Kukwera kwa Mapazi Opanda Chigwirizanitso ndi Chisonkhezero Chawo pa Kusatsa Andale

Chilengezo cha ndale zadziko cha American chisintha dziko zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, mosonkhezeredwa ndi kuchuluka kwa makomiti a Achitidwe andale zadziko osakhala ogwirizana. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito popanda makampani a ofunsira ndi zipani za ndale zadziko, komabe akhala otchuka m'kujambula nkhani za masankho ndi mavoti. Mosiyana ndi ma PaC amene ali ogwirizana ndi makampani, maukwati a antchito, kapena makampani, APAC ndi kukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa ndale zadziko popanda kugwirizana kwalamulo. Kusintha kwawo kwasintha kwambiri , kuvumbula mipata ya ndawala ya za za ndalama ndi kukulitsa kuonekera kwa kuonekera kwa zinthu, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi ntchito za ndalama m'ndale.

Kuzindikira mapulani ndi zotsatirapo za ma PC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa nkofunika kwa aliyense woyenda m'malo andale amakono. Kuchokera ku nzika zamakono za United chosankha cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa zakuda, makomiti ameneŵa agwiritsa ntchito malamulo kuti awonjezere kufikira kwawo. Nkhani ino ikupereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa mmene ma PC osagwirizanitsidwa akuyambukirira malamulo a ndale zadziko, zitokoso zimene amapanga, ndi zoyesayesa zopitirizabe za kusintha dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Kodi Mapale Opanda Chigwirizanitso Nchiyani?

Ma PAC ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko omwe sagwirizana ndi wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena gulu lina lirilonse logaŵika monga gulu kapena bungwe la antchito. Iwo amalembetsedwa ndi Federal Ecomficity Commission (FAC) ndipo ali ogonjera ku ziyeneretso za boma zoulula, koma amakhala ndi kusinthika kwapadera. Makomiti ameneŵa angakweze ndalama zosamalitsa kwa anthu, mabungwe, ndi maukwati, ndipo angawononge ndalamazo pa mpangidwe wantchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kutsogolera kwa ofunsira kapena otsatsa malonda, ndi zosonkhanitsa.

Liwu lakuti "osalumidwa" limasiyanitsa iwo ndi "ma PC," amene amakhazikitsidwa ndi makampani, mabungwe a antchito, kapena mayanjano a malonda ndipo angangopempha zopereka kuchokera ku dziŵe lopangika la anthu, monga antchito kapena ziŵalo. Ma PACI, osagwirizanitsidwa, angapemphe anthu onse ndipo samangidwa ndi malire ofanana a zopereka zimene zimagwira ntchito ku makomiti a ofunsira ntchito kapena makomiti a zipani. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kwawapanga iwo kukhala galimoto yokondeka kwa olemera ndi magulu a zikondwerero ofunafuna kusonkhezera masankho popanda makampani ena andale zadziko.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale ndi Malamulo

Malamulo olamulira makomiti osagwirizana ndi malamulo anatulukira pa mpambo wa ndawala ya kusintha ndi zigamulo za khoti. Federal Eunt Campaign Act (FECA) ya 1971 ndi zigamulo zake za 1974 zinakhazikitsa dongosolo lamakono la makomiti andale, kuphatikizapo ziyeneretso ndi zopereka. Komabe, kukwera kwa ma PC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa mofulumira pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Citazens United. FFEC, zimene zinakhulupirira kuti makampani ndi mabungwe angawononge ndalama zosamaliridwe pa zoyendetsera zandale zadziko. Kulamulirako kulenga kwa PCCC, chigamu chapamwamba cha PCC, chochepa cha anthu osagwirizana ndi kukwera pa mlingo wodziimira pa .

Pambuyo pa Citaminis United, D.C. chigamulo cha Khoti Ladera mu Speichnow .org v. FEC (2020) inafotokozanso kuti makomiti odziimira okha, kapena kuti proput PACs, angalandire zopereka zosatha kuchokera kwa anthu, mabungwe, ndi maukwati. Malo alamulo ameneŵa anapanga njira yatsopano yopezera ndalama zandale, ndipo PACICS adakhala mphamvu yaikulu m'chisankhomo cha boma. Pofika 202020 m'kamphindi wa chisankho, PACILEC okha anakwera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito $2, $2, masamu a Opentricro.org.

