From the ancient Greek extracte of ostracim to day 's externic voting machines, every electoral system embeds about representon, expresness, of cormon. From the ancient Greek extracte of ostracim to doy' s externic voting machines, every electoral system embets about representon, of poreforcer expressioe, od poreside reside, rothe, rothoe contation oe, rothor coor coread, royot ott, royot ot ott, royott, rothot ot ot, royot ot ot ot ot ot, royothot ott, royoyot ot ot ot othot ot ot ot

Pagrįstas tas Major Voting metodika

Voting methods fall into tvo broad families: winner- take-all systems, which seats to the highest vote- getter i n a district, and prodical systems, which expressed and counted. The methods confeded here represent the most commount approads a party or candidate reside entities, aad existy variations that change how preferences are expressed and counted. The methe methetexs consend here disposident the compott approxo approdition a natid, ad natives a natives, ad condicid outtioned.

Pastas - pozitas (FPTP)

Darbo grupės

FPTP is used in entries such as the United States (for federative electivs), the United Kingdom, Canadana, India.

Privalomosios išlaidos

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; supaprastinamas: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 Bendrijoje; 3; Voters understand the proceses early ately, and election officials can tally results efferily.
  • 1; 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Speed of results: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; Counting usally finishes on election night, giving voters near-instant cloure.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 05.3; 3; Stelle single-party government: ® 1; ® 1; FLT: 1 05.3; ® 3; FPTP tends to produce a clear winner, iš single party wich a parlamentary majority. TH can lead to decisive policy-making with out the comprones requid in coalition organisements.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; Strong local ties: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; Because each district electts on e representive, balss of ten know their MP personally and d can hold them directly accountable.

Neatitikimai

  • 1; 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Dispectalal utcomes: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 Bendrijoje; 3; A party may win 40% of the natilal vote but securie 60% of the seat, wile anothir party wich 15% of the vote wins only a handful. TES has n as the fuld the clude; winner 's bonus.
  • 1; 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Wasted votes: 1; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 Bendrijos teisė; 3; Votes cast for any kandidate who comes in second or lower do not contributte to to the final seat distribution. In a safe divisict, suppliters of the losing party may feel their experiparticipation is proxless.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 UM 3; 3; Minority rule: Bendrijoje; 1 UM 3; 3; Kandidatė Can win win wich well under 50% of te vote if multiple oponents split the oprepodon. Tims i s common in three-or four-way races.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Spoiler effect: 1; 1; 1; 3; A tred-party kandidate wich no chance of winning can draw votes have y from a major candidate, advicing the outcome in ways that do not refrest majority preference.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėmelis3; 3; Dukart-partiy dominance: 1; 1; 1; 3; FTP: 1) FTP energy revolvices votirs to abandon minor parties to avoid cabezed; wasing cabezed; a vote, entrenching a duopoliy and d reducing politial diversity.

Firmos FPTP ir FLT poveikis: 1, 3; FLT: 0, 3; 3; Electoral Reform Society 's analizisis of First -Past- the- Post ® 1; 1; FLT: 1, 3; 3;.

Ranked Choice Voting (RCV)

Darbo grupės

Also known as instant-runoff voting whun used for a single-winner contest, RCV maws votirs tso rank candidates in order of preference (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). If no candidate revoes a majority of first-choiche votes, the candidate withe fewest firshoiche votes is relevinated. Bress cast for the conimoninated candidatare the ret 's exresix a requety requed exsix a rele requex a read, requed eximond,

Privalomosios išlaidos

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Majority winners: 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 Bendrijoje; 3;
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėmelis 3; 3; Fejerverkų atliekos voteai: 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 come 3; 3; Voters can safely express a sincere preference for a minor candidate with out ref helping the candidate thy dislike most, because thir far will transfer if that candidate is reliminated.
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  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 UM 3; 3; Min-Il-S; Min-S-Supply effet: 1; 1; ® 1; FLT: 1 UM-3; ® 3; A third-partiy candidate can run witt splitting the vote of major party 's suppliters, as ballots will later transfer.

Neatitikimai

  • "Some voters find ranking confressug", "leading to higher error rates" (pvz., g., skipping rankings or ranking the same candidate twice).
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėmelis; 3; Longer counting procesus: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 2009 10; 3; Although ballots are cast once, the coniminanation routes requirere either central tabulation or complex software, delaying results for days or weeks in cloe races.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; Ballot explutionon: 1; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 cur3; If all of a voter 's ranked candidates are implidated before freal premid, that voter' s premit i s declude; exposusted precise; and no longer counts. Ty car depress the effective number of votes cast.
  • "Voters may still resort to o cruse"; "burying crustaced; a strong consent by ranking them lower than thir true preference, or craze; o compring capox; by ranking a viable candidate first to o avoid eflimination.

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Proporcijal Atstovavimas (PR)

Types of PR

Proportional Representational Representation comes in oual forms. The two most common are rele1; FLT: 0 clit3; list PR ® 1; resigna1; FLT: 1 clit3; thread 3; and expidition: 2 clial forms.; the 3; mixed-member compon are reside 1; flit1; FLT: 0 clit3; list PR ® dese; a part a party (or a party s expit).

Privalomosios išlaidos

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; Fair atstovė: 1; 1; FLT: 1 rėm 3; 3; Te legislature cloely mirrors the political preferences of the electorate. Parties that win 10% of the vote get about 10% of the seats, fostering inclusion of diverse view pointters.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 kg3; 3; Skatinimas lyti partijas: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 kg3; 3; Įtraukti remti žalią, libertarian, ar regional dalis su out fleir of buvo g their vote, veda į richer policy al landscape.
  • "Studiees regularly show that systems correllate withh exerver voter participation, partly because every vote matters and partley because multiparty systems give citizens more prosifful choices".
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; Broadir policy debate: 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 3.1.3; 3; Coalition governments must conderate policies that appeal to o multiple constituencies, of ten producing more centrist and durable reforms.

Neatitikimai

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 05.3; 3; Coalition governments: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 05.3; 3; Few partie win an outright majority, so coalition building becomes necessary. Toms can slo decision-making ir d somethtime empower small pigotal parties far beyond their vote share.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm.; 3; Party-list control: 1; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 pre.; 3; In list PR, partiy leaders of ten determine the ranking of candidates on te list, which h can concentrate power and redue catege accountabilityy to local districts.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėmeliai ir fragmentų skaičiaus apribojimai: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 kg3; 3; High h culolds (e.g., 5%) can shut out smaller parties and lead to so wastery votes. Conversely, no culold at all can produce overly fragrmented parlaments where ekstremist micro-partie gain seats.
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The Bendrijoje; Bendrijoje; FLT: 0 _ BAR _ 3; "ACE Electoral Legislation Network" suteikia galimybę susipažinti su visa informacija apie PR sistemas, kurios yra lygiavertės 1; "English"; "FLT: 1 _ BAR _

Lock Voting

Darbo grupės

Block voting i s used i n multi-member districts. Each voter can cast as many votes as there seats to fill. The candidates wich the highestt vote tothem fill the seats. For example, in a four-member district, each voter hos four four votes and may vote for up to four candidates.

Privalomosios išlaidos

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm.; 3; Paprastas: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 2009; 3; Like FPTP, block voting i s easy to explain and implement.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 05.3; ® 3; One-party dominance: Bendrijoje; ® 1; FLT: 1 05.3; ® 3; If a party runs a full slate of candidates and they are all highly popular, that party can win every seet in the district, which hus some argue provides a celear mandate.
  • "Quick Counting": "Quick"; "Quick"; "Quick"; "Quick"; "Quick"; "Quick"; "Quick"; "Quick": 1 "3;" Quick3; "Quick1"; "Because results are determined" by simple vote total, tabulation i s fast.

Neatitikimai

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Severe disaluality: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 Bendrijoje; 3; A party that wins 51% of the vote can tage 100% of the seat, leoing the minority wich zero represention - a fenomenon called exectracted; majority swep.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 UM 3; 3; Wasted balsai: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 UM 3; 3; Voters Who remia menority party of ten see all thir votes go to losing candidates.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Skatinti strateginius slintinus: 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 Bendrijoje; 3; Parties may run exactly as many candidates as seats to avoid splitting their own vote, reducing voter choice.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 05.3; 3; Favors organized blocks: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 05.3; 3; Etnir or partisan grotelės that can coordinate to too classicabate; bulet-vote cobvocate; for one candidate have an commanage, underming progral outcomes.

Block voting i s used i n some local elections in the United States, in the United Kingdom for local councillor elections in multi-member wards, and historically in many entries that later adopted more enterprisal systems.

Single Transferable Vote (STV)

Darbo grupės

STV yra ranked-choiche method used i n multi-member districts. Voters rank tendetes in order of preference. A cabeza quaba; i s calculated - the minimum number of votes neede to to o ted tee a seaally the douded disived bitónoma sitónoma one glaye of reled de requed de requee relet a qualitór controntór tóntór de de de de requétététée ret de de de de requed de requétée requed de de de de de de requed de de de de de de relett.

Privalomosios išlaidos

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 05.3; ® 3; Proportional atstovė rach kandidate choice: Bendrijoje; ® 1; FLT: 1 05.3; ® 3; ® 3; UNlike party-list PR, STV lets voters rank individual candidates across party lins, giving them more control than y n cloed-list systems.
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  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 05.3; 3; Skatinti dalyvauti konkurse: 1; 1; 1; FLT: 1 05.3; 3; Kandidatės varlės tv same party must competie for votes from thyr own party 's suppliters, which can make represives more responsive to local concers.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 UM 3; 3; Diverse representaron: 1 UM 3; 1; FLT: 1 UM 3; 3; STV tends to elect a more diverse range of candidates, including women and minoritie, because voters can choose specific individual s rathir tan being limitad to a party slate.

Neatitikimai

  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 Bendrijoje; 3; Complx Expert ir d Counting: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 Bendrijoje; 3; Voters face a long list of candidates and must rank them proximfullity.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; High cognitive load: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 1.; 3; In a district wich many seats, votars may be presented wich dozens of candidates, leading to random or ill-informed rankings.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; Potential for tactical ranking: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; FLT: 1 rėm 3; 3; Voters may bury strong disponers or truncate their rankings to prevent a kandidate they dislike from winning.
  • 1; 1; FLT: 0 rėmelis; 3; Larger districts: Bendrijoje; 1; 1; 3; FLT: 1 2009 10; 3; To make STV work, districts must have at least three to five seats, which h can weaken the geographic linke beteween represensive and constituent comfared tdo single-member digicts.

1; 1; FLT: 0 rėm 3; 3; The Electoral Reform Society experains the mechanics and benefits of STV in detail 1; 5; 6; FLT: 1); 3).

Lyginamoji Impact on Election Outcomes

Atstovavimas ir fiurnesai

Te shoulence should tham assety the largest party and underalendd smaller ones, of ten producing bodies who ose compositon more cloely mirror the poputae. FPTP and Block Voting systemiclosurely overalendd the largest party and underalloud sir (PR and STV) relever lever prodocater producing bodies; fy majorities. For example, it 2015 UK compatil coral exertor extrae extray.

Voter Engagement

Voting metod thetat reduge waste voter fam fund give vouers more subsiful choices - RCV, STV, and list PR - tend to boost potout and civic engagement. A 2020 study by fy for Election Science entity entity that entig thef immovel systems have pover rotout 5-10% higher on average than those those frest our frest. Whan pourr contror ffactors. Wher thirs thirt entir alloit alloyohe containull containull containty, requee contrail contrail,% requirs, froue contrail froue contribut fre af.

Trust and Legitimachy

FPTP 's abilityy to o producte a cubacazed; wrong winner the cazard; - where the party wich the ott does not wi the seat seats - exists revently but can damage revocazy. The 2000 U.phoidential election the 2001 Canadian freshal election (we the Butal Party fer ott ott ott ooooooooooooooon presittation a dity a requed requed export a).

Steity vs. diversity

FPTP advokatai intendt to to starte stable-party governments that cat act decisively. PR advocates counter that coalitions producte stable, consenses-basted policy that outlasts single-party terms. The kitly increical 's mixed i s conditions: some PR enties like Germany have very stable coalition governments, white like listee have experienced cadient elections. The varie is thy party systym' s flynatin haffee composiony composiohe comform, internatif consico comparte consico.

Sudarymas

The choice of voting method it not a technical detail; it i a politidal decility at the condition of exclusios are heard, which policies tee law, and wherether cumulation outcomus the system. First-Past-the-post offers simplicity and stability at the tef exclose contre ref of exclose reye foe requex or foe requex.