Kudutsa Africa ndi Asia, mapulani a boma lamakono — kuyambira pa kakonzedwe ka nyumba ya malamulo mpaka ulamuliro wa majaji a kumaloko — ali ndi umboni wosatsutsika wa ulamuliro wa atsamunda. Malamulo, malamulo, ndiponso ngakhale zinenero za boma m'mayiko ambiri a pambuyo pa zigawo za boma sizinayambike ndi zinthu zina koma zinaikidwa kapena kusinthidwa kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa boma la Ulaya ndi Asia. Choloŵa chimenechi si mawu a m'mbiri chabe; chikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa bata landale, kulamulira, ndi kugwirizana kwa boma ndi nzika zake. Kumvetsa mavuto a ndale ndi a democracy ndi maufumu a madera ameneŵa, munthu ayenera choyamba kuzindikira mmene ulamuliro wa a autsamunda wa ku Ulaya ndi Asia sukusinthira mphamvu zawo.

Maboma Autsamunda: Anayamba Kulamulira Anthu Otsatira Malamulo

Maboma a boma sanakonzekere kulimbikitsa ufumu wa demokalase kapena kudzisankhira okha. Zolinga zawo zoyambirira zinali kutulutsa katundu, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ndi kukonza zinthu popanda mtengo wochuluka kwa chigawo cha chigawo cha Mediterranean. Kuti akwaniritse zimenezi, maulamuliro a atsamunda anayambitsa madongosolo amene nthaŵi zambiri amaloŵa mmalo kapena kuyambitsanso maulamuliro a anthu a ku Ulaya. Zotsatira zake zinali njira yophatikizapo mfundo zachibadwidwe zimene zinagwirizanitsa nzeru zachizungu ndi zachikhalidwe cha anthu asanafike nthaŵi ya kutchedwa hiritaristrarchis, zomwe nthaŵi zambiri zimapangitsa kusagwirizana komwe kukuchitika mpaka pano.

Malamulo aŵiri aakulu a ulamuliro wa atsamunda anatulukira. Choyamba, kulamulira kwachindunji , kunavomerezedwa ndi France ndi Portugal . Chitsanzo chimenechi chinafuna kugwirizanitsa anthu atsamunda m’miyambo ya m'mizinda, kukhazikitsa magulu a boma, Chifrenchi kapena Chipwitikizi monga chinenero cha ulamuliro, ndi malamulo alamulo alamulo. Chifrenchi [[FLT:] [2] [ka] comne njira, mwachitsanzo, inaikidwa ku West Africa, kupanga mabungwe akwane omwe anayankhula mwachindunji ku Paris mmalo mwa mabwana. Chitsanzo chachiŵiri, [FLT:] kulamulira kwachikulu kwa dziko la Britain, makamaka, makamaka m'dziko lakunja lakunja lakwanidwa ndi kufalikira kwa olamulira amwambo, kopenatsa malonda ndi kufalikira kwa mphamvu zachi.

Mosiyana ndi chitsanzo, lamulo la atsamunda linayambitsa malingaliro atsopano a malo. Atsamunda a Berlin a 1884-85, anapanga malire a dziko la Africa ndi Asia. Malo apakati a dzikolo, magawo ozungulira, ndi madongosolo ovuta a suzerainty. Olamulira a Koloni, adalemba mizera zolimba pamapu monga Msonkhano wa Berlin wa 1885,85, kujambula maiko popanda kusamala kwambiri za fuko, zinenero, kapena chikhalidwe. Malo adziko ameneŵa anakhala madera odziimira okha a mayiko, ndipo amakhalabe limodzi la maiko okhalitsa ndi osokoneza dziko. Mpake ndi mapu andale kumene boma siligwirizana ndi malire a mitundu — monga Somali, Kurda, ndi Bakon anadzipeza kuti ali ogaŵana mitundu yambiri, ndi ogaŵana chidani.

Kufufuza za Maupandu: Chifuwa Chokhalitsa cha Maulamuliro a Atsamunda

Kummwera kwa Saharan Africa: Federalism v. Centralation

Kukonda ulamuliro wosadziŵika kwa Britain kunatulukapo makonzedwe a boma kapena a quasi-federal. Nigeria ndi chitsanzo chachikulu. Briteni anaphatikiza kumpoto, kummaŵa, ndi kumadzulo mu 1914, limodzi lokhala ndi miyambo ya boma ndi malemba a mafuko osiyanasiyana. Pa kugaŵidwa kwa mu 1960, Nigeria inalandira malo a boma olinganizidwa kukhalira pamodzi ndi mitundu imeneyi. Komabe, maderawo anali osalingana m’mikhalidwe ndi chuma, kutsogolera ku mpikisano waukulu umene unathera ku nkhondo ya Biaframan (1967-70). Lerolino, chipani cha Nigeria chimakhala chosalimba, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe pa katundu ndi ufulu wa mayiko ake 36. Kapangidwe kake kake ka chuma kameneko kadzikoko kakupitiriza kukhazikitsa ndale ya ndale zandale za dzikolo.

Mosiyana, maiko a ku France ku West Africa, monga ngati [FLT , Côte d'Ivoire , ndi Mali , obadwa pakati pa , maboma audindo. Malamulo a France anasumika mphamvu mu ulamuliro wamphamvu ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba, ndi akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa kuchokera ku likulu mmalo mwa kusankhidwa ndi anthu awo. Kusintha kumeneku kwachititsa maufumuwa kukhala osavuta kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa anthu ndipo kwalepheretsa maulamuliro a kumaloko ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Pamene masankhoti ambiri anayambitsidwa mu 1990, boma lapakati linakhala mphotho yoti litengedwe ndi mgwirizano wopambana, wopambana wa ndale zadziko, ndi, ndipo, m'nkhani zina zotsogolera nkhondo, monga momwe zina za Côte mu 2000 Choverus, adawray.

Kummwera kwa Asia: Institution Imprint ya Raj

Ku South Asia, British Raj anasiya madongosolo a boma. adasunga dongosolo la malamulo a Britain, ntchito ya boma yotsatiridwa pa Indian Civil Service, jajiya yozikidwa pa lamulo lachisawawa, ndi asilikali olinganizidwa m'madera a Britain. Mabungwe ameneŵa apereka mlingo wa kupitirizabe ndi bata zimene maiko ena ambiri apambuyo pake akusoŵa. Indiya'Option Commission, mwachitsanzo, inakhazikitsidwa mu 1950 pa chitsanzo cha ulamuliro wa British, ndipo yakhala yofunika kwambiri ku democracy ya dziko. Komabe, maufumu a a atsamunda amaphatikizaponso mphamvu zapakati monga kuletsa, malamulo a gulu, ndi kuletsa ufulu wa anthu ambiri kuimbidwa ndi kutsimikizira kwa chigamulo cha dziko la dziko la Czechism.

Bangladesh ndi [FLT .Pakistan .Pakistan , adagaŵananso chuma chofanana, koma mamembala awo akhala osiyana. Pakistan, makamaka, analoŵererapo m’nkhondo, makamaka chifukwa chakuti ubale wa boma ndi boma, umene unaika gulu lankhondo m'ntchito yoyang’anira, sunakhalenso wokwanira. Briteni adadalira pa Usilikali wa ku India kaamba ka chitetezo cha mkati, ndipo zotsatira za nkhondo imeneyi zinavuta kuchotsa. Usilikali unakhala wovuta kuchotsa ntchito m'zachuma, ndale, ndi ngakhalenso wa judia kumbuyo kwa makonzedwe a Ray.

Kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia: Malo a Ecolonical Makedzana ndi Njira Zosungira Anthu

Ku Southeast Asia kumapereka chithunzi chovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa zisonkhezero zambiri za atsamunda. Indonesia , yolamuliridwa ndi Dutch, inakhala ndi dongosolo lalamulo limene linasintha lamulo lachidatchi ndi mwambo lamulo. Dongosolo limeneli linachita malamulo ambiri amene amapitirizabe lerolino, ngakhale kuti limayambitsa chisokonezo. Adatchi anakhazikitsanso chuma chamitundu iwiri, ndi mbali yamakono yotumikira ndi mbali yamakono yosiyidwira ku chigawo chapamwamba cha dzikolo — gawo limene lakhala lovuta kulaka. [FLT:] Vietm, Laos, ndi Cambodia, ndi Cambodia, linapangidwa ndi boma lapakati, ndi Falansaute, likuyambitsanso mfundo yalamulo yalamulo lachikulu.

Filpenes ndi nkhani yapadera, yopangidwa ndi maufumu onse aŵiri a ku Spain (kwa zaka zoposa 300) ndi ulamuliro wa ku America (kwa zaka pafupifupi 50). Ulamuliro wa Spanya unasiya choloŵa cha boma lapakati, laukali ndi lamphamvu la Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Ulamuliro wa Amereka, kusiyanitsa, kuyambitsa maphunziro apoyera, dongosolo la prezidenti lolinganizidwa pa U.S. Constitution, ndi lamulo la ufulu. Chiphunzitsochi chachititsa dongosolo la ndale zadziko lomwe lili ponse paŵiri la democracy ndi likulu, limodzi ndi zigwirizano zamphamvu zimene zimagwira ntchito m'mabanja amphamvu. Mzinda wa Philippines umasonyeza kutsutsana kwa mbiri yake: Lipabuliki ndi kusankha, komabe ndi kulanda kwake kopanda pake, ndi lamulo lolamulira, ndi lamulo lochepa.

Malamulo Ozama Kwambiri: Lamulo, Ulamuliro wa Olamulira, ndi Ulamuliro wa Zachuma

Malamulo: Malamulo Osinthana ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Imodzi ya malamulo okhalitsa kwambiri ndiyo malamulo. M'madera ambiri a Africa ndi Asia, maulamuliro a atsamunda anakhazikitsa malamulo awoawo alamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri anaikidwa pa malamulo amwambo kapena achipembedzo omwe alipo. Zimenezi zinapanga dongosolo la malamulo aŵiri kapena ochuluka. India . , Angelezi anayambitsa malamulo alamulo, koma malamulo aumwini, choloŵa, ndi nkhani za m’banja zinasiyira ku zipembedzo zomwe zilipo — Ahindu, Asilamu, Akristu, ndi zina. M'mayiko a m'mayiko a m'mayiko onse aŵiriwo ndi mikangano ya zandale. [FLD:] [FLD:], ndi mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri, ndi wovuta: lamulo lofala la Chichenjezeko, ndi malamulo amwambo osiyanasiyana, ndi malamulo a m'malamulo osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthaŵi zina, akazi amene angapange mfundo za lamulo, ndipo angapange njira zalamulo zina.

Malamulo a boma, obadwa ku France, Portugal, ndi Spain, amafalikira m'madera ambiri a Afirika ndi Latin America. Madongosolo ameneŵa amagogomezera malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi njira ya kuweruza. Chifrenchi Coverne . Chigamulo chinaikidwa ku France West Africa, ndipo chidakali maziko a malamulo m'mayiko ngati , Côte d'Ivoire, ndi Mali , . Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo ameneŵa amapereka kumveka bwino ndi kuneneratu, iwonso angakhale olimba ndi ochedwa kusintha njira za kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe., kuwonjezeranso, dongosolo lalamulo lomaika chitetezo cha zinthu za anthu oyandikana ndi a m'dziko la dziko la dzikolo, chikhotereko cha chikhomezi cha chikhomezi cha chikane.

Bureacracy ndi Unansi wa Boma ndi Chigwirizano

Maboma a boma analinganizidwa kuchotsa zinthu ndi kusunga dongosolo, osati kutumikira nzika. Iwo anali andale, achinsinsi, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri owononga. M'maiko ambiri a pambuyo pa Colonia, mwambo wa anthu a m'dziko unapitirizabe. Utumiki wa boma m'maiko onga Bangladesh, Ghana, ndi Kenya [[FL:1] akupitirizabe kudziŵika ndi a revenrage, kulephera, ndi njira yotsika ya kulamuliridwa. Choloŵa cha ntchito yachibalo cha boma cha British — kumene akuluakulu a boma amadutsa m'mapalation ndi zigawo — adasulizidwa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa luso la za zasayansi. Chifalansa, limodzi ndi maphunziro ake otchuka monga [FLD:] kuchuluka kwa National Eclective , ndi kupangidwa kwa anthu pakati pa steast , komanso kupangidwa ndi stena.

Unansi wa boma m'maiko ambiri pambuyo pa utsamunda umasonkhezeredwanso ndi zokumana nazo za atsamunda. M'madera kumene boma la atsamunda linali loukira ndi loloŵerera, nzika zinayamba kusadalirana kwakukulu ndi mabungwe a boma. Kulephera kumeneku kumachititsa maboma amakono kuvuta kusonkhanitsa misonkho, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kapena kulimbikitsa nzika kuti zichite ntchito mogwirizana. Kugwiritsira ntchito chiwawa kwa boma la atsamunda kuletsa kugawana ndi magulu ankhondo omwe ali ozoloŵera kwambiri kulamulira nzika zawo mmalo akuwateteza. Kusintha mabungwe ameneŵa kuli chitokoso m'mayiko osinthira ku demokrase.

Maulamuliro Azachuma: Chitsutso ndi Kudalira Malonda

Chuma cha dzikolo chinakhazikitsidwa kuti chithandize kuchepetsako zinthu. Chuma cha dziko la Africa ndi Asia chasintha kwambiri ulamuliro wa zachuma m'mayiko adziko. Chuma chambiri cha Africa ndi Asia chikudalirabe kutumiza zinthu zazikulu ku mayiko ena — mafuta, maminera, zinthu zaulimi — njira yokhazikitsira mtengo ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chuma. [[FLT: 0] Nkhaka] yotemberera kwambiri m'mayiko monga [FLT:] Nigeria, Angola, ndi Democratic Republic ya Congo , kumene mafuta ndi miyala ya mabwinja imapanga kuipitsa, kupo kusakaza, ndi ulamuliro wa a auchi. Mabungwewa anapangidwa kuti ayang'anira chuma cha dziko lonse — monga ngati kusoŵa kwa mafuta, ndi kuyendetsa makampani audindo a dziko la kampani, ndi kubweretsa phindu la mayiko ena.

Madongosolo a misonkho a maiko atsaliranso chizindikiro chosatha. M'maiko ambiri, misonkho inaikidwa monga njira yokakamiza anthu a ku Britain ndi Asiya kugwira ntchito ya malipiro kapena kutulutsa ndalama. Msonkho wa msonkho [[FLT: 0] ndi womata msonkho [[FL:2] womangitsa msonkho [[FLT:] ku British Africa], mwachitsanzo, unalinganizidwa kukakamiza anthu a kusamukira kuntchito m’mafamu ndi m’migodi ya Ulaya. Malamulo a Platviation akuchititsa kukhala kovuta kukhazikitsa mwambo wa msonkho wodzifunira. Monga chotulukapo, maiko ambiri mu Africa ndi kudalira kwambiri misonkhoma ndi ndalama za msonkho m’malo mwa kuchuluka, zimene zimawapangitsa kukhala ndi kukhoza kwawo kwa anthu onse.

Mavuto Apanthaŵi Ino: Ntchito Yonyenga Yosatha

Makonzedwe Ofooka ndi Ulamuliro Waumwini

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zazikulu kwambiri zamakono ndicho kufooka kwa mabungwe a boma. M'mayiko ambiri a pambuyo pa kutha kwa boma, malamulo a boma sachedwa kuwonongeka, ufulu wa katundu ngwosatetezereka, ndipo ajuliary amasokonezedwa ndi ndale. Kulephera kumeneku kungapezekenso m’mabungwe a boma amene amayang'anira ulamuliro wa akuluakulu ndi kuchepetsa mayeso ndi kuchepetsa kulinganiza. Njira ya boma ya Britain ya ulamuliro wosadziŵika bwino, mwachitsanzo, kaŵirikaŵiri akuluakulu a kumaloko a ku malo a ongofuna kuyendetsa zinthu za boma, chitsanzo chimene chinagwiritsidwa ndi mapositi-indenti a atsogoleri. Chotulukapo ndi ulamuliro wa munthu mwiniyo — kaŵirikaŵiri wotchedwa [FLT:] ndi kutengerapo a kayendetsedwe kakedwe ka chuma [FLD] [FFFM:1] — kumene pulezidenti wamkulu ya boma kapena kugawanyansi ya boma, monga ngati kugawatsa chuma cha anthu otsutsa.

Magaŵano a Mafuko ndi Magawo

Malamulo a boma anawonjezeranso magawo a mafuko ndi madera. Lamulo la ku Britain la "divide ndi ulamuliro" ku Nigeria, India, ndi kwina kulikonse linachirikiza mwamphamvu kusiyanitsa mafuko ndi mpikisano. Rwanda , olamulira a ku Belgium anagwiritsira ntchito makhadi apadera a Ahutu ndi Atutsi, kuumitsa chimene chinali maziko a kupulupudza kwa mafuko ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a kupulukira kwa 1994. Mu Mymar , malamulo a Britain ochirikiza mafuko a mafuko a mitundu kumadera a m'mapiri (Karen, Shan, Kachin,) pamene akuwonjezera Bamarmassssssss m'chi, njira imene inasiya kugaŵana kwa mafuko a mafuko. Magawawawo akupitirizabe kudanako. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amawonjezera chidani cha kumbuyo kwa chidani cha kumbuyo kwa chidani cha chipani chakale.

Vuto la Kulimbitsa Democratic Contemporation

Maiko ambiri mu Afirika ndi Asia anatengera malamulo a demokrase pambuyo pa kudziimira, koma demokrase yakhala yovuta kukhazikitsa. Choloŵa cha ulamuliro wapakati, zipani zofooka, ndi kugawikana kwa mafuko kumayambitsa malo ovuta a ulamuliro wa demokrase. Zisankho kaŵirikaŵiri zimaipitsidwa ndi chiwawa ndi chinyengo, ndipo mabungwe a democracy amagwidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi maufumu apamwamba. Ngakhale m'mademokrase achipambano monga Indiya , zikhoterezo zaposachedwapa kuli kulinga ku kuyendetsa ulamuliro wa democrasethika ndi kulephera kwa demokrase. Zotsatira za democrase siima sizikuletsedwa ndi maulamuliro a democracy. Chilanditi cha ulamuliro cha ufumu cha boma la dziko la dziko lapansili sizikulephera kumanga madongosolo a democrase omwe akhalabe — koma ndi chopinga chopinga chopingabe.

Njira Zoyendera: Kugonjetsa Ufumu wa Roma

Kuzindikira chisonkhezero cha choloŵa cha atsamunda kuli sitepe loyamba lofunika, koma sikuli chifukwa cha kusachitapo kanthu. Akatswiri ndi odziŵa zapeza njira zingapo zothetsera mavuto a mbiri. Kampani yopanga masinthidwe [ amene amachotsa mphamvu za maboma, kulimbikitsa malo ake odziimira, ndi kuteteza ufulu waung'onowo ungathandize kukambirana ndi masinthidwe a anthu. [FLT:] Dongosolo la zopanga [[FLT:]] — makamaka kusankha pakati pa kuimira ndi kugaŵana ndi kuwonjezera, — mwina kungachepetse kapena kugawa kwa mafuko. Maiko ngati: [FLD:] South Africa. [FT:] ndi "FT]

Kusintha kwa ntchito yapadera [[FLT: 1] ndi mbali inanso yovuta. Kuphunzitsa bungwelo, kuyambitsa kulembedwa ndi kukwezedwa, ndi kupanga njira za uyang’aniro wa nzika kungathandize kugonjetsa choloŵa cha boma la patrimonial. [[FLT:]] Judicial kusintha [[FLT:] — kuphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa madongosolo a malamulo achuluitiki, kuikidwa kwa oweruza odziimira paokha, ndi kufutukulidwa kwa kuweruza — nkofunika kukhazikitsa lamulo. [[FLT:] Kasinthidwe kake [[FLT]] kalinso kofunika: kukonzanso apolisi ndi magulu ankhondo kuchokera ku ziŵiro za boma kukhala ulamuliro waudindo la boma, ndi njira yodziyankirapo.

Chomalizira, [[FLT: 0] kuchuluka kwa chuma ndi chuma, n’zofunika kwambiri kuti athetse kudalirana ndi ziphuphu. Mayiko amene ayendetsa bwino chuma chachilengedwe, monga Botswana , mwa kukhazikitsa mabungwe oyang'anira okha, malamulo ooneka bwino, ndi njira zothandizira nzika kugawana. Makampani a Insulies Transpediction Intection (ETI) ndi miyezo ina yapadziko lonse imapereka njira yowongolera zinthu m'maiko olemera. [FLT:] Kufikira kwa EITH [FLT:] kwa kuwonekera kwa dziko la FOLD [F:5]

Kumaliza

Chisonkhezero cha maufumu a boma la Africa ndi Asia si nkhani yosavuta ya kuletsa ulamuliro wa dziko la United States kapena kulungamitsa kulephera kwamakono. Nzowonadi za mbiri yakale zozama ndi zocholoŵana zimene zimaumba malo andale ponse paŵiri ndi ochenjera. Malamulo opatula, mabodza apamwamba, malamulo ambiri, ndi chuma chotsalira chimene chinaikidwa pa ulamuliro wa kontinenti chikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa mathero a ulamuliro wamakono. Komabe, mbiri yakale siikuikidwiratu. Maiko ambiri asonyeza kuti n’zotheka kusintha madongosolo obadwa nawo, kupanga njira zopitira kutsogolo, ndi kukonza njira ya decolon , ndi kuimirira bwino lomwe landale zambiri. Chinsi cha dzikolo chimakhalabe chamakono.

Maiko onga Botswana, Mauritius, ndi Costa Rica . . Ngakhale kuti Costa Rica ili ku America, amasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi maufumu atsamunda angapange mademokrase okhazikika ndi chuma chotukuka. Chipambano chawo chimasonyeza kuti maufumu a atsamunda angagonjetsedwe mwa kulinganiza kwadala, kuphatikizapo ndale zadziko, ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa boma. Chifukwa chakuti maiko ambiri mu Afirika ndi Asia, ntchito yomanga yothandiza, yoŵerengera, ndi malamulo a boma akhalabe chitokosokoso chovuta — chitokosokoso chongotha kuyang'anizana ndi ulamuliro, mmalo mwa kunyalanyaza, nyumba za mbiri yakale zimene zatsalira m’chiyambiriro, koma siziri zachikhalire. Chitukuko, ndi chiwonjezero chachi, chopanda chivomerezo chachi, chofala, chofala, ndi chofala cha kuyendetsa anthu audindo a boma. [Foctive:]