Maluso a Chisonkhezero: Mmene Malamulo Osula M’nyumba Amakhalira

Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kumachititsa kuti anthu azilankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma pofuna kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo amene akulamulira anthu. Zimenezi si zalamulo chabe koma zimatetezedwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro woyamba, umene umatsimikizira kuti boma lili ndi ufulu wopempha. Komabe, kuchuluka ndi luso la ntchito zamakono zamakono zachititsa anthu kuyambitsa mafunso ovuta okhudza malamulo, kuonekera bwino kwa zinthu, ndi kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pa demokalase.

Kuzindikira mphamvu ya kusonkhezera kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zoikidwiratu. Zosankha zimene zimachokera ku ndawala zosonkhezera zimakhudza chilichonse kuyambira pa zowonongedwa zaumoyo ndi malamulo a malo okhala kufikira pa malamulo a msonkho ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Mwakusintha njira zokopa, mitundu yake yosiyanasiyana, ndi ziyambukiro zake zokhoza kufalikira pa ziyambukiro za malamulo, tingayamikire bwino lomwe mmene ziyambukiro zimagwirira ntchito mkati mwa maholo a mphamvu.

Kodi Kubisa Maseŵera N’kutani Kwenikweni?

Kubisa si nkhani imodzi yokha yolankhulana ndi wopanga malamulo. Imaphatikizapo ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokonzedwa kuti zikope opanga malamulo kuti atenge, asinthe, kapena kukana malamulo ena. Mafotokozedwe apadera ayamba kukhudza kulankhulana mwachindunji ndi akuluakulu a boma, koma zoona zake ndi njira zina. Njira zofala zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kugwirizana ndi opanga malamulo, antchito awo, kapena akuluakulu a nthambi kupereka mikangano, chidziŵitso, kapena chinenero cha mapepala kaamba ka ngongole.
  • Mapilo a Kampaign: Kupereka ku ndawala za ndale zadziko, makomiti a ndale zadziko (PACS), kapena ma PAC apamwamba kuti apeze kulowa ndi kuyanjidwa.
  • Grasroots Mozillation: Olimbikitsa [1] Othandiza, antchito, kapena ziŵalo za gulu, kulankhulirana ndi oimira awo mwa foni, ma email, kapena m'manyuzipepala.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kutsutsa Chidziŵitso: Kulemba mapepala oyera, malamulo achidule, kapena maphunziro a zamaphunziro kuwongolera mkhalidwe weniweni wa mkangano.
  • Uning Buildition : Mabungwe ambiri okhala ndi zikondwerero zogaŵikana kuti awonjezere zoyesayesa za kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa njira zogwirizana.

Ntchito Yabwino ya Anthu Ongofuna Kupeza Zinthu Zina

Ofufuza za malo ndi akatswiri amene amachita machenjera ameneŵa. Amalembedwa ntchito ndi makampani, makampani, magulu a malonda, mabungwe a antchito, ndi maboma achilendo. Phindu lawo lalikulu limakhala m'luso lawo ndi maunansi. Olandira malamulo okhutiritsa amvetsetsa njira ya malamulo mwatsatanetsatane, amadziŵa mipando ya komiti ndi antchito apamwamba, ndipo angayembekezere zopinga za pulogalamu. Iwo amayang'aniranso mabungwe ndi malamulo a khoti omwe angakhudze zofuna za makasitowo.

Pamene kuli kwakuti okopa anthu amasonyezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ochenjera, ambiri amagwira ntchito monga zinthu zofunika kwambiri. M'malo ovuta, opanga malamulo amadalira ochirikiza malamulo kulongosola ziyambukiro za masinthidwe a ndalama, kuyambira pa chiyambukiro cha zachuma cha apolisi kufikira pa maziko a sayansi a malo ozungulira. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Brookings Institution kunadziŵitsa kuti olandira chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane ndi cha panthaŵi yake kuposa mmene mabungwe a boma ochirikiza angaperekere. Ntchito imeneyi ingakhale yovomerezeka, koma imapanganso kulinganiza kwa sayansi: zikondwerero zopimira bwino lomwe zingakhoze kumira pa mawu ochepa olembedwa.

Kukongola kwa Malo Ofikira Anthu Okongola

Njira zimene anthu amayendera komanso malamulo awo n’zosiyanasiyana:

Kutsekereza Kolunjika: Mkati mwa Bwalo

Imeneyi ndi njira yamwambo yokulirapo . Nyumba ndi opanga malamulo ndi othandizira. Olandira amapereka zigomeko, malamulo operekera pamanja, ndi kuyesa kukulitsa kugwirizana kwa munthu. Kulandira kwachindunji kuli koyenera kuvumbula malamulo m'madera ambiri; Lobbing Disclouve Act ya U.S. Ifuna kulembetsa ndi malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi a ntchito ndi ndalama zowonongedwa. Komabe, pali malo ozembera, onga "kulandira malo oyenera" kupyolera mwa makampani a malamulo ndi makampani ofunsira malangizo oyenerera amene amapereka popanda kulembedwa monga oimba olandira mapepala.

Maluwa Okongola ndi Kuomba

Grasroots zimalimbikitsa kutsanzira chitsenderezo cha anthu wamba. Chingakhale chowona mtima ndi cha democracy . Chingakhale lingaliro la magulu a malo okhala osonkhezera ochirikiza kutcha Congress za kusintha kwa nyengo. Koma njira imodzimodziyo imapotozedwa kukhala "astrof" kukopa, kumene makampani amapanga kuwonekera kwa kuchirikiza anthu kofala. Mwachitsanzo, woipitsa angasungitse gulu la anthu lotchedwa "Citzizens for Cec Jols" limene limatsatsatsa malonda a kumaloko otsutsa malamulo a chilengedwe. Maphunziro a sayansi yandale [[FLT:] Kleenne man asonyeza kuti mkupikiti wa lamulo angasocheretu anthu ponena za kukula kwa malingaliro a anthu.

Kukonda Kudya: Mphamvu m’Nuni

Mabungwe a United States a bungwe la American Petroleum Institute, ndi American Civil Libertes Union onse akugwira ntchito mogwirizana. Mabungwewa amapanga zinthu zogwirizana, kugwirizanitsa mauthenga, ndi kupereka chigwirizano kwa opanga malamulo. Amathanso kwambiri pamene ayang'ana m’mabwalo ooneka ngati akunyalanyaza zinthu zamalonda.

Kukulitsa Chiyambukiro Chake: Mmene Kuzembetsa Lamulo Kumagwiritsira Ntchito Msampha

Si kuti anthu ayamba kukopa anthu mwachinyengo ayi; kufufuza kochitidwa m’mafakitale kwakhudza kwambiri malamulo, kugawira anthu katundu, ndi kuwazindikira.

Kusintha Malamulo

Ofufuza za kampani nthaŵi zambiri amachita zambiri kuposa kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa lamulo. Zidutswa zambiri za malamulo, kuyambira pa kusintha kwa zachuma mpaka kukhazikitsa njira za zaumoyo, zimaphatikizapo chinenero cholembedwa ndi magulu a maindasitale. Chikalata cha 2019 mu American Political Science Review [1] anapeza kuti ngongole zoyendera makampani aakulu kwambiri zikhoza kuphatikizapo zothandizira gulu lolandira chithandizo. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata cha Dodd-Flact-F diging for factivestions 300 ndi makampani a makampani a inshuwalansi.

Kusintha Zinthu

Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma pochita maprogramu okondedwa, mapangano, kapena kuchepetsa msonkho. Nthano yodziŵika bwino "Iron Triangle" imalongosola kugwirizana pakati pa makomiti a Congregation, mabungwe akuluakulu, ndi magulu achidwi amene amatseka zinthu zofunika. Olobybyts pa opanga zida zotetezera, mwachitsanzo, nthaŵi zonse amasungidwa ndi ndalama za madongosolo a zida zimene Pentagoni sapempha. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha [[FLT: 0] Opensecrets. org , mafakitale amene amawononga ndalama zambiri pokopa anthu kuti alandire mapangano a boma ndi makampani othandiza. Kufufuza kwina kuyerekezera kuti ndalama zonse zowonongedwa pa kupempha kubwerera ku $20 m'zotsatira zabwino.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Pambuyo pa Congress , kusonkhezera mwamphamvu kukhazikitsa malamulo m'mabungwe a boma. Pansi pa bungwe la Administrative Procedire Act, mabungwe ayenera kupenda ndemanga zapoyera asanapereke malamulo omaliza. Lobbytes amatumiza ndemanga zatsatanetsatane, kukumana ndi akuluakulu a bungwe, ndipo nthaŵi zina amakambirana za malamulo kumbuyo kwa zitseko. Zotulukapo zingakhale "kutsendereza malamulo" kumene mabungwe amagwira ntchito m'maindasitale amene amayenera kuyang'anira. Chitseko cha apanga ndi antchito akakhala operekeza ntchito padera . A 2021 anafufuza vutoli ndi Center ya American Progresss anapeza kuti oposa 50% a mamembala akale a ma Congressporsers tsopano monga okonza makampani kapena opereka malangizo.

Anthu Ambiri Amazindikira

Ndemanga zokopa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zoyesayesa za anthu zimene zimadzutsa chidziŵitso ponena za nkhani zina, nthaŵi zina kupindulitsa anthu. Kusonkhezera kwa American Cancer Society kaamba ka kuletsa fodya kumaphunzira njira mamiliyoni ponena za ngozi za kusuta. Kumbali ina, ndawala zobwezeredwa ndi maindasitale zingafalitse mawu olakwika [1] Mwachitsanzo, kukana kopitirizabe kwa nyengo kusintha sayansi ndi magulu a anthu ofuna mafuta.

Mavuto Ovuta Ndiponso Kusiyana kwa Nkhani Zodziŵerengera Mlandu

Pamene kuli kwakuti kukopa kuli kuyenera kotetezeredwa, mipambo yake yopanda ulamuliro imapanga kunyonyotsoka kwa makhalidwe kumene kumafooketsa chidaliro m’ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Kuona Malo Oyera ndi Kuteteza Madzi

Ngakhale kuti U.S. ndi maiko ena ambiri amafuna kulembedwa kwa okakamiza, kusungidwa nkochepa. Ntchito zambiri zosonkhezera sizikugwidwa: "'mikupiti imene imalipira malo oimbira, maboti a makampani a zachikhalidwe, kapena makalata ambiri osafunikira kuulutsidwa. Monga chotulukapo, anthu sangapeze njira zoyendetsera. Sunight Foundation yagogomezera mmene ndalama zimawonongera ndalama za anthu pamagulu akuda, ndipo sizimavumbula opereka ndalamazo kuyambira 2010 Chigamulo chachikulu.

Kupezeka kwa Nsanja

Mabungwe achuma ali ndi phindu lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga mankhwala amawononga mamiliyoni mazana ambiri chaka chilichonse pokopa anthu ndipo ali ndi munthu mmodzi wovomerezeka pa mamembala awiri alionse a Congress. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta udzu ndi magulu a anthu otsika timasowa ndalama zogwirira ntchito za akatswiri. Kupatuka kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti anthu ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira anthu.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kukonzanso

Kusintha kochitidwa kumaphatikizapo kuvumbula kosamalitsa kwa ofunsira, chiletso cha mphatso za otsata ofunsira ndi kuyenda kwa opanga malamulo, kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zoperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito yoyang'anira gulu, ndi nyengo yozizira isanakhale nduna zokopa. European Union yagwiritsira ntchito pepala la Transparency Reformation Register lomwe likufuna kuti otsatawo apereke mpambo wawo ndi ndalama. Komabe, kukakamiza kumangitsako kumakhazikika kwambiri m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko, ndipo kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kulinganiza kuyenera kwa kupempha ndi chisonkhezero choyenera.

Zimene Anthu Ankakhulupirira M’mbuyomu: Kutha Kwa zaka Zambiri

Chizolowezi cha kukopa boma la United States isanafike, koma mtundu wake wamakono unasintha m'nyengo ya Gilbiding . Railtraurt barsons ndi odziŵa maindasitale adapereka chiphuphu kwa oimira ndi oweruza poyera. Chikalata cha Pendeleton mu 1883 chinayamba kukhazikitsa boma, koma kukopa kunakhalabe kopanda lamulo kufikira pamene kuvomereza kwa 1946 kwa Adrebral Regated Act. M'ma 1970, chikondwerero cha anthu chinatulukira, ndi magulu onga Commonke Cause and Sierra Clubroant kulinganiza kutsutsana ndi mphamvu ya kampani. . 1998 Lobbang Disbource Act inachititsa ntchito yolembetsa kulembetsa, koma zochitika zotsatirapo zina zotsatira monga kuswa kwa Abramu. Lerolino, khoti lalikulu la Court [Flation:]

Ophunzitsa: Kuphunzitsa za Kugonana

Aphunzitsi ali ndi ntchito yaikulu pokonzekeretsa ophunzira kuti ayende panjira imene kukopa anthu kumakhudza kwambiri.