Zisonyezero Zazikulu za MaPAC Osakhala Ogwirizanitsidwa

  • Kudalira kwa obatizidwa ndi mapwando: Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amagwira ntchito popanda kugwirizana ndi makomiti a zipani, kuwalola kulondola zolinga zawozawo.
  • Makokedwe osagawanika: Iwo angalandire zopereka zaukulu uliwonse kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, ndi mabungwe a antchito, kungokhala kuvumbula zofunika za zopereka zoposa $200.
  • Mapangano ogwirizana: Ma PAC osalumikizidwa ayenera kulembetsa ndi FEC ndi mafaira ozoloŵereka a malipoti awo ofotokozera zopereka ndi zowonongedwa, ngakhale kuti kutseguka kogwirizana ndi ndalama zakuda kungabisitse chidziŵitso cha woperekayo.
  • Mabanki ogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama m'mayiko ambiri: angagwiritsiridwe ntchito potsatsa malonda, kuvota, kupeza zoyesayesa zauyang'anira, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito.
  • [[NT.0] Kulephera kwa malire a zopereka: Mosiyana ndi zogwirizanitsidwa, zimene zimaikidwa pa mlingo wa kugawira, ma PAC osalumikizidwa samayang'ana zikhomakhoma pa zimene angapeze kapena kuwononga, malinga ngati zowonongedwazo zili zodziimira.

Chiphunzitso cha Kulengeza za Ndale

Kulengeza kwandale ku United States kumalamulidwa ndi kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo a boma, malamulo a FEC, ndi zigamulo za khoti. Bipartisan Champaign Reform (BCRA) mu 2002, , yodziŵikanso monga McCaine-Fangeld, kuyesa kutseka m'zitsutso za ndawala za ndawala za ndawala mwa kuchepetsa ndalama zofewa ndi kuyang'anira "kulankhulana ndi anthu a m'malamulo"(brandeaststsssssss amene amatchula munthu woloŵa m'dzikolowera m'masiku 30 kapena 60 a kusankhidwa kwa onse. Komabe, Makampani a United[FLT:] anagamulapo zigamu za malupiri a BCRA, kuphatikizapo kuletsa ntchito yodziimira ndi kudziimira pa makampani, ndi khomo lopanda mapepala ogwirizana.

FEC ndi bungwe loyambirira losungitsa lamulo la boma la ndawala, koma kupambana kwake kwadodometsedwa ndi kuchepa kwa zinthu. Bungwelo lili ndi mamembala asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo palibe oposa atatu pa gulu lililonse la ndale zadziko, kutanthauza kuti kachitidwe ka kusungitsa kamafunikira chiphatso cha chiphaso. Monga chotulukapo, FEC sinkachitapo kachitidwe kamphamvu motsutsana ndi APAC osakhala ogwirizana, makamaka m’nkhani zovuta zokhudza kukambitsirana kwalamulo kapena kufotokoza za kukambitsirana kwa lamulo.

Kambiranani za kulephera kuyendetsa bwino ntchito.

Chimodzi cha zigaŵenga zotchuka kwambiri za ndale zadziko zotsatsa malonda ndicho muyezo pakati pa "issue advocacy" ndi "kutsendereza kugwiritsa ntchito ". Kulankhulana kumene kumasonkhezera bwino lomwe kusankhidwa kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wobatizidwa wodziŵika bwino . Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu onga "'kusintha," kapena "kuchotsa". Malonda ameneŵa amayenera kuvumbulidwa ndi kuikidwa pamipambo yopereka. Kutsutsana ndi, malamulo a za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu popanda kutchula mwachindunji za kusankhidwa kapena kutsutsa woloŵa m’bizinesi, ndipo adaletsedwa ndi malamulo ambiri a za ndawala.

Ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa agwiritsira ntchito kusiyana kumeneku mwa kupanga malonda amene amasuliza kapena kutamanda mbiri ya wofunsirayo pa nkhani ina popanda kugwiritsira ntchito mawu amatsenga osonyeza kukopa. Mauthenga ameneŵa angaulutsidwe pafupi ndi Tsiku la Chisankho ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga ziukiro zophimba kapena kuvomereza, komabe iwo amalephera kuvumbula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire otsata kulongosola za kupeka kwa matsenga. FEC yavutika kumasulira zitsogozo zomveka bwino zosiyanitsa pakati pa magulu aŵiriwo, ndipo malamulo a khoti awonjezera kuchepa kwa zipambano za mawu oyenerera kukhala oyendetsedwa.

Mmene Mapsinja Osalumikizidwa Alengezera Malonda Osatsa malonda

Makampani a zachuma a PALC asintha malo otsatsa malonda m’njira zingapo zazikulu. Choyamba, makomiti ameneŵa angapambane makomiti a kufunsira ndi zipani, kuwalola kulamulira makampani a mpikisano. M'masankho 2022 pakati pa masana, ma PACIPU 10 otchukawo okha anawononga ndalama zoposa $1.1 biliyoni pa zowonongedwa paokha, malinga ndi FEC . Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kumeneku kumachititsa kuti APAC omwe ali ogwirizana afotokoze mawu a mkangano wandale, kaŵirikaŵiri kukakamiza okondwerera kuukira malonda kapena mapepala ochokera ku magulu ena.

Chachiŵiri, ma PAC amene sagwirizanitsidwa angayambitse chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi maboma opanga opaleshoni molinganiza, pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta otsatsa malonda omwe anali malo okha a ndawala. Zimenezi zachititsa kugawikana kwa malonda, ndi mauthenga ogwirizana ndi omvetsera a za mayanjano, mautumiki otsazikira, ndi malo oulutsira mawu akumalo. Zotsatira zake ndizo malo odzaza ndi otsatsa malonda, kumene olandira mauthenga otsutsana kuchokera ku mitu yambiri ya anthu.

Ndalama Zoipa Ndiponso Zosadziŵika Bwino

Gawo lalikulu la ndalama zowonongedwa ndi anthu osalumikizidwa limaikidwa monga ndalama zakuda . Ndalama zowonongedwa ndi mabungwe amene saulula opereka. Izi n’zotheka chifukwa chakuti ma PAC ambiri omwe sali ogwirizana ndi gulu la C amapangidwa monga 501 (c) mabungwe othandiza anthu kapena 501 (c) (6) mabungwe a anthu, amene safunika kuvumbula makampani awo osungitsa ndalama pansi pa malamulo a IRS. Magulu ameneŵa angapereketsa malonda ndi kufunsira pamene akuteteza bungwe lawo. Malinga ndi Brennan Center ya chilungamo, kuwonongedwa kwa ndalama zakuda m'masankhoti kwa bungwe la Brenant kwawonjezeka modabwitsa kuyambira 2010, kukwaniritsa pafupifupi $1 biliyoni mu 2020.

Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zakuda kumafooketsa lamulo lamaziko la kuonekera kwa ndalama za projekiti, limene lakhala lodziŵitsa ovota za amene akuyesa kusonkhezera zosankha zawo. Posadziŵa gwero la ndalama, ovota sangaone zikhoterero kapena mikangano yachiwongola dzanja. Otsutsa amanena kuti ndalama zakuda zimawononga chidaliro cha anthu m'zosankha ndipo zimatheketsa kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena, ngakhale kuti pali umboni wochepa wa kuloŵerera kwamwambo kwa maiko ena kupyolera mwa ma PC.

Maenje ndi Mavuto Okakamizika

Ma PAC amene sagwirizana ndi malo ozungulira amene ali ndi njira zambiri zowazembera. Imodzi ya nkhani zosatha kwambiri ndi kusoŵa malamulo omveka bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PPAC amaletsedwa kugwirizanitsa ndi mapangano ofunsira, mafotokozedwe a mgwirizano ndi ovuta kutsata. Maseŵero a PSID ndi a PC angalankhulane mwa mameseji, alangizi amodzi, kapena ndemanga zapoyera zimene zapangidwa mosamala kuti zipeŵe kugwirizanitsa zinthu. FEC yasulizidwa chifukwa cha kulephera kupenda kapena kuweruza zinthu zokayikiridwa, kutsogolera ku malo osungirako zinthu amene ali ofala koma ongotsutsidwa.

Chitsime china chimaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito "mapale ogwirizana ndi ma PC," amene amasunga zonse ziŵiri zachikhalidwe za PACI zikhale zopereka ndi nkhani ya PACI Yapamwamba imene ingalandire ndalama zosaŵerengeka. Mabungwe ameneŵa angatumize ndalama zothandizira oyembekezerawo pamene akuchirikizanso ndalama zoyendetsera paokha, kuyambitsa kusamvetsa bwino cholinga cha zopereka ndi kulephera kuchepetsa ndalama. FEC yatulutsa malingaliro olakwika amene amalola kuti ma PC, koma magulu oyang'anira a anthu atsutsa kuti athandize dongosolo la ziphuphu zololedwa mwalamulo.

Mavuto a M’malamulo kwa Ulamuliro wa Omvera

Zigamulo za khoti lalikulu zachepetsa mosalekeza mphamvu ya FEC yolamulira ma PAC. Mu Mccheon v. FEC (2014, Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malamulo a zopereka zoperekedwa, kulola anthu kupereka zochuluka monga momwe amafunira oyembekezera ndi a PC. Chigamulocho chinafooketsa kwambiri mwa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zopereka zazikulu m'dongosolo landale. Malamulo athandiza kulimbikitsa mfundo yakuti zopereka zodziimira paweruzi ndi mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa pansi pa malamulo Oyamba, kupangitsa kuti chivute kwambiri kuti bungwe la akulu akhazikitse malamulo apereke malamulo atsopano.

Kuphatikizana kwa kukayikira malamulo a zachuma a m'kampeni ndi bungwe losungitsa ndalama losavomerezedwa kwachititsa malo amene ma PAC akugwira ntchito ndi ufulu walamulo. Cholembedwa cha FEC chikusonyeza kuti madandaulo ambiri otsutsana ndi PC amachotsedwa kapena kutulukapo zilango zochepa, ndipo bungweli silimayambitsa kufufuza kochititsa chidwi. Kusoŵa kwa malamulo kumeneku kwalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa ma PAC ndi ntchito zawo zogwirizana zotsatsa malonda.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Komwe Kwachitika Posachedwapa

Poyankha nkhaŵa zomakula za PCs, njira zingapo zosinthira zinayambitsidwa pamlingo wa boma ndi boma. The for the People Act (H.R. 1), inapita ku Nyumba ya Oimira mu 2021 koma yosachitidwa ndi Khoti, ikanafuna kudziŵitsidwa bwino ndalama zowonongedwa ndi ndale zadziko, kuphatikizapo ndi timagulu ta ndalama takuda, ndipo ikadalimbikitsa mphamvu za FEC. Lamulolo linalinganizanso dongosolo laling'ono lofanana ndi la zopereka zazikulu. Ngakhale kuti lamulolo silinakhale lamulo, linapereka chizindikiro chotsenderezanso kaamba ka kuwonekera ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Zoyesayesa za boma zakhala zachipambano kwambiri. Maboma ambiri, kuphatikizapo California, New York, ndi Washington, akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuvumbulidwa kwa magwero oyambirira a malonda a ndale zadziko, ngakhale pamene kusatsa malondawo kuchitidwa ndi ma PC ogwirizana. Maboma "akuluakulu" ameneŵa amayesa kuphimba chophimba cha ndalama zakuda mwa kupempha kuti kutsatsa malondawo kudziŵitse opereka ndalama. Makhoti atsutsa malamulo a kuulula za kulephera, ndi makhoti ochirikiza malamulo a kuwonekera kwa kuwonekera kwa munthu wopereka.

Kupima ndi Kulephera Kwake

Ngakhale kuti pali kuvumbula kowonjezereka, mipata yaikulu yotsala. programu ya magetsi ya FEC imangophatikiza kapena kuwonongera ndalama zoposa $500,000 pachaka, ndipo ma PAC ambiri osagwirizanitsidwa amagwa pansi pa khomolo. Kuwonjezerapo, ndandanda ya bungweli njovuta kufunafuna ndi kusanthula, kupangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kwa atolankhani ndi magulu oyang'anira kutsata njira zowonongera ndalama panthaŵi yeniyeni. Osintha zinthu ena aitana kaamba ka makampani a malonda onse andale, ofanana ndi dongosolo logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Federal Commissions for machesources.

Mfundo ina yothandiza kutulukira ndi yokhudza malo osungirako zinthu zandale monga Google ndi Meta, kuti asunge zolembedwa za anthu onse za malonda andale ndi kuulula kuti ndi ndani. Ogula a Faith Ads Act, amene ayambitsidwa mu 2017 ndi kuyambitsidwanso m'magawo otsatira, angawonjezere malamulo oululira zinthu amene amagwirizana ndi kutsatsa ndi kusindikiza pa Intaneti. Ngakhale kuti malamulowo sanapitirire, mapulatifomu ena atsatira ndandanda yosonyeza kuonekera bwino, ngakhale kuti malamulo atsalirabe kuti asiyane.

Tsogolo la Kusatsa Ndale ndi Mapazi Opanda Chigwirizano

Chitsogozo cha ndalama zopititsidwa ku kampani yosagwirizana ndi boma chidzadalira pa mfundo zingapo, kuphatikizapo mapangano achiweruzo, malamulo, ndi kukakamiza anthu. Nkhani ya khoti Lapamwamba ikupereka lingaliro lakuti Khoti silingasinthe Citizens United m'liwu lapafupi, kutanthauza kuti ndalama zodziimira paokha zidzapitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga mawu otetezedwa. Komabe, Khotilo lingafotokozetse malamulo ovomerezeka m'nkhani zokhudza kuulula, kugwirizana, kapena mafotokozedwe a kufalitsa.

Kusintha malamulo kudakali kotheka, ngakhale kuti n’kovuta kwambiri. Mafufuzidwe a anthu nthaŵi zonse amasonyeza kuchirikiza kwakukulu kwa ndalama zoyendera pulogalamu ya projekiti, ndipo pali nkhaŵa yowonjezereka ponena za chisonkhezero cha oyendetsa za ndale zadziko. Ngati Nyumba zikhoza kugonjetsa madeti a gulu, phukusi limene limaphatikiza zofunika zowonjezereka, mphamvu zolimbikitsidwira zowonjezereka za FEC, ndi malamulo owonjezereka a mgwirizano wa boma angapeze tha. Kapena, kuyesa kwa boma ndi kuchirikiza ndi malamulo a boma a boma ndi kukonzanso zinthu za boma kungayambitse chitsanzo cha kusintha kwa boma.

Zimene Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira Ayenera Kusamala

Kwa awo amene akuphunzira kutsatsa malonda andale ndi ndawala, zikhoterero zingapo zimafuna kusamala kwambiri. Kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsira ntchito nzeru zopeka ndi tizilombo take tomwe timatsatsa malonda a ndale zadziko kumadzutsa mafunso atsopano ponena za kuvumbulidwa ndi kuŵerengera. Ntchito ya ma PAC osakhala ogwirizana m'mafuko otsika . Monga ngati malamulo a boma ndi masankho a chiweruzo , ikumakula, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kupendedwa kwambiri kuposa mpikisano wa pulezidenti kapena wa bungwe. Ndipo nkhondo zopitirizabe zalamulo zokhala ndi zofunika pa kuvumbula, makamaka m'nkhani za kutsatsatsa malonda a magetsi, zidzaumba malo a kayendetsedwe kwa zaka zambiri.

Kuzindikira njira zimene ma projekiti a PC amasonkhezera nazo zandale zadziko nkofunika kuti pakhale nzika yodziŵa bwino. Pamene kayendedwe ka masankho 2024 kayandikira, kuwonongedwa kwa makomiti ameneŵa kungafikire zolembedwa zatsopano, kukulitsa makambitsirano a kuonekera kwa kuwona, chilungamo, ndi mbali ya ndalama mu demokrase. Kupitirizabe ndi nkhani zimenezi kupyolera m'mabuku odalirika a FEC, kuphatikizapo mapepala alamulo a Opensecrets.org, ndi malongosoledwe a Brennan Center for Justice .

Kumaliza

Mapale osalumikizidwa asintha kwambiri mkhalidwe wa kulengeza kwa ndale ku United States. Kukhoza kwawo kukweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosaŵerengeka, kugwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa lamulo pakati pa nkhani za kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu ndi kusonyeza kulephera, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi kuyang'anira kochepa kwa ukapitawo kwawachititsa kuchotsa chisonkhezero cha ziyambukiro zosankhidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti zofunika zodziŵira za boma zimapereka kuwonekera kwina, kutseguka konga ngati ndalama zakuda ndi malamulo a mgwirizano wadongosolo lochepa kululuza umphumphu wa dongosolo. Zoyesayesa za kusintha zinthu zimayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu za lamulo ndi zandale, koma kuwonjezereka kwa kuyang'anira kwa anthu kumbuyo kungawachititsa kusintha kopindulitsa. Chifukwa tsopano, chiyambukiro cha malamulo andale osagwirizana otsatsa malonda chitukuko chimakhalabe chakupinga malo ovuta kwambiri m’maphunziro ndi ofufuza.

Maumboni a FOLVEC pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosakhala zogwirizanitsidwa [[FLT :1] ○ Track zopereka zandale zadziko kupyolera mwa OpenSecrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .