebibiina eby'abawanguzi aba bulijjo ebinoonyeze ssente ze zisobola okusasula abo abagenda okusemba ssente zaabwe, entegeka ze ziddiriŋŋana, era n'okugenda ku bitongole ebitonotono ebikolerwako. Kino kifuula enkola y'abantu aba bulijjo abamanyibwa, abagula ebintu, n'abakkirizi b'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ekika ekya waggulu. Okunoonyereza ku by'enjigiriza ku nkola y'eby'eby'enfuna n'obukulembeze by'eby'obusuubuzi, biba bikola mu ngeri ya maanyi nnyo okukolagana n'ebiva mu nteekateeka z'eby'obutuuze, nga bwe bituuka ku bye baagala munnabyabufuzi Martin Gillenns mu kitabo kye Affénce ne Huwatence.

Kolera ku Bugolokofu n’Oluggi Oluggulawo

“ Omuntu bw'alekera awo okukola nga yeetaaza ebintu, obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo buleetawo obuzibu obulala. Omuntu bw'alekawo okukola emirimu gye yakoleranga edda, aba n'afuna obuzibu. Bayinza okuba abeetegefu okukola nga basuubira nti bajja kukola emirimu gye ginaatera okuggwawo, oba bayinza okukozesa okumanya kwe balina okuyamba bakama baabwe abapya okumanya okumanyisa amateeka. Mu ngeri y'emu, abakola mu makolero aga gavumenti bwe batambula bayinza okusosola mu kampuni mwe bakolera edda. Wabaawo okukugira nga jjuza abakungu abakulu mu myaka egya kawumpuli. Nga bwe bali, okuwereza abakungu abakulu nga babadde bafunye ekiseera eky'okukkakkakka wansi nga basuubira nti bajja kubawa obukkusi.

Kaweefube mu by’Enfuna ne mu by’obufuzi

Buli lukya olusalawo mu kkampeni. Abakozi bajjuza ebiweebwayo okuva ku bakasitoma okutuuka ku bateekawo amateeka, era n'obukiiko bw'eby'obufuzi (PAC) bakozesa nnyo ssente nnyingi okulonda abo abawagira ebikolero byabwe. Ekkubo kya kkooti enkulu mu 2010 kye kyasala mu Kitumbula United United. FEC kyeyanjulira oluggi mu by'ego ebyamaguzi ebya buli luvannyuma lwa bankani ebitongole ebikola nga ebitongole bya bannabyabufuzi, ebirala byeyongera okuteeka essira ku nkola y'ebyobufuzi. Abasekererezaa bannabyabufuzi bawakanya enkola eno gye baayamba okufunira abo abawakanya enkola y'okugaba ssente.

fundikira

Okukaka abantu okukwata amateeka n'okugobereza enkola y'okugobererwa. Bisobozesa obukodyo obwa kampuni okubukozesa n'okubukola, naye era bikosa enkola y'okugootaanya enkola ya bannabyabufuzi. Okunoonyereza kwa ssigala, amaanyi, n'eddagala ku by'obujjanjabi kiraga nti wadde okugezaako okuyingiza obujjanjabi mu maindasiro ne mu by'obuyonjo oluusi kiyinza okuvaamu emiganyulo. Okuva bwe kiri nti emitindo gy'okwerinda obukulembezi egikolebwa mu maindasimu , emirundi egisinga obungi gisobola okunafuyamya oba okulwisa amateeka agayinza okukolebwa mu by'obutebenkenkenkenkevu agava mu by'eby'enfuna, n'okwemalirira okumanyisaawo obutebenkerevu. Okutegeera obutuufu okw'eby'eby'eby'enfuna, n'embeera y'obutonde bw'empalago, n'enkola ya demodookisi so si kye kiba kiyinza okugoberebwa mu ngeri y'enkola mu kulondootisa mulembe ey'enkola ya deso.