Genesis wa Mtundu

United States Constitution ndilo thanki la ulamuliro wa Amereka, chikalata chamoyo chopangidwa m'Chipangano cha Malamulo ku Philadelphia cha 1787 . Komabe, njira yopita ku mgwirizano womalizawu inali yolunjika. Nthumwizo zinafika ndi masomphenya osiyana kwambiri a mtsogolo mwa dzikolo, ndipo masomphenya ameneŵa anaikidwa m'zikalata ziŵiri zosinthasinthasintha: Mapangano a Virginia ndi New Jersey Plan. Mapangano opikisanawa anayalatula mikangano yaikulu pakati pa maiko aakulu ndi aang'ono, pakati pa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi boma la Ibusa, ndipo pomalizira pake anaumba dongosolo la boma limene likulamulira United States lerolino. Kumvetsa zolinga zimenezi nkofunika kuti zimve osati chabe mfundo za U. Boma la U. [FLD]

Chithunzi: Zofooka za Nkhani za Chiyanjo

Kuzindikira bwino lomwe tanthauzo la Virginia ndi New Jersey Programme, munthu ayenera choyamba kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wosatetezereka wa dziko pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation . Mwachisangalalo mu 178, Nkhanizo zinapanga boma lofooka / mwachidziŵikire "Ubwenzi" pakati pa maiko achifumu. Nyumba za Malamulo za dzikolo sizinali ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kulamulira malonda a mayiko, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ake. Zikanangopempha ndalama ndi asilikali kuchokera ku maiko, pempho limene kaŵirikaŵiri linanyalanyazidwa. Kupanduka kwa Shays (1717171787), kuukira kokhala ndi mfuti kwa alimi a ngongole ku Massachusetts, kunasonyeza kulephera kwa boma kusunga dongosolo kapena mavuto a zachuma. Vutoli linakhala la Convention, monga ngati James Macellas ndi Hamily anazindikies kusokoneza chisokosokoso ku . Chifuno cha boma chinasintha cholinga cha ku Malamulo ambiri, koma chinakhazikitsa cholinga chachikulu cha boma: "[1]

Makonzedwe a Virginia: Gawo Lolinganizidwa la Boma la Dzikolo

Virginia Plan, yolembedwa ndi James Madison wa Virginia ndi kuperekedwa ndi Bwanamkubwa Edmund Randolph pa May 29, 1787, inali mfundo yoyamba yaikulu yotulukira pamsonkhano. Inali kusiyana kwakukulu kwapadera kwa Sex of Confederation. Madison, kosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi maphunziro ake a mabizinesi ndi maboma a dziko, anakhulupirira kuti ndi boma lamphamvu lokha lamphamvu lokhala ndi ulamuliro wa nzika za dziko lonse limene lingasungitse chitaganya ndi ufulu.

Mfundo za Malamulo za M’gulu la Virginia

Plan ya Virginia inalinganiza bwino lomwe boma la dziko lokhala ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyana: malamulo, mabwana, ndi judge . Mbali yake yosagwirizana kwambiri inali kakonzedwe ka nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko. Inafuna kuti pakhale [[FLT: 0]] mabiobaral (nyumba ziŵiri) Congress , kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa boma lililonse wogawidwa mogwirizana ndi chiŵerengero cha boma kapena chuma, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lankhondo polimbana ndi dziko lomwe linkalephera kukwaniritsa ntchito zawo.

  • Bicameral Legislature: Nyumba yaing’ono yosankhidwa ndi anthu, ndi nyumba yapamwamba yosankhidwa ndi nyumba yaing'ono kuchokera ku maminees yoperekedwa ndi makina a boma.
  • Projectal directory: Mipando yonse iŵiri ya nyumba yogaŵidwa mozikidwa pa anthu kapena zopereka za ndalama kuchokera ku boma lirilonse.
  • Uyang'anira wa National National: Mkulu mmodzi, wosankhidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo la dziko, wokhala ndi mphamvu ya kusungitsa malamulo a dziko ndi machitidwe a lamulo (olamulidwa kupambana).
  • Chikalata cha Boma: A dongosolo la makhoti a boma, kuphatikizapo khoti lalikulu, lokhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani za dziko ndi milandu yokhudza nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana.
  • Umboni wa Kukonzanso: Bwana ndi oweruza angapo a dziko akapanga msonkhano wokhala ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko ndi boma (mbali imeneyi inagwetsedwa pambuyo pake).

Virginia Plan inali kwenikweni chigamulo cha kuchotsatu Nkhani zonse ndi kupanga boma lokhazikika. Nthumwi za boma zazing'ono zinada nkhaŵa. Anaopa kuti kuimira maufumu kudzakhala kopanda mphamvu kwachikhalire, kusokonezedwa ndi zikondwerero zazikulu. Mantha ameneŵa anakhala maziko a mkangano kwa milungu ingapo yotsatira.

Dongosolo la New Jersey: Kutetezera Ulamuliro wa Boma

Poyankha ku Virginia Plan, maboma aang'ono anagwirizana kumbuyo kwa lamulo lotsutsana ndi loperekedwa ndi Paterson wa New Jersey pa June 15, 1787. Maboma a New Jersey Pulan adalinganizidwa kukonza kuti akonzetse Nkhani za Confederation. Anafuna kusunga lamulo la kulingana kwa boma ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya chingwe chimodzi pamene anali kupatsa boma mphamvu zowonjezera pang'ono, makamaka m'misonkho ndi malamulo a malonda.

Mbali Zazikulu za Dongosolo la New Jersey

New Jersey Plan inali chikalata chosiyana kwambiri. Chofunika kwambiri chinali kusungidwa kwa [FLT: 0] Congress m’mene boma lililonse, kaya lili lalikulu motani, likanakhala ndi voti imodzi. Chithunzi chofananachi sichinali choyenera kwa nthumwi za boma zaling'ono monga Paterson, Luther Martin wa Maryland, ndi John Lansing wa New York. Komabe, chinapatsa Nyumba ya Levy misonkho, yolamulira misonkhoma ndi malonda akunja, ndi kuika mkulu wa , Crucily, inalengezanso kuti malamulo ndi mapangano a United States akakhala "lamulo la chigawo cha dziko la Supreme ".

  • Malamulo a Unicameral: Msonkhano wa nyumba imodzi wokhala ndi boma lililonse lokhala ndi voti yofanana (monga Nkhani).
  • Maulamuliro Owonjezeredwa: Msonkhano ukhoza kutulutsa misonkho ya levy (mwa kupempha chilango), kuyendetsa malonda, ndi kusonkhanitsa positi ofesi.
  • Administrala: Komiti ya anthu angapo osankhidwa ndi Nyumba za Malamulo, otha kusunthika ndi Congress, opanda mphamvu.
  • Ifeyo taudiciary: Khoti la boma lalikulu lokhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa malamulo, mapangano, ndi milandu yokhudza malamulo a dziko kapena mitundu yachilendo.
  • Kupatula Claus: [ malamulo adziko ndi mapangano zikagwirizana pa maboma, ndipo makhoti a boma akawasungitsa.

New Jersey Plan inali pempho lakusunga nyumba ya mgwirizano imene maiko aang'ono anaikhulupirira. Achilikizi ake anatsutsa kuti mabomawo anali mabungwe odziimira okha amene analoŵa modzifunira; kuloŵerera kotheratu kukapanga kuswedwa kwa malamulo a kusintha kwa boma. Kutsutsana pakati pa mapulani aŵiriwo kunakhala kophwanyitsa, kowopseza kutha kwa msonkhanowo.

Nkhani Yaikulu: Boma Loletsa Ulamuliro wa Dziko

Kutsutsana pakati pa Virginia ndi New Jersey Makonzedwe sikunali chabe kusagwirizana kwa procedro; kunali kugaŵikana kwakukulu kwa nthanthi ponena za mtundu wa Union. Ochirikiza boma lalikulu, otsogozedwa ndi Madison, Washington, Washington, ndi Hamilton, adatsutsa kuti mtunduwo unapangidwa ndi anthu, osati maboma, ndipo chifukwa chake iwo ayenera kusonyeza manambala a anthu. Iwo analimbana kuti chithunzi chofanana chikalola anthu ochepa a mtunduwo kuchepetsa anthu. Olamulira aang'ono, otsogozedwa ndi Paterson ndi Roger Sherman wa ku Connecticut, anasunga kuti Union inali yogwirizana pakati pa maiko achifumu. Iwo anaumirira kuti popanda kuimira kofanana, maboma aang'onowo akatengedwa moyenerera ndi akuluakulu, ndipo Union idzakhala ufumu wopondereza. Chigunchin, chimodzi chachimodzi, chikalata cha Agundana cha Jernner "a angaodere kuopa ufulu wawo wa maiko ena.

