Kuimira kwa ndale zadziko kuli maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase, kugwirizanitsa mpata pakati pa nzika ndi mabungwe amene amapanga zosankha zawo. Ndi njira imene mawu osiyanasiyana, zikondwerero, ndi mapindu a anthu amayendetsedwa m'malamulo, malamulo, ndi kachitidwe kapoyera. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro yopezera chidziŵitso, kutomera, kutomera, ndi kupatsidwa mphamvu. Nkhaniyi imafufuza zimene kuimira kwa ndale zadziko kumatanthauza, chifukwa chake kuli kofunika, mmene kumagwirira ntchito m'madongosolo osiyanasiyana, ndi mavuto amene imayang'anizana nawo m’dziko lamakono.

Kufotokoza Zithunzi Zandale

Kuimira kwake kosavuta, kumatanthauza ntchito yopanga mawu a nzika, malingaliro, ndi malingaliro omwe alipo popanga malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingaliro lamakono linayamba kumbuyo ku misonkhano yakale ya Girisi ndi Roma, kumvetsetsa kwamakono kunakonzedwa ndi anthu anzeru monga Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, ndipo pambuyo pake Hanna Pitkin, amene anapereka chimodzi mwa ziganizo zotchuka kwambiri. Pitkin anatha kuona mbali zinayi zosiyanasiyana za chithunzi: kalembedwe, kadeti, kafanizo, ndi kachithunzi.

  • Formaalistic modefication imasumika pa makonzedwe a dongosolo / malamulo ndi njira zimene oimira amaloledwa ndi kupatsidwa mlandu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo masankho, malire a nthaŵi, ndi njira zokumbukira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuimira kwa SSMH kudera nkhaŵa njira zimene oimira anthu amaimira m’lingaliro lophiphiritsira, monga mfumu yoimira mtundu kapena mbendera yoimira dziko. Imagogomezera kugwirizana kwa maganizo ndi maganizo.
  • Discription imatsutsa kuti oimira ayenera kugawana mikhalidwe yofunika (mlongo, mwamuna, fuko, fuko) ndi ziŵiya zawo, monga momwe zimenezi zingawonjezerere kukhulupirirana ndi kulankhulana. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo imene imasonyeza chiŵerengero cha anthu kaŵirikaŵiri imaonedwa kukhala yovomerezeka.
  • Substantive moimira ndizo zotsatirapo: oimira amachitapo kanthu kwa ogwirizana awo mwa kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero zawo, mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi chawo. Mwamuna wopanga malamulo wa kuyera amene amamenyera mosalekeza chilungamo cha fuko akupereka chizindikiro chochepera kwa anthu ochepa.

Kuimira kwa ndale zadziko sikuli kachitidwe kamodzi koma unansi wopitirizabe. Kumaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri mawindo, kuvomereza kusanthula ndi kusanthula nyumba zawo . ndi nduna zodalirika [1] [1] Amene amadzipangira okha chiweruzo kutumikira anthu. Akuluakulu osankhidwa ambiri amaphatikiza ntchito zimenezi, kuyankha ku maseŵero ndi maholo a tauni pamene akuyesanso uphungu ndi kupenda kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Malamulo a Kuimira Ndale

Kuwonjezera pa mmene Pitkin anaonekera, mfundo zingapo zongofotokoza za mmene amasonyezera zinthu.

Chiphunzitso Chachikulu

Kulingalira kumeneku kwa zachuma kumaona kuimira kwa mahedimasitala (oimira) ndi oimira. Otumiza amapatsa ulamuliro kwa oimira amene amayembekezeredwa kuchitapo kanthu mowakondweretsa. Komabe, chidziŵitso ndi zisonkhezero zosinthasintha zingatsogolere ku kutayikiridwa kopambanitsa [1] pamene oimira aika zolinga zawo pa awo a ma . Makampani onga masankhoti, malamulo osonyezera kuwonekera bwino, ndi makomiti oyang'anira amalinganizidwira kuchepetsa kutaikiridwa kumeneku.

Chithunzi Chongoyerekezera

Kuchokera ku nthanthi ya demokrase yopanda ufulu, kawonedweka kamagogomezera makambitsirano ndi kumanga. Oimira sali kokha nthumwi kapena odalirika koma otsogolera kukambitsirana kwa onse. M’chitsanzo ichi, kuyenera kumachokera ku mtundu wa kugamula kwa "Dismokrase" kaya magulu onse oyambukiridwa ali ndi mwaŵi wa kulankhula nkhaŵa ndi kumvetsera zotsutsana. Misonkhano ya nzika ndi bajeti yopereka ndalama ndi zitsanzo zothandiza.

Kuimira Kupanga

Umboni waposachedwapa wa Michael Saward umanena kuti kuimira ndi njira yogwira mtima ya kupanga ma CDIS [1]. Aliyense anganene kuti akuimira gulu . Kaya ndi mkulu wosankhidwa, wofuna kutchuka, kapena wotchuka, koma anthu ayenera kuvomereza. Maganizo amenewa amasonyeza kuti kupikisana kwa kujambula ndi ntchito ya manyuzipepala, makampani, ndi magulu a anthu ofufuza amene akulankhula.

Kufunika kwa Kuimira Ndale

Kuimira kogwira mtima nkofunika pazifukwa zingapo zogwirizana:

  • Ligitimasi ya Boma [1]: Pamene nzika zikhulupirira mawu awo amvedwa, zimavomereza mothekera kwambiri malamulo ndi malamulo, ngakhale ngati sagwirizana ndi zotulukapo zenizeni. Kuimira kumapatsa boma ulamuliro wa makhalidwe a kuchitapo kanthu.
  • Umboni [1]: Kusankha ndi njira zina zimalola nzika kufupa kapena kulanga oimira. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kumalimbikitsa kuvomereza / onyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu kuthekera kuvotera.
  • Kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gulu : zithunzi zimatsimikizira kuti magulu opatulidwa /magawo aang'ono, akazi, anthu a m'dziko, anthu otsika olandira ndalama, ndi malo a pansi patebulo. Kujambula kungasonkhezera kugawiridwa kwa anthu pakati pa magulu a mbiri yakale osakhalapo; kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti akazi amapanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri oika patsogolo za umoyo, maphunziro, ndi matchuti a banja.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa kampani [1]: Kuimira zinthu zimene zikusintha mwachindunji zimene zikukambidwa. Mwachitsanzo, madera amene ali ndi umphaŵi wambiri amasankhidwa ndi oimira amene amachirikiza kubwezera kwa zachuma, malinga ndi dongosolo losankhira zinthu zimene amakonda kutembenuza mipando.
  • Sacial Cohesion : Chithunzi chingachepetse kulekana ndi mikangano ya ndale ndi kupanga njira za kutsutsa. Dongosolo loimira logwira bwino ntchito limalola zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana kukambitsirana mololera, kusunga bata popanda kutembenukira ku chiwawa.

Popanda kuimira anthu, maboma angataye chidaliro cha anthu, monga momwe zimawonedwa m’kutha kwa ovota ndi kukwera kwa magulu a anthu otchuka padziko lonse.

Mmene Kuimira Ndale Kumagwirira Ntchito

Oimira amasiyana kwambiri m’madongosolo andale zadziko, koma iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo masankho, mapwando, ndi mabungwe oimira.

Njira Zoyendera

Malamulo a patali ndiwo amene amaletsa mwachindunji kuimira. Mitundu iŵiri yaikulu ikulamulira:

  • Plarifity Systems (mlongo, woyamba wa m'mbuyo mu United States ndi United Kingdom) amapanga maboma amodzi ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa oimira ndi zigawo zawo. Komabe, angatsogolere ku kuchotsa zotulukapo za mapangano [1] mavoti ndi 45% angapeze 60% a mipando, pamene kuli kwakuti magulu aang'ono amatsekedwa. Zimenezi zingatheke pansi pa malingaliro ang'onoang'ono.
  • Propactal modefication (PR) (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi Latin America) imaika mipando yozikidwa pa kugawana, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale zipani zazing'ono zikhale ndi mbali. Madongosolo a PR kwenikweni amatulukapo m'maboma ogwirizana, amene amafuna kuti agonjere ndi kuti apereke mawu ambiri kwa anthu. Komabe, angafooketse kugwirizana kwa kumaloko pakati pa voti ndi woimira mmodzi.

Madongosolo osanganiza, mofanana ndi Germany, amayesa kugwirizanitsa mapindu a zonse ziŵirizo.

Madansi a Zandale

Mapale amathandiza kwambiri, kuletsa zinthu, kusonkhanitsa anthu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. M'mademokrase ambiri, ovota amasankha pakati pa mapulatifomu a pa pagulu mmalo mwa oyembekezera. Chilango cha pagulu chingatsimikizire kuti oimira asunge mfundo zogwirizana, komanso chingaletsenso chiweruzo chodziimira ndi kuchepetsa kulabadira zinthu zimene zikudetsa nkhaŵa za anthu. Kukwera kwa magulu onse osunga zipani.

Magulu a Chikondwerero ndi Mabungwe a Aphunzitsi

Pambuyo pa masankho, kuimira kuchitika mwa kukopa anthu, mautumiki