Malamulo a boma ku United States amaikidwa dala, ndi ulamuliro wogaŵiridwa m'madera onse a dziko, boma, ndi mtundu. Kwa nzika, kuyendera miyalo imeneyi kungafanane ndi kumasulira mapu ovuta. Komabe kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa boma la kumalo ndi dziko nkofunika posonyeza ufulu, kukwaniritsa maudindo, ndi kukhala ndi moyo wothandiza kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikupenda milingo iŵiri ya ulamuliro wapafupi kwambiri m'dongosolo la dziko la America . Malo ndi dziko lapansi, kugwirizanitsa ntchito zawo, malamulo, kusiyana, ndi kuseŵera. Pofika pomaliza, mudzakhala ndi chithunzi chomveka bwino cha amene amachita, chifukwa chake n’chofunika, ndi mmene mungachitire ndi mlingo uliwonse.

Kodi Boma Lakumeneko Nchiyani?

Boma lakumaloko ndilo likulu la anthu. Limagwira ntchito m'dera lapadera monga chigawo, mzinda, tauni, mudzi, kapena chigawo chapadera. Bungwe la Census Bureau la United States likusimba kuti pali mabungwe oposa 900,000 a boma m'dzikolo, kuphatikizapo chilichonse kuyambira ku magawo akuluakulu a m'madera akumidzi mpaka ku zigawo zaing'ono za kumidzi. Maboma a m'dzikolo amapeza ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma, osati mwachindunji kuchokera ku U.

Mitundu ya Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’madera ambiri amalowa m’magulu angapo:

  • Magawo: Magawo a boma amene kaŵirikaŵiri asamalira mautumiki a chigawo monga kusungitsa lamulo, makhoti, zolemba za katundu, ndi thanzi la anthu.
  • Zinsinsi: mizinda, matauni, midzi, kapena madera othandizira anthu ambiri, monga madzi, zimbudzi, apolisi, magetsi, ndi malo osungirako moto.
  • Zombo zodzilamulira: Zofala ku Midwest ndi Northern East, maloki akugwira ntchito mofanana kuŵerengera koma pamlingo waung'ono wa dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri kutumikira madera akumidzi kapena m’midzi.
  • Magawo apadera: Mabungwe a Independent a boma opangidwa kupereka utumiki umodzi, wonga chigawo cha sukulu, ulamuliro wa madzi, ulamuliro wa zoyendera, kapena chigawo cha laibulale.

Ntchito za Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

Nthawi zambiri, anthu a m’boma lawo amafunika kuchita zinthu zothandiza komanso nthawi yomweyo.

  • Public Safety: Apolisi olondera, kuzima moto, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi kuyankha tsoka.
  • Kuphunzitsa: Ntchito ya masukulu a onse K-12, kuyang'anira ma pulatifomu a sukulu, ndi kuyang'anira za ndalama za maphunziro zakumaloko.
  • Malamulo: Kumanga ndi kukonza misewu, milatho, njira, magetsi a m’khwalala, maatomu, ndi zimbudzi.
  • Thanzi la Thupi: zipatala zothamanga, kuyendera malesitilanti, kuyang'anira maprogramu a katemera, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo aukhondo.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito: Kuyang'anira mmene katundu angagwiritsidwire ntchito, chilolezo cha kumanga, ndi kutsogoza kukula kwa mzinda kupyolera m'makonzedwe ozama.
  • Mapaketi ndi Zosangulutsa: Kusunga mapaki a anthu onse, malo a anthu, maiwe, ndi maprogramu a zosangulutsa.
  • Kuyang'anira Kwawokha: Kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, mautumiki okonzanso zinthu, ndi ntchito yodzaza malo.

Maboma a m’tauni alinso ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma misonkho, misonkho ya katundu, ndi kukakamiza anthu kulipira zinthu zina kuti agwire ntchito.

Kodi Boma la Dziko Lonse Nchiyani?

Boma la dziko, lotchedwanso boma la boma la boma, likuchita ulamuliro pa United States yonse. Mphamvu yake imachokera ku Malamulo a U.S., amene amaipatsa mphamvu zotchulidwa mwachindunji pamene ikusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu. Boma ladzikolo lapangidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana: zalamulo, zolamulira, ndi zachiweruzo. Kulekanitsa mphamvu, limodzi ndi macheke ndi mayeso, kwalinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamuliridwa.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma la Dziko

  • Nthambi ya chigawo (Chonor): Yopangidwa ndi Khoti ndi Nyumba ya Oimira, Congress imapanga malamulo, imalengeza nkhondo, imalamulira malonda a maiko, ndi kulamulira ndalama za boma.
  • Nthambi ya Unduna ndi Komiti ya Zachitetezo: Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa malamulo, amalamula asilikali, amayendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe a boma monga Department of Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, ndi Social Security Administration.
  • Nthambi ya judicial Bank (Makhoti Amilandu Apansi): Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma amamasulira malamulo, kupenda lamulo lawo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza lamulo la boma.

Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri ya Boma

Boma la dziko lonse limasamalira nkhani zimene zimapitirira maboma a mtundu uliwonse kapena zimene zimafuna kuti dziko lizichita zinthu zofanana.

  • Ulwensi ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko: Kusunga magulu ankhondo, kutetezera malire a dziko, ndi kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa zolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga.
  • [[MLT: 0] Affairs ndi Diplomacy: Kukwaniritsa mapangano, kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi kuimira United States m'mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga United Nations.
  • Malamulo ndi Ogwirizana: Kulamulira ndalama kupyolera m'Federal Reserve, kuyang'anira msonkho wa boma, ndi kupereka ndalama za maprogramu adziko monga Social Security ndi Medicare.
  • Kusintha kwa zamalonda: [[FT:1] Kuwona malonda pakati pa maboma, kukhazikitsa miyezo ya kayendedwe, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kudalirana.
  • Chivil Rights and Liberties: Kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma amene amatetezera ku tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, chisembwere, chipembedzo, kupunduka, ndi magulu ena.
  • Environmental Protection : Kuika mpweya ndi miyezo ya madzi m’dziko lonselo, kuyang'anira malo a anthu onse, ndi kuyendetsa zoipitsa.
  • Kusuntha ndi Kupanga: Kulamulira kuloŵa m'dziko, kupatsa ziphaso ndi unzika, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka.

Boma limawonjezera ndalama makamaka mwa kukhoma misonkho, misonkho ya makampani, ndi kutumiza ndalama ku boma ndi boma mwa kupereka ndalama za boma ndiponso mwa kutumiza ndalama zina.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Boma Lakumaloko ndi la Dziko

Ngakhale kuti maboma onse aŵiri amatumikira anthu, iwo amasiyana kwakukulukulu m’mbali, ulamuliro, ndalama, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Mbali ya Ulamuliro

  • Kumalo amodzi:[[FLT :1] Amasumika maganizo pa zosoŵa za chitaganya [1] Sukulu za boma, misewu yakumaloko, malo osungirako, apolisi olondera, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala. Zosankha zimakhudza malo odziŵika bwino.
  • Unyinji wa dziko: Adiresi m'dziko lonse kapena nkhani za dziko zotsatizana , malamulo achilendo, malonda a mayiko, malamulo a zachuma, ufulu wa anthu. Zosankha zimagwira ntchito ku maboma onse ndi magawo.

Maziko a Malamulo

  • Kumalo amodzi: Mphamvu zoperekedwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Palibe ulamuliro wa boma wa boma; maboma a kumaloko ali zolengedwa za boma.
  • Unyinji wa dziko: Maulamuliro oŵerengedwa mu Malamulo a U.S., kuphatikizapo mphamvu zoperekedwa kuchokera ku Chifuniro ndi Chilungamo Claus. Boma ladzikolo lilinso ndi mphamvu zokha zonga kubwereka ndalama ndi kuyendetsa madera ndi malonda achilendo.

Kupereka Zopereka

  • Kumalo amodzi: kwakukulukulu misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda (m'maiko ena), malipiro a mautumiki (madzi, zilolezo), ndi kusamutsidwa kwa boma pakati pa (malipo a boma ndi a boma).
  • Utundu: [[FLT :1] kwakukulukulu misonkho ya munthu ndi ya makampani, kukhoma misonkho ya pa pepala (Chisungiko, Medicare), misonkho, ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Kugwirizana Kosangalatsa

  • [[FLT :0] Kumalo amodzi: kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa m'masankho osatsata kapena otsika. Nzika zimakhala ndi mamembala a bungwe, mameya, ndi mameya a sukulu. Malamulo ali aafupi kwambiri (zaka 21-4).
  • Utundu: [[FLT :1] Prezidenti ndi chisankho cha msonkhano zimakokera chisamaliro chachikulu cha dziko ndi kutembenukira . Oimira amatumikira mawu a zaka ziŵiri, mamembala asanu ndi limodzi, ndi pulezidenti anayi. Mkupiti ngwaukulu ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Kusinthasintha

Maboma a m’deralo angayese malamulo ogwirizana ndi anthu awo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo akwawoko a malipiro ochepa, kuyang'anira lendi, kapena maprogramu apadera okonzanso zinthu. Boma la dzikolo limakhazikitsa miyezo yofala imene imagwira ntchito mofanana, ngakhale kuti lingapatse oyendetsa ndege kapena maprogramu a ndege. Mphamvu imeneyi imafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala "maluso a demokrase" mfundo, kumene maboma ndi malo amayesa malingaliro asanalandire mtundu wa dziko.

Maziko a Malamulo: Federalism

Unansi pakati pa boma lakumaloko ndi dziko uli wozikidwa pa kukhazikitsa ndi boma . Maboma a U.S. amagawiridwa pakati pa ulamuliro waukulu ndi magulu a ndale zadziko. Malamulo a U.S. anakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma, boma ladzikolo likupereka maulamuliro (Mfundo I, Chigawo 8) ndi maboma osunga maulamuliro osungidwa pansi pa Demendment ya Khumi: "Maulamulirowo amene sanagawidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu."

Maboma a kumaloko, chifukwa chakuti amapangidwa ndi maboma, amagonjera ku maulamuliro osungidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma la dzikolo silingalamulire mwachindunji maboma a m’madera ambiri. Komabe, boma la dzikolo lingasonkhezere zochita za kumaloko mwa mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi ndalama za boma, kulandidwa mlandu (pamene lamulo la boma lilanda boma kapena lamulo la kumaloko), ndi kuika malamulo alamulo amene maboma onse ayenera kutsatira.

Kaamba ka kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa chigwirizano ndi Demetrimenti ya Khumi, Consitution Antopedition imapereka kusanthula kwamphamvu. Kuwonjezerapo, U.S. ndandanda ya CVS pa maboma akwanuko imapereka kusanthula kokwanira pa chiŵerengero ndi mitundu ya mabungwe a dziko lonselo.

Mmene Maboma a Maboma ndi Mayiko Amaloŵera

M’njira yochitira zinthu, maboma a dziko ndi maiko samagwira ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Amayendera limodzi mwa njira zosiyanasiyana za ndalama, malamulo, malamulo, ndi mapangano ogwirizana.

Malonda ndi Thandizo Lazachuma

Boma la dzikolo limapereka kwa maboma a kumaloko madola mabiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse kupyolera mwa ndalama zoperekedwa. Izi zimabwera m'mitundu iŵiri yaikulu:

  • Malo Opereka : Mabanki kaamba ka zifuno zenizeni, zofotokozedwa pang'ono (mt., kumanga misewu yaikulu, zopereka za kukulitsa anthu). Maboma a m'dziko ayenera kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya boma yatsatanetsatane.
  • Sinkhani Malo: Ndalama za malamulo aakulu monga mautumiki a anthu kapena thanzi la anthu, popanda ziletso zambiri, kupatsa maboma a kumaloko nzeru zambiri.

Mafashoni angathandize kwambiri mayiko. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ndi malo ayenera kuwonjezera zaka zocheperapo za kumwa kufikira 21 kapena kutaya mbali ya ndalama za misewu ya boma.

Madeti ndi Kuyesedwa

Malamulo adziko angachotseretu malamulo kapena malo m'madera kumene Constitution imapatsa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, Ceake Air Act imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko ya mkhalidwe wa mphepo imene maboma a m'malowo ayenera kuisunga. Mofananamo, lamulo la boma loloŵerera limatsekereza zoyesayesa zambiri za kumaloko za kusamuka. Preadetion ingafotokozedwenso (Preferation ikunena kuti lamulo la boma lileka lamulo la boma) kapena kutanthauza (lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo latha kukwaniritsa mokwanira malo amene alibe malo a ntchito a boma).

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera popanda ndalama zokwanira . Chochitika chodziŵika kukhala malamulo osavomerezedwa. The Mandates Reform Act ya 1995 imayesa kuletsa kachitidwe kameneka, koma kamachitikabe, akumakakamiza maboma akomweko zachuma.

Kugwirizana m’Maboma

Mavuto ambiri a masiku ano amafunika kuti boma lililonse lizigwirizana.

  • Kuyankha : The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) imagwirizanitsa ndi mautumiki angozi a boma ndi a kumaloko mkati mwa mphepo zamkuntho, moto wa mlengalenga, ndi madzi.
  • Kusintha: [[FT:1] Ndalama zoyendetsedwa kupyolera mwa Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera imachirikiza ntchito zapamtunda zakumaloko, ndi boma ndi mabungwe akuno amene akuyendetsa ntchito.
  • Mautumiki a zaumoyo: Mliri wa Covid-19, boma linapereka akatemera ndi ndalama, pamene madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko anapereka mfuti ndi zitsogozo zotsatiridwa.

Zitsanzo za Kugwa Mopambanitsa ndi Mikangano

Mgwirizano ndi wofala kwambiri, koma palinso kusagwirizana.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Lamulo la boma limapatsa boma ulamuliro wathunthu pa kusamuka. Komabe, maboma ena ayamba kutsatira "Nanctuary" malamulo amene amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa anthu kusamuka kwa boma. Poyankha, boma la boma lawopseza kukana kupereka ndalama. Makhoti ayesa, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchirikiza lamulo lakuti boma la dzikolo silingalamulire lamulo la boma la kumalowo kuti lichite ntchito za boma zoloŵetsamo anthu, koma lingapereke chivomerezo chakuti livomereze.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti boma limaika chamba kukhala chinthu cholamulira, maboma ambiri ndi maboma a m'deralo alola mankhwala ake kapena zosangalatsa. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana kwa lamulo: makampani akwawo akugwira ntchito mwalamulo koma akukhala ndi mlandu wa boma. Boma la boma lalola kwambiri kutsata lamulo mwa kutsogolera (m’chitsanzo, Cole Metrirandum), koma nkhondo yaikuluyo siitha.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Maboma a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima a malo okhala kuposa a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mizinda ingaletse matumba apulasitiki kapena ingafunikire mphamvu zoyambiranso kumanga nyumba zatsopano. Nthaŵi zina lamulo la boma limachotsa zoyesayesa za kumaloko, makamaka m'madera kumene kulingana kwa dzikolo kumaonedwa kukhala kofunika, monga miyezo ya galimoto. The Ceaoc Air Act imalola California kukhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu ya chipale (ndi woyendetsa galimoto wauniver), ndipo maboma ena angatsatire kutsogolera kwa California [1] Koma maboma akuno sangakhazikitse miyezo yawoyawo yapadera ya galimoto zatsopano.

Kufuna Kupatsa Nzika Zovuta

Kumvetsa kusiyana kwa ulamuliro kumathandiza kwambiri munthu akalonjezana kuti adzakhale m’dziko lina.

  • Kukumana ndi akuluakulu oyenera: Ngati gombe lifuna kukonza, wirirani dipatimenti ya ntchito ya mzinda wanu, osati chiŵalo chanu cha Congress. Ngati muli ndi nkhaŵa ya programu ya boma yonga Social Security, lankhulani ndi woimira wanu wa bungwe la chigwirizano kapena bungwe logwirizana ndi boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ofesi m'masankho akwanuko: Maofesi a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri pa moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku(mamembala a bungwe la sukulu, osonkhana a mzinda, oimira achigawo, ndi olamulira a m'mameya. Komabe masankho a kumaloko ali ndi kutsika kwambiri. Voti yanu imapereka kulemera kokulira pamlingo wa kumaloko.
  • Partiplate m'misonkhano yapoyera: Maboma a kumaloko amasunga milandu yapoyera pa ma bajeti, kusintha kwa malo, ndi maprojekiti opititsa patsogolo. Kupezeka pa misonkhano imeneyi kapena kupereka ndemanga ndiyo njira yamphamvu kwambiri yosonkhezera dongosolo.
  • Zidziŵani zoyenera zanu: Malamulo a U.S. ndi malamulo a boma onse aŵiri amatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kulemekeza ufulu umenewu, ndipo oweruza a dziko lonse afunikira kuusunga. Kumvetsetsa Bill of Rights ndi mmene ilo limagwirira ntchito ku kachitidwe ka kumaloko nkofunika.
  • Kuthandiza ndi mabungwe a boma: Mabungwe ambiri a boma ali ndi maofesi a chigawo amene amagwirizana ndi anthu a m'dera lawo. Mwachitsanzo, Environmental Protection Agency imakhala ndi nyengo zonena za zilolezo zimene zimayambukira mpweya ndi madzi a m'deralo. Nzika zingatenge nawo ntchito zimenezi.

Kuwonjezera pa mmene angagwirizanitsire ndi boma lakwanuko, USA.gov . imapereka chiŵiya cha maofesi a boma akwanuko ndi zipangizo. Kuthira mozama mu university, [[FLT :2] Legal Information Institute ku Cornell [FLT :3] imapereka chithunzi chowonekera bwino cha lamulo.

Kumaliza

Dongosolo la boma la America si gulu limodzi koma bungwe la akuluakulu a boma logwirizana. Boma la m’dzikolo limachita mautumiki a tsiku ndi tsiku amene amaumba anthu, pamene boma limakambirana nkhani zimene zimadutsana ndi mizere ya boma kapena kufuna malamulo ofanana. Malamulo akhazikitsa dongosolo, ndipo boma limatsimikizira kuti mphamvu zikhalabe zolinganizika. Komabe dongosololi limadalira pa odziŵa, nzika zimene zimamvetsa bwino kuti ndi liti limene likufuna kukoka [1] ndipo pamene. Mwa kuzindikira ntchito, mathayo, ndi kugwirizana kwa boma lakwanu ndi lolamulidwa ndi dzikolo, mumakhala wokhoza kuchirikiza bwino kwambiri mu demokrase, wokhoza kusintha pamlingo umene ulipo chifukwa cha nkhani yanu. Sitepi loyamba ndilo likudziŵa kusiyana kwake; lachiŵiri limachita.