Kulolera Molakwa kwa ku Connecticut: Kupasula Njira Yapakati

Pambuyo pa msonkhanowo, panafunikira kugonja kwambiri kwa milungu. Kusinthako kunachokera ku [FLT: 0] Rager Sherman ndi nthumwi zina za ku Connecticut, zimene zinalingalira kuti zinadziŵika monga Connecticut Ololerana (kapena kuti Kulolera Kwakukulu). Kuperekedwa pa July 5, 1787, mbali zogwirizana za mapulani onse aŵiri. Kulenga biabbaral Congress: Nyumba ya Auntry [[FLT:] ya Aunt ndi mipando yoikidwa pamipando yozikidwa pa dziko (momwe Virginia inafuna), ndi [FLT] operekera operekera malamulo operekedwa pa anthu otsogolera. [FLD:] Mkhalidwe uliwonse ndi mkhalidwe wofanana (monga) kumbuyo kwa Jerseyner. Kupereka ndalama zowonjezereka, zoperekedwa kwa malamulo (mone) kuperekedwa kwa operekera malamulo operekedwa ku nyumba, ndipo opereka chisonkhetso.

Pa July 16, kulolerana kunavomerezedwa ndi voti ya maboma asanu kwa 4, ndi boma limodzi logaŵikana. Chigamulo chimodzichi chinapulumutsa Convention ya Malamulo ku kugwa [1]. Sichinathetse mikangano yonse . Siinathetse mikangano monga kuŵerengera akapolo kuti aimiridwe (Atatu a Akufa Ololera) ndi malamulo a malonda a akapolo omwe anali adakalipo mpaka pano, koma inakhazikitsa nyumba yaikulu ya U.S. Congress.

Kuposa pa Oimira: Zisonkhezero Zina Zokhalitsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti mkangano wa kuimira unalamulira msonkhanowo, mapulani aŵiriwo anathandizira mbali zina zofunikira ku Malamulo omalizira. Lingaliro la Disonsishoni la mkulu wamphamvu, wodziimira yekha linasintha kukhala lautsogoleri, ndi mphamvu ndi lamulo la asilikali. Masomphenya ake a Supreycale (Aticle, Claus 2) ndi oweruza otumikira m’nthaŵi ya makhalidwe abwino anatengedwa kwambiri m'Chigawo III. New Jersey's Plan imagogomezera ukulu wa lamulo la dziko lonse anakhala woyang'anira malamulo a Sucreacle (Atricle, Claus, 2), mwalay ya ulamuliro. Kuwonjezerapo, New Jersey, Plan inakanidwa ndi gulu la akuluakulu la boma la anthu ambiri, koma inakana kugogomezera bwino la mphamvu zake zazikulu za kusiyanitsa.

Makonzedwewo anaumbanso mkangano wa kukonza . Makonzedwe a Virginia adalingalira kuti akonzeke ndi nyumba yalamulo ya dziko lokha, pamene kuli kwakuti New Jersey Plan inafuna chivomerezo chimodzi. Malamulo omalizira adapanga kulinganiza kosiyana: Kukonza kumafunikira mavoti aŵiri m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri ndi kuchititsa kukongola ndi nyumba zitatu zoyalidwa ndi nyumba zoyalidwa ndi nyumba (kapena misonkhano), njira yomwe ili yovuta ndi yololera kulola zonse ziŵirizi kubwerera kumbuyo.

Kukopana ndi Choloŵa cha Mafuko

Malamulo, monga momwe analembedwera pomalizira pake, anali , kutanthauza. Ilo linapatsa boma ladziko mphamvu zambiri kuposa New Jersey Plan yomwe inalingaliridwa, komanso linatetezera uchifumu wa boma kuposa Virginia Plan. Imeneyi [[FLT: 0] imapanga mtundu wa boma [ . Magawo a maulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma, anakhala chizindikiro chapadera cha dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America. Pambuyo pa mikangano ya za ndale zadziko (1787-788), Anti-Fedalist, kubwerezanso nkhaŵa za New Jersey Plan, adanena kuti malamulo atsopanowo adzapangabe boma lamphamvu kwambiri. M'kuyankha, Federastism, Magensssss adalembapo ku Dérgen [Fenelme , Fractive , Factive: [Frective] ndi Lost projectives , lomwe linalozera mphamvu yotsimikizirika ya kutsimikizira kuti atsimikizire, Bill, inawonjezera kutsimikizira kuti:

Kunyoza Kwamakono: Mmene Kukana Kumasinthirabe Ndale

Chisonkhezero cha Virginia ndi New Jersey sichimangochitika mwa mbiri; chimakhala champhamvu m'ndale zamakono za ku America. Sate ] kuimira kofanana (mtima wa New Jersey Plan) umatanthauza kuti Wyoming, wokhala ndi anthu ngati 5800,000, ali ndi mphamvu imodzi yosankha monga California, yokhala ndi pafupifupi 39 miliyoni. Zimenezi zili ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu: kumidzi, kupatsa mphamvu zosakwanira kwambiri pa mapangano achiweruzo, mapangano, ndi malamulo. Nyumba ya Oimira [FLT] [FL:] [FFFLD:3] [irreat Counts) [irlerlermations , kapena kugawanditsa ndalama za , mowonekera bwino lomwe likutsimikizira kuti anthu apange malamulo a msonkho ndi ntchito za msonkho. Munthu wina akusintha kwambiri pakati pa nyumba ya chikalata cha kugawa, kapena kugawa kwa chigawa chaku

Zithunzi Zazikulu ndi Chiyambukiro Chake Chokhalitsa

Kuzindikira makonzedwewo kumatanthauzanso kuyamikira amuna kumbuyo kwawo. James Madison , kaŵirikaŵiri wotchedwa "Atate wa Malamulo," anali kampani yanzeru ya Virginia Plan. Mfundo zake zatsatanetsatane kuchokera ku msonkhanowo ndi zenera lathu lalikulu la m'mikangano. [[FLT:] Pariam Paterson [1] , loya waluso ndipo pambuyo pake Woweruza wa Khoti Lalikulu, anali mawu a zigawo zazing'ono, kutsimikizira kuti Komiti ya Umodzi idzalemekeza ulemu waukulu wa chiŵalo chilichonse. [FLT:] RGOGOGOGOG, Sherman [[FLD:5] wovomerezedwa ndi mbuye wa mbuye; anali chisonyezero cha chikalata chachikulu cha kukhazikitsa chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata, Chikalata Chosankha Chiyamu, ndi chigamu chigamu, chikane chikane chikalata chotsutsa chikalata cha boma, chikanenso, popanga chikane chikalata cha boma, poti, pomatsutsa chika, poti chikane

Kumaliza: Kubadwa kwa Dziko Lochititsa Chidwi

Malamulo a U.S. Si Virginia Plan kapena New Jersey Plan . Ili ndandanda yakuyanjanitsa mosamalitsa zonse ziŵiri. Virginia Plan inapereka masomphenya a boma lamphamvu la dziko lokhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa anthu. Plan ya New Jersey inatsimikizira kuti maboma adzakhalabe ofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo landale, ndi ulamuliro wawo wotetezeredwa ndi kuimira koimira kofanana m'Banga. Malo Aakulu, amene anagwirizanitsa masomphenya aŵiriwa, adapanga chimene pambuyo pake chinatchedwa "Republic," chimene mphamvu yake imagawidwa pakati pa maboma ndi boma la dziko lonse, ndipo pakati pa ma nthambi atatu. Malamulo apadera ameneŵa atsimikizira kukhala okhalitsa kwa zaka zoposa 230, nkhondo ya zachitukuko, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakhalidwe. Nkhondo ya pakati pa Virginia ndi New Jersey imakhalabe ya maphunziro ofunika kwambiri m’zopanga maluso apamwamba: mphamvu za dziko lonse la dziko lonse, ndipo amagwirizana ndi ufulu wa mgwirizano wa maboma ambiri.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka ndi Ziŵiya

Kuti mufufuze mozama za Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi mapulani ameneŵa, fufuzani magwero otsatirawa olemekezedwa: