Chifukwa Chake Malamulo Osankha Alamulo Apadera Ali Ofunika

United States alibe njira imodzi yosankhira ya dziko. Mmalomwake, Malamulo amapatsa ulamuliro waukulu wa kupereka chisankho, kutulukapo kupangidwa kwa malamulo ndi malamulo otsatizana omwe amasiyana kuchokera ku ulamuliro wina ndi wina. Kufikira koyenera kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti kumene munthu amavotera kungakhale kofunika mofanana ndi amene amavotera, chifukwa chakuti malamulo apamwamba a boma amaumba mbali iriyonse ya kachitidwe ka kusankha.

Kwa aphunzitsi ophunzitsa zandale, za boma, kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika. Ophunzira amene amaphunzira malamulo a chisankho cha boma amazindikira bwino kwambiri za demokrase ya ku America. Ayamba kuona mmene kusankha zinthu monga kulembetsa, kulembetsa, ndi kuvota — kumakhudzira mwachindunji wovota, kuonetsetsa kuti asankha, ndiponso kuti zotsatira zake zakhala zodalirika.

Kulephera kufotokoza kusiyana kwa boma kungasokoneze, kusokoneza, kapena kusokoneza malamulo. Nkhani ino ikupereka malangizo omveka bwino a zigawo za malamulo a chisankho, mbali zazikulu za kusintha kwa zinthu, ndi zinthu zimene zilipo kuti mukhalebe wodziŵa.

Maziko a Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a chisankho a boma akugwira ntchito m'malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo a U.S., malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo achiweruzo. Malamulo amapereka mphamvu yokhazikitsa "Nthaŵi, Malo ndi Maner wa kusankhira a Otsogolera ndi Oimira," oyenera kuikidwa pa mpambo wa malamulo. Malamulo a Federal onga ngati Voting Rights Act of 1965, Help America Vote Act ya 2002, ndi National Voter Ecligiate Act ya 1993 amakhazikitsa malamulo apamwamba amene maboma onse ayenera kutsatira.

Komabe, pakati pa ziwiya zoteteza zimenezi, mayiko amasamala kwambiri. Kulinganiza kumeneku pakati pa uyang'aniro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kwakhala magwero a mkangano wopitirizabe, makamaka m'madera onga malamulo a voti, kukonzanso, ndi kuvota. Kumvetsa kapangidwe ka lamulo kameneka kumathandiza ophunzira kuzindikira chifukwa chake malamulo a masankho amasiyana ndi chifukwa chake nthaŵi zina amasintha mwamsanga poyankha zigamulo za khoti kapena kachitidwe ka lamulo.

Malamulo a boma amene amaumba dongosolo la chisankho amaphatikizapo:

  • Lamulo la Voting Rights Act, limene limaletsa tsankho la fuko m’kuvota ndipo limafuna maulamuliro ena kuti apeze chivoti cha boma asanasinthe malamulo a chisankho
  • Pakadakhala Chikalata Chotchedwa Help America Vote Act, chimene chinakhazikitsa bungwe la Evotion Appendice Commission ndipo chinakhazikitsa miyezo ya makina ovota, zolembetsera zolembetsera, ndi zikalata zolembedwa
  • National Voter Brigister Act, imene imafuna kuti boma lilembetse wovota pa maofesi a galimoto ndi mabungwe ena a boma
  • Chikalata cha nzika za kumayiko osiyanasiyana chotchedwa Abrese Voting, chimene chimatsimikizira asilikali ndi nzika za m’mayiko ena kuti asiye ntchito

Njira Zolembera ndi Malo Ofera

Maboma ena achititsa kuti kulembetsa kukhale kosavuta, pamene ena amaika malamulo amene angalepheretse anthu ena kulembetsa.

Kulembetsa pa Intaneti

M’chaka cha 2024, mayiko oposa 40 akupereka chilolezo cholembera anthu ovota pa Intaneti, kuti anthu alembe kapena kukonzanso zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito malo otetezeka a web. Mayiko monga California, New York, ndi Texas agwirizana kwambiri ndi makampani a magalimoto. Mayiko angapo, kuphatikizapo Montana ndi Wyoming, amafunikabe mafomu olembetsa mapepala kuti alembedwe pa Intaneti kapena pa munthu.

Kulembetsa Tsiku Limodzimodzi

Maboma pafupifupi 20 ndiponso Dera la Columbia atsatira lamulo limeneli. Mayiko monga Minnesota, Wisconsin, ndi Colorado aona kuti anthu ofufuza asankha kwambiri, amene akuona kuti ndi olembetsa tsiku limodzi. Mayiko ena amanena kuti kulembetsa tsiku limodzi kumachititsa kuti boma likhale ndi mavuto ambiri komanso kuti likhale ndi vuto lachinyengo, ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wapeza kuti pali mavuto ochepa kwambiri.

Malo Olembedwamo Akufa

Maboma omwe salembetsa tsiku limodzi, masiku a masiku akutsalira kuchokera pa 7 mpaka 30 chisankho chisanachitike. Mwachitsanzo, Georgia ndi Texas amafunikira kulembetsa masiku 30 pasadakhale, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko onga Michigan ndi Ohio ali ndi masiku 15 mpaka 20. Madeti ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwambiri pa zoyesayesa za ovota, chifukwa chakuti oyenera kutsata ambiri amaphonya windo chifukwa sakudziŵa tsiku la kuchotsedwa.

Kulemba Malo Opanga Matambula Mwachibadwa

Kusintha kofala kwambiri ndi kulembetsa kodzisankhira, kumene kumalembetsa nzika zoyenerera pamene zigwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma monga DMV, pokhapokha ngati asankha. Maboma oposa 20 agwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa AVR. Ogwirizana ndi AVR akuwonjezera kulembetsa ndi kuchepetsa zolakwa za boma. Oregon, boma loyamba kuvomereza AVR mu 2016, linaona kuti kulembetsa kotsatirapo kukwera kwambiri.

Kuzindikira Zofunika

Malo ochepa a lamulo la chisankho amayambitsa mkangano wochuluka kuposa zofunika za wovota. Maboma atengera malamulo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira malamulo okhwima a maID ojambula zithunzi kufikira ku madongosolo amene amalandira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chizindikiritso kapena osazidziŵa nkomwe.

Malo Osonyeza Chithunzi Cholimba

Maboma onga Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, ndi Wisconsin amafuna ovota kupereka ID ya boma yosoneredwa asanaike pepala lovomerezeka . Mafomu ovomerezeka kwenikweni amaphatikizapo laisensi ya dalaivala, pasipoti, kapena khadi la ID la boma. Oyendetsa malo amene sangathe kupanga ID yovomerezeka angaike pepala lovomerezeka koma ayenera kubwerera kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi chilolezo choyenera m'masiku ochepa kuti aŵerenge.

Dziko Lopanda Malo Oonera ndi Limodzi

Mayiko ena ali ndi zofunika zochepa. Ena amavomereza kuti asafune ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu monga ndalama, pepala la banki, kapena asaine pulogalamu ya kampani. Mayiko onga California ndi New York safuna kuti adziŵike pa kafukufuku ngati wovotayo walembetsedwa. Kusiyana kumeneku kungasokoneze anthu amene amasankha kusamuka pakati pa mayiko kapena amene amavota kudutsa mizera ya boma.

Chiyambukiro pa Kusintha kwa Malonda

Kufufuza za ziyambukiro za malamulo a voti n’kosiyana. Kufufuza kwina kukusonyeza kuti malamulo a ma ID okhwima amachepetsa anthu ochepa, okalamba, ndi olandira ndalama zochepa, amene sangakhale ndi chivoti chofunikira. Ofufuza ena sapeza chiyambukiro chachikulu pamlingo wa kugawana. Chomwe chili choonekeratu nchakuti mkangano wa malamulo a voti umasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa malonda a anthu oloŵa m'dziko ndi chitetezo cha masankhoti.

Njira Zofufuzira ndi Kupezeka Mwamsanga

Mayiko amapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira voti, ndipo njira zimene zingapezeke zingachititse wovotayo kukhala wosavuta ndiponso kukhala ndi phande.

Kupanga Mabuku pa Tsiku la Chisankho

Malo opangira mavoti amwambo adakali njira yofala kwambiri m'mayiko onse. Malo osokera amagwira ntchito kuyambira mmaŵa mpaka madzulo, ndi maola okhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Mayiko ena amalamula kuti kufufuza kukhale kotseguka kwa maola ochepa, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amalola maulamuliro a kumaloko kukhazikitsa maola awo mkati mwa dongosolo la boma.

Nthaŵi Yoyamba Kutulutsa Chithokomiro

Mayiko monga Texas ndi Florida akupereka mavoti a mwamsanga, kuti anthu azitha kuvota asanasankhe mavoti. Mayiko monga Texas ndi Florida akupereka mavoti a mwamsanga kwa milungu iwiri, pamene ena, monga New York ndi Massachusetts, ali ndi mawindo afupi. Mayiko ena amafuna kuti anthu ayambe kuvota mwamsanga pamapeto a mlungu kuti alandire ovota.

Ntchito Yotumiza Makalata ndi Yotumiza Mabuku

Maboma ena ayamba kuyang'anira kwambiri nkhani za masankho. Maboma ena, kuphatikizapo Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Utah, ndi Hawaii, amachititsa masankho pafupifupi mwa kungotumiza makalata, kutumiza mavoti kwa ovomerezeka. Mayiko ena amalola wovota aliyense kupempha wochotsedwa pepala popanda kufuna chifukwa. Mayiko angapo amafunabe ovota kuti apereke chifukwa chenicheni, monga matenda, ulendo, kapena utumiki wa asilikali, kuti avote wochotsedwa ntchito.

Kuwonjezeka kwa kuvota pa mliri wa Chovid ndi19 kunapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo a boma. California, Nevada, ndi Vermont, pakati pa ena, adatengera malamulo osatha otumizira osankha onse okangalika. Masinthidwe ameneŵa akukhalabe otsutsana, ndi mikangano yokhudza chitetezo cha mpira, nthaŵi zapambuyo popereka katundu, ndi kutha kukakamiza kapena kunyenga.

Ntchito Yokopera Imathandiza

Chivoti chakuthupi chimalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma amene amatchula malo oonerako, maola, antchito, ndi malo ogona a ovota okhala ndi zilema.

Malo Obzala

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera ya chiŵerengero ndi malo opakira. Malo a kumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi malo opatulira ochepera, ofuna ovota kuyenda mitunda yaitali. Malo a m'matauni angayang'anizane ndi mizera yaitali chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi zipangizo zosakwanira. Malamulo a Federal amafuna kuti malo ofunsira akhale ofikirika kwa osankha okhala ndi zopunduka, kuphatikizapo makina opanga mahotela opezeka, ndi makina oyenerera ochitira zikalata.

Ntchito Yogwira Maola Ambiri

Maola ochepa a tsiku la chisankho amasiyana ndi boma, ndi kutseguka kwakukulu pakati pa 6:00 a.m. ndi 8:00 a.m., ndi kutsekedwa pakati pa 7:00 p.m. ndi 9:00 p.m. maiko angapo, monga New York, amafuna kuti masankho atseguke kuyambira 6:00 a.m. mpaka 9:00 p.m. ena, monga Indiana, amaika maola kuyambira 6:00 a.m. mpaka 6:00 p.m. Maboma alinso ndi malamulo osiyana onena za pamene osankhidwa kale mumzera panthaŵi yomaliza angawotcherebe pepala loti.

Chithandizo kwa Anthu Olumala

Buku la Help America Vote Act likufuna kuti malo alionse oonera akhale ndi makina a voti omwe anthu opunduka angathe kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo aja amene ali ndi vuto la maso. Mayiko ali ndi udindo wophunzitsa anthu opanga masankho mmene angathandizire osankha amene akufuna thandizo. Mayiko ena amavomerezanso kuti anthu ovotawo asankhe kuti alowe m’malo oonera.

Kuŵerengera, Kuchitira Malipoti, ndi Kupenda

Mafufuzidwe akatha, malamulo a boma amalongosola mmene mapepala amasonkhanitsidwira, kuwaŵerengera, ndi kuwachitira lipoti.

Njira Zoŵerengera

Mayiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira makompyuta powerenga mapepala. Mayiko ena amafuna mapepala amene angapimidwe kapena kutchulidwa mwa manja, pamene ena amadalira kwambiri zipangizo zamagetsi. Mayiko monga Georgia ndi Pennsylvania akhala akukambirana za chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa makina awo ovotera m’zaka zaposachedwapa, ndipo zimenezi zikuchititsa kuti pakhale makampani ogwiritsa ntchito pepala.

Kupereka Malipoti a Nthaŵi

Mayiko ena amalola kuti mapepala oyambirira a makalata asanayambe tsiku la chisankho, limene limafulumira kusimba. Mayiko ena amaletsa kuyendetsa zinthu asanachite lipoti, zimene zimachedwetsa kulengeza zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, Florida, imalola kuti magawo a kutumiza makalata ayambe masiku 40 chisankho chisanayambe, kuwayambitsa. Pennsylvania ndi Michigan sanalole kujambula pasadakhale mpaka posachedwapa, zimene zinachititsa kuti mavoti ayambe pang’onopang'ono mu 2020.

Kupenda Kotsatira Chisankho

Kufufuza kwapambuyo pake kwatsimikizira kulondola kwa zotulukapo za chisankho. Maboma ena amafuna kuti apindulitse masankho onse pambuyo pa chisankho, pamene ena amaŵerengera pamene afunsira. Colorado ndi Rhode Island amaonedwa kukhala atsogoleri pofufuza masankho, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira kuŵerengera zimene zimatsimikizira kuti pali zotsatirapo.

Kusankha Anthu Moyenera Ndiponso Mokhulupirika

Malamulo a boma a boma amathandizanso pa nkhani za chitetezo, monga kukonzanso zinthu zolembedwa pa chisankho, kusunga ana pa mapepala a mavoti, ndi kuteteza anthu pa Intaneti.

Kukonza Mndandanda wa Zopanga

Maboma akufunika kuti asunge ndandanda yolondola ya ovota pansi pa National Voter Brivision Act . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa ovota akufa, anthu amene asamuka, ndi kulembetsa kulembera. Komabe, mayiko ena amasiyana posamalira kwambiri. Mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito mapangano okhudza zinthu ndi madipatimenti a galimoto ndi mautumiki a positi, pamene ena amadalira pa mapositi a pa kanthaŵi kuti atsimikizire maadiresi.

Njira Zotetezera Maballet

Kuti apewe kusokoneza, mayiko amafuna kuti mavoti azikhala osawonongeka tsiku la chisankho lisanakwane ndi pambuyo. Njira za kusungitsa ana zimalongosola mmene mapepala amanyamulidwa kuchokera ku malo oonera ndi ku malo ena oŵerengera. Mayiko ena amafuna kuti mavoti asindikizidwe ndi kusainidwa ndi akuluakulu a masankho, pamene ena amagwiritsira ntchito zidindo zotsekera ndi mavidiyo.

Zofunika za Kudzidalira

Chisungiko cha dongosolo la chisankho nchofunika kwambiri. Maboma atsatira njira zopimira, kutsimikizira masankho a makampani ambiri, ndi maphunziro anthaŵi zonse a osankha. Mabungwe a Federal onga Cybersecurity ndi Infraformation Security Agency amapereka chuma ndi chitsogozo, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kumasiyidwa ku maboma a mtundu uliwonse.

Kuyerekezera Malo Ofikira Boma: Kufufuza za Maseŵero

Kuti timvetsetse kusiyana kwa malamulo a chisankho cha boma, taganizirani mmene mayiko atatu amene ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira masankho: Oregon, Georgia, ndi New Hampshire.

Oregon: Vote ndi Mail

Oregon anachita masankho onse mu 2000. Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka amalandira pepala lovota mwadala, limene angabwerere ndi makalata kapena kuponya bokosi. Oregon akuperekanso chilolezo cha tsiku lomwelo ndipo safuna kuti apange chilolezo. Boma limadziŵika kuti ndi wovota wamkulu ndi woyang'anira bwino masankho.

Georgia: Kutchuka kwambiri ndi kufulumizidwa msanga

Georgia amafuna kuti avote chithunzi cha munthu mmodzi ndipo savomereza kuti alembetse pa tsiku limodzi. Komabe, chimapereka nyengo yaikulu yovota, kuphatikizapo maola a kumapeto kwa mlungu. Georgia amagwiritsa ntchito makina ovotera amagetsi amene akupanga mapepala, ndipo achititsa kuŵerengera kokhala ndi ngozi kuyambira 2020.

Kulembetsa kwa Tsiku Latsopano

New Hampshire imalola kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi ndipo siifuna kudziŵikitsidwa pa mavoti ovomerezeka. Ovota anthaŵi yoyamba ayenera kupereka chizindikiritso, koma boma limalingaliridwa kukhala ndi zopinga zochepera zovota. Wovota wake ali pakati pa apamwamba koposa m'dzikolo.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuphunzira Bwino

Kusungabe malamulo a boma olowera kuli chitokoso chifukwa chakuti malamulo amasintha kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndi njira za kusanthula. Mwamwaŵi, magulu angapo amapereka chidziŵitso chodalirika, chamakono.

Gulu la Boma la Ozembetsa Boma

National Association of Srecreetareers of State imasunga ndandanda yokwanira ya malamulo a chisankho ndi kutumiza chidziŵitso kwa mkulu wa chisankho cha boma lililonse. Imeneyi ndi poyambira chabwino kwambiri kwa ophunzira ofufuza maboma.

Vote.org

.org [[FLT :1] imapereka zitsogozo za zinenero zomveka kuti mulembetse kusankhidwa, njira zovota, ndi zofunika zodziŵira boma lililonse. Malowo amaperekanso ziŵiya zoyendera kulembedwa kwa pepala ndi kupeza malo oonera.

Chigwirizano cha Azimayi Opanga Nkhuni

Ligue of Women Voters imafalitsa zitsogozo zosakhala za apartisan zimene zimalongosola masankho ndi oyembekezera boma lirilonse kumene gulu liri ndi mitu. Zitsogozo zimenezi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala ndi aphunzitsi ndi ovota mofanana.

Brennan Center ya Chilungamo

Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [1] pa New York University School of Law imachititsa kufufuza ndi kuvomereza kuyenera kwa kuvota ndi lamulo la masankho. Malipoti ake akubisa wovota, kulembetsa, kupenduza, ndi ndalama za ndawala, ndi kuyerekezera tsatanetsatane kwa boma ndi chigawo.

Ntchito Yothandiza Posankha

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Kumaliza

Malamulo a chisankho cha boma ndi mbali yolongosola za demokrase ya Amereka. Amawunikira dongosolo la boma la dzikolo ndi kulola maboma kugwirizanitsa madongosolo awo a voti ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Komabe, kusiyana kumeneku kumapanganso kucholoŵa, aphunzitsi, ndi oyang'anira masankho. Kumvetsetsa mbali zazikulu za kusiyana — kuyambira ku kulembetsa ndi zofunika za kusanthula ndi njira zosankhira — nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kutengamo mbali mokhutiritsa m'dongosolo la democracy.

Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa malamulo a chisankho cha boma kuli mwaŵi wa kuloŵetsa ophunzira m'kusanthula kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi kwa ndale zadziko ndi kugogomezera kufunika kwa kukhala nzika yodziŵa. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zodalirika ndi kukhala maso ku masinthidwe alamulo, ophunzira angakulitse chiyamikiro chachikulu kaamba ka mmene ntchito ya masankho ndi chifukwa chake nkhani zawo ziri zogawana.