  • Kumvetsetsa Makonzedwe a Malamulo: Ophunzira ayenera kudziŵa mmene lamulo lingakhalire lamulo ndi kumene olandira alendo amaloŵererapo / mavoti a pansi, makomiti a msonkhano, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Kufufuza kwa Ndalama m'Mapologalamu: Kulimbikitsa ophunzira kupenda kuvumbulidwa kwa ndawala ndi malipoti otsatizana ndi ziŵiya zonga Opensecrets . Apempheni kuyerekezera ndalama zimene amawononga m'mafakitale ndi kupenda mawu amene akusoweka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kampasi ya Maphunziro : Santhulani ndawala zenizeni zokopa, zonga ngati kutsekereza kwa kampani ya fodya malamulo a FDA m'ma 1990, kapena ntchito ya wolandira mankhwala kuletsa Medicare kuchokera ku mitengo ya mankhwala ofufuzidwa. Kusiyana ndi zoyesayesa zachipambano zokopa nzika, monga mkupiti wa kumira kwa kumira kwa mankhwala.
  • Unziko wogwira ntchito: Phunzitsani ophunzira kuti nawonso angalandire / mwakulankhula ndi oimira awo, kugwirizana ndi magulu audindo, kapena kupereka umboni pa milandu ya anthu. Kumvetsetsa zolakwa za dongosolo sikuyenera kutsogolera ku kusuliza koma ku pangano lodziŵitsidwa.
  • Nthano zakuya: Kukambitsirana kwabwino ponena za kaya kukopa kuyenera kuletsedwa, kapena ngati kuli kufotokoza kwaufulu. Mukhale ndi ophunzira otsutsana ubwino ndi kuvulazana, kugwiritsira ntchito zitsanzo za mbiri ndi zamakono.

Kuyerekezera Kwapadziko Lonse: Kungogonana Padziko Lonse

United States ndi wapadera pamlingo ndi kufalikira kwa maindasitale ake osonkhezera, koma mademokrase ambiri ali ndi mitundu yawoyawo. Mu European Union, kukopa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumatchedwa "kuimira," ndipo kulembedwa kwa EU kumabisa makampani olembetsedwa oposa 12,000. Chikalata cha Lobbing Act cha Canada chimafunikira malipoti a mwezi ndi kukhala ndi woyang'anira ndi mphamvu zosungitsa. Mosiyana, maiko ambiri osatukuka alibe malamulo oyenerera, ndi kugwirizanitsa ziphuphu. Kufufuza kolinganiza kumavumbula kuti kuwonekera bwino ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi otsatizana malamulo aakulu kwambiri kungachepetse mavuto ena a kulakwa, koma palibe njira iliyonse yathetsa vuto la mphamvu yosalingana.

M’tsogolomu: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi ndi Malamulo

Kukula kwa chidziŵitso chachikulu ndi kutsata maselo kwakhala ndi mtundu watsopano: kukopa kwa magetsi. Magulu achidwi tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito zokopa zotchuka kudziŵikitsa ovota okhoza kukopa, kupereka malonda odzifunira, ndipo ngakhale kugwiritsira ntchito maaumboni a chikhalidwe cha anthu kupanga mphamvu zopeka za udzu. Mkati mwa 2020 U.S., chisankho chimodzi cha magetsi chosonkhezera kusonkhezera kulira kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwa "astroturf" mkupitiliki wa otsatsa malonda ambiri chinakonzedwa ndi Federal Ecompution Commission. Pamene nzeru zopeka za anthu zikuwongolera, kuthekera kwa kusonkhezera kutsutsana kwapotokosapotoko. Opanga malamulo ndi aphunzitsi ayenera kuyembekezera zochitika zimenezi kuti asunge umphumphu wa demokrase.

Mapeto ake: Kusonkhezera Demokalase

Kubisa sikuli kwachibadwa ndipo sikuli koipa; kuli chiŵiya cha kugawana kwa ndale zadziko kumene kumasonyeza mphamvu za chitaganya. Pakuyesayesa kwake, kutsimikizira kuti opanga malamulo amve malingaliro osiyanasiyana ndi kukhala ndi luso laukatswiri. Kukhozetsa, kumatheketsa anthu olemera kupotoza malamulo awo, kuchotsa chidaliro cha anthu mu boma. Vuto la nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi okonzanso zinthu silikuthetsa kukakamiza anthu kuchirikiza mfundo za boma ndi kusagwirizana ndi ntchito yake. Koma kuilamulira kuti mphamvu yake ikhale yowonekera bwino, yoŵerengeredwa, ndi yoyenerera. Mwakumvetsetsa kwake, tingafune dongosolo limene malamulo amapanga pa chikondwerero chapo, osati kokha kaamba ka kutchuka.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, funsani aublets authokosele auniversity data ya boma yolandira kaamba ka kulondola kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi yowonongetsa; Brookings Institution kukopa kufufuza [ kaamba ka maphunziro a zopimira; ndi [[FLT]] LYP] LVIS Officet database ya Disclofied Act database yosungidwa ndi Office ya U.S Office of Public Records.