Chisonkhezero cha Kuika Malamulo Palamulo

Kukhazikitsa malamulo kwakhala maziko otchuka m'kusankha ndi kutsimikizira oweruza a boma ku United States. Nzeru imeneyi yalamulo, imene imafuna kuti Malamulo alembedwe mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira panthaŵi ya kupangidwa kwake, imasintha mwachindunji malamulo amene mapresidenti akugwiritsira ntchito kusankha manyumine ndi nkhondo zimene zimayambika m'Bata. Kumvetsa mmene chiphunzitso cha m'Chipangano chimakhudzira kugamula mapangano ake opeka, kukwera kwake kwa mbiri yakale, ndi ziyambukiro zake pa judia m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.

Kufotokoza Chiyambi cha Lamulo

Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi banja la ziphunzitso zomasulira zogwirizana ndi mfundo yaikulu yakuti tanthauzo la Malamulo limaikidwa panthaŵi imene atengedwa. Matembenuzidwe amakono otchuka kwambiri ndi kutanthauza koyambirira kwa anthu. Akatswiri otchuka otchuka monga Jasitisi Anton Sctalia ndi Woweruza Robert Bork anachirikiza njira imeneyi monga kugamula kwa oweruza.

Utsogoleri wachipembedzo umasiyana ndi konsichushoni yamoyo, imene imanena kuti tanthauzo la Konsichushoni likhoza kusintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kuti ligwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano. Akatswiri a malamulo amatsutsa kuti oweruza ayenera kusintha mawu ambiri monga “mchitidwe wamwambo” kapena“ kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zachilendo ndi zachilendo. Omasulira zinthu amatsutsa kuti kulolera koteroko kumatheketsa oweruza kukhazikitsa malamulo awoawo, mwakutero kuchepetsa ufulu wa democracy ndi malamulo.

Mfungulo ya Malingaliro Oyambirira

  • Kulemba: Malamulo ndi makonzedwe a malamulo amatembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo la anthu wamba panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa, osati mogwirizana ndi mbiri yalamulo kapena malingaliro a oweruza aumwini.
  • Tanthauzo lotsimikizirika: tanthauzo la Malamulo silimasintha kusintha kwa lamulo kosakhalako kupyolera m'Malamulo V.
  • judicial Tridet: Makhoti ayenera kugonjera ku nthambi za ndale zadziko pokhapo ngati kuwona bwino malemba a lamulo kapena tanthauzo lake loyamba kumasonkhezera chotulukapo chosiyana.
  • Kumanga kwa Strict : Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimene chimaŵerenga zinenero zalamulo mochepera, ngakhale kuti si akatswiri onse oyambirira amene amamamatira ku kumangidwa kosamalitsa.

Kukula kwa Chiphunzitso Choyambirira cha Filosofi

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira monga gulu lamwambo chinalandira mbali yaikulu ya ndale zake. Iye adanena Scalia ku Supreme Court mu 1986, ndipo Scalia anakhala wochirikiza wotchuka kwambiri wa chiphunzitso choyambirira cha malamulo a American. Pazaka za 1980, Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan anapanganso mapangano achiweruzo apakati pa nkhani zake zandale. Iye adanena kuti Scalia ku Supreme Court mu 1986, ndipo Scalia anakhala wochirikiza wotchuka kwambiri wa chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira cha malamulo a ku America.

Kuyambira pamenepo, chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala nthanthi yalamulo yotchuka. Federalist Society, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1982, inachita mbali yaikulu m'makompyuta ndi kupititsa patsogolo maloya ndi oweruza oyambirira. Mapresidenti onse aŵiri George W. Bush ndi Donald Trump anafunafuna molunjika anthu amene “angafotokoze Malamulo monga analembedwa,” ndi maulamuliro a Trump m'mbali zina za akatswiri oyambirira pa mlingo uliwonse wa bungwe la boma la jadiciary.

Chiyambukiro pa Mapangano a Chiweruzo

Kuyamba kumachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu olembedwa ndi kutsimikizira. Mabishopu amene amatsatira mfundo zoyambirira za m’Baibulo amayesa kutsimikizira kuti n’zofunika kwambiri kuti agwirizane ndi nzeru za anthu.

Njira ya Utsogoleri wa Oyambirira Kuyamba

  • Cholembedwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera m’zofalitsa zalamulo kapena pa benchi
  • Kukhala m’bungwe kapena kulankhula m’magulu alamulo osunga mwambo (m’njira yachidule, Federalist Society)
  • Akatswiri a maphunziro a zamaphunziro a zamaphunziro a kudziko
  • Kusinthana ndi oweruza a Khoti Lalikulu Loyambirira (Scalia, Thomas, Atalito, Gorf)
  • Chichirikizo chochokera kwa a bungwe la Republica ndi magulu a zikondwerero za kunja

Mapresidemokrati saika patsogolo kuyambirira kwa dziko, ndipo ena amatsutsa dala. Komabe, ngakhale mapresidenti a Barack Obama nthaŵi zina amaikidwa ndi oweruza amene anagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira pa nkhani zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, Woweruza Elena Kagan analemba za mbali ya tanthauzo la poyamba m'mafunso ena a malamulo. Komabe, mapangano oyambirira kwambiri ooneka ndi osankhidwa a boma anapangidwa ndi akuluakulu a dziko la Republic.

Kutsimikizira Nkhondo ndi Kupeka Mabuku

Kutsimikizira kwa Supreme Court nimmines kwakhala kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira. Panthaŵi ya milandu, oweruza amafunsa mwachindunji ponena za filosofi yawo yomasulira. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa kutsimikizira kwake kwa 2017, Justice Neil Gorfoth anagogomezera chitsimikizo chake cha kulembedwa kwa malemba ndi kuyambika kwa mawu, akumati, “Woweruza amene amakonda chilichonse chimene afikapo ali loya woipa kwambiri. Woweruza Brett Kavatanegh analongosolanso chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi mawu a m'malemba monga “North Star" ya nzeru zake zachiweruzo.

Otsutsa astrist nomines kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti njira yolimba ya kuyambitsa ikanafooketsa zizoloŵezi zokhazikika zonga Roe v. Wade kapena Obergefell v. Hodges . Kusuliza kumeneku kunawonjezeredwa mkati mwa zitsimikizo za Chiweruzo cha Gorfort, Kavanugh, ndi Amy Contey Barrett.

“ChiOrigina sili nthanthi yangwiro . Si nthanthi yokha. Koma ndiyo imene imafuna kukakamiza oweruza ku tanthauzo la Malamulo monga momwe inamvedwera ndi anthu amene anaitenga. [1] — Woweruza Antonin Scialia [1]

Kufufuza Nkhani m’Mapangano a Oyambirira Kuyamba

Woweruza Antonin Scalia (8616)

Scalia anali chiweruzo cha chibadwidwe cha Abungwe. Malingaliro ake mu Digriant of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ndi Crawford v. Washington (2004) anatsanzira njira yake yopezera tanthauzo lapoyera. Chisonkhezero cha Scalia chinafalikira kwambiri kuposa malingaliro ake; iye anaphunzitsa mbadwo wa alaliki a zamalamulo amene tsopano akutumikira monga oweruza, profesa, ndi ochirikiza. Kuikidwa kwake ndi Pulezidenti Rea Realdenbluedism monga wotchuka monga wotsutsana ndi wotsutsa.

Woweruza Clarence Thomas (1991 16)

Thomas amatchedwa woyambirira wa Khoti. Iye amagwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo loyambirira kumadera monga ngati mphamvu yapadera ndi [FLT] Fistrement , nthaŵi zambiri amafikira pa mfundo zimene sizingafanane ndi akatswiri ena oyambirira. Malingaliro a Thomas pa za Commercial Claus ndi ufulu wodzitetezera amasonyeza kuikidwa kwake ndi magwero oyambika. Kuikidwa kwake ndi Pulezidenti George H. Bush anasonyeza kuti Chiphunzitso choyambirira chikhoza kufalikira ngakhale pambuyo pa kufika kwa Scalia.

Woweruza Neil Gor wonga (207-presence)

Trump , kugaŵiridwa koyamba kwa Trump, Gor "otero aloŵe mmalo a Scalia ndi kubweretsa filosofi yofanana ndi yoyambirira ndi yoyambirira. Bukhu lake [[FLT: 0] A Republic, Ngati Mungathe Kusunga [[FLT: 1]] imatetezera kuyambirira kwa milandu ya kulephera. Gorver alemba malingaliro ofunika kwambiri a woyambirira pa lamulo la boma (m'go, [[FLT:]] Bosstock. County [FLT:] County / Resivset pa matanthauzo a station) ndi ufulu wachipembedzo ([FLT:] Masquesterhop[FFFF:5]]

Jasitisi Brett Kavanaugh (208-presente)

Kavaugh, woikidwanso ndi Trump, wadzilongosola yekha kukhala woyambirira amene nthaŵi zina amasiyana ndi mawu olembedwa okhwima pamene atsata kapena pragmatism afuna . Chitsimikiziro chake chinatsutsidwa mowopsa, ndi osuliza osumika maganizo ake ponena za mphamvu ya kampani ndi kuchotsa mimba. Pa benchi, Kavangagh wagwirizana ndi machitachita oyambirira m'zochitika zonga New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen . [FLD:1]

Woweruza Amy Coney Barrett (2016-presenter)

Kutsatizana kwa Barrett kunalimbitsa kuchuluka kwa zigamulo zisanu ndi chimodzi za kulimba kwa magetsi. Kulemba kwake kwa maphunziro kumavomereza poyera tanthauzo la kuyambika kwa anthu. Pa kutsimikizira kwake, adanena kuti kuyambirira ndiko “njira yabwino koposa yomasulira Malamulo” ndi kuti oweruza sayenera kugamula milandu yozikidwa pa malingaliro awo a makhalidwe abwino. Malingaliro oyambirira a Barrett amasonyeza kuti iye adzamamatira kwambiri ku njira zoyambitsira nzeru za anthu.

Chisonkhezero cha Kuyambirira pa Mapangano a Bwalo Lapansi

Pambuyo pa Bwalo Lapamwamba, Chiphunzitso chachiyambi chasinthanso makhoti a apolisi ang'onoang'ono. Oyang'anira Trump oikidwa oweruza oposa 230, ambiri a iwo achichepere, olemba mwamphamvu. Oweruza ameneŵa adzasonkhezera lamulo la boma kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Senate Judiary Komiti tsopano] nthaŵi zonse ifunsa makhoti a chigawo ndi a dera ponena za nthanthi zawo zomasulira. Ambiri amatchula poyera kuti akatswiri oyambirira, amene angapange chitsimikizo chachikulu pamene Democrates alamulira Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Oweruza ochirikiza mwambo wa makhoti aang’ono apereka zigamulo zazikulu pa nkhani zonga:

  • Mpambo wosinthasintha: Kukulitsa ufulu wa mfuti motsatira tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira (m’ lekuatiso, NSRPA v. Bruen[FLT : 3] m'NUNG'WIRI)
  • Mphamvu Yolamulira: Kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa bungwe pansi pa mafunso aakulu a chiphunzitso
  • Kuletsa: Kuletsa mphamvu ya Nyumba ya Malamulo pansi pa Commerce Claus ndi 144th Amendment

Kutsutsa ndi Kusuliza

Kuyamba kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira m’mapangano achiweruzo kwabutsa mkangano waukulu wonena za kuyenera kwa chiweruzo ndi mmene lamulo limatanthauzira.

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Kuweruza

Otsutsa amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimakakamiza oweruza moona mtima. M’malo mwake, iwo amanena kuti chimatetezera malamulo okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, mu Bush v. Gore [2000], zigamulo zosunga mwambo zinaimbidwa mlandu wa kusiya chipembedzo choyambirira kuti asankhe chisankho cha pulezidenti. Achilikizi amayankha kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi njira yolowera, osati chiphunzitso chandale, ndi kuti oyambirira oona mtima nthaŵi zina afikira zipambano (m. g., Scalia’kutetezera ufulu wa anthu aupandu mu Crawford [FLT:]]

Kuyamba Kuganiza Zoyamba ndi Zoyambirira

Ngati tanthauzo loyamba likutsutsana ndi njira yaitali, oyambitsa ambiri amayang'anizana ndi chosankha chovuta. Ochuluka amavomereza kufunika kwa kuyang'ana decis koma amatsutsa kuti siyenera kupitiriza matanthauzo olakwika. Kupsinjika kumeneku kuli kwakukulu makamaka pa zosankha zonga Roe v. Wade ndi [FLT] [FLT] [[FLT:] ndi [FLT] . Virginia . Virginia .] [2] . Khoti Lapamwambalo limakhala loposa [[FLT] [FLT] [2] mu [FLT:] [6].[FLT] .V.AK] .[FLT.[FLT.2] [2] [2]

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Anthu Amakono

Otsutsa amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichingathetse mavuto amakono omwe sanalingaliridwe ndi maframes . monga ngati kubisa zinthu pa Intaneti, kuyang’anira, kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. Ofufuza za nyengo amayankha kuti malemba a Konsichushoni kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka malamulo amakhalidwe abwino (m’chitsanzo, “kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda a khunyu” kumene kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku luso latsopano popanda kusintha tanthauzo lenileni.

Kuyambirira ndi Mbali Zina za Chilamulo

Kusintha kwachiŵiri

Kutembenuza kwakhala ndi chiyambukiro chake chachikulu pa ufulu wa mfuti. Mu Heller . , Scalia adaloŵerera m'kusanthula kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa mbiri yakale kugamula kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumatetezera munthu aliyense kuyenera kusungirira ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo za iye mwini. Kulingalira kumeneku kunafutukulidwa ku maufumu mu McDonald v. Chicago[ (2010]) ndi kulimbikitsidwa mu [[FLT:] Brun [[FLT:]] [2022]), kumene Khoti linavomereza mbiri yakale yoyesa malamulo a mfuti.

Kutaya Mimba

Mu Dobs , lingaliro la Woweruza wochuluka Alito linagwiritsira ntchito lingaliro loyambirira kugamula kuti kuchotsa mimba si kuyenera kwa lamulo chifukwa chakuti Lamulo la 144th Amendment’s Claus silinamvedwe mu 1868 kutetezera kuchotsa mimba. Alito anafufuza mbiri ya malamulo a boma ochotsa mimba kuyambira kuyambika kwa Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Earneth Amendment. Njira imeneyi yoyambirira inakhala yotsimikiza kugwetsa Roe ndi [FLT:].

Mphamvu ya Maboma ndi Boma la Uyang’aniro

Oweruza oyambirira atsutsanso boma lamakono lauyang’aniro. chiphunzitso cha mayeso , chimene chimafuna chilolezo chomveka cha kukhazikitsa machitidwe a madongosolo a zachuma kapena a ndale, chili ndi mizu m'malamulo oyambirira a kusasintha. Woweruza Gorvet wakhala mawu otsogolera kukonzanso chiphunzitso chosasintha, akumati malamulo onse a boma m'mabungwe ndi kuti mabungwe sangapange malamulo popanda chitsogozo chomveka bwino.

Mtsogolo mwa Kuyamba Kwawo m’Mapangano a Chiweruzo

Kukhulupirira zinthu mwachibadwa sikungachoke. Chikukhalabe chiphunzitso chachikulu pakati pa oweruza oikidwa ndi Republican ndipo chimaphunzitsidwa m'makhoti ambiri a malamulo a malamulo . Ngakhale ngati mukukayikira, ndi monga njira ina yaikulu yokhalira ndi malamulo. Chisonkhezero cha nthaŵi yaitali cha chiphunzitso choyambirira chimadalira pa zinthu zingapo:

  • Zisankho: Pulezidenti wa Democratic angagamule otsutsa kuyambirira kwa Chibadwidwe, pamene pulezidenti wa Republicikana kupitiriza kukhazikitsa atsatiri oyambirira.
  • Control : Nyumba ya Malamulo imene imatsimikizira kapena kutsekereza makhonde ozikidwa pa malingaliro ikhoza kufulumiza kapena kuchedwetsa ntchito yoyambirira.
  • Khalidwe la Chipulumutso: Ngati oweruza oyambirira atulutsa zotulukapo zosakondweretsa kapena zosokoneza, anthu angatsutse nthanthi, kuchepetsa kukopa kwawo kaamba ka kuikidwa kwa mtsogolo.
  • . Kutsutsana kwa maphunziro kungawongolere kapena kutsutsa kuyambika kwa zinthu. Olemba pakuvamba opita patsogolo atulukira, akumati tanthauzo loyamba limalimbikitsa kubala ndi LGBTQ + zoyenera, ngakhale kuti lingaliro limeneli limakanidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri osunga mwambo.

Kalelo, uyang'aniro wa Biden watenga kale masitepe akuika oweruza ndi mafilosofi osiyanasiyana. Ena a mamenee ake amakana poyera chiphunzitso choyambirira, ndipo oyang'anira alimbikitsa anthu okhala ndi chiyambi m'lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kutetezera anthu. Zimenezi zakhazikitsa poyambira pa kutsutsana kwa maganizo kwa nthaŵi yaitali pa benchi la boma.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso cha malamulo oyambirira chasintha kwambiri kachitidwe ka kuikidwa kwa milandu ku United States. Chimapereka ntchito yoonekeratu . Ngati anapikisana ndi ntchito yofufuza oweruza ndipo chakhala kuyesa kwa atsamunda osunga mwambo. Kuikidwa kwa oweruza oyambirira ku mlingo uliwonse wa bungwe la judicary kwatsogolera kusintha kwakukulu kwa ziphunzitso m'madera kuyambira pa ufulu wa kuchotsa mfuti mpaka ku ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene dziko lalamulo ndi landale lidzasintha, chiphunzitso cha m'Chikatolika chidzakhalabebe m'manja mwa osankha amene amakhala pa benchi ndi mmene amagamulira milandu. Nkhani yopitirizabe pa ubwino ndi malire a boma itsimikizira kuti chisonkhezero chake pa kugamula mlandu chidzakhala nkhani ya chikondwerero chachikulu cha dziko lonse.

[[FLT : 0] kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Chikhululukiro Chakulembedwa [1] (Utumiki wa Kufufuza Kwapansi), projekiti Yoyez [[FLT:] kaamba ka malingaliro a Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi [[FLT:] Connell Global Information Institute ya Chidziŵitso cha Malo oyambirira [[[FT:6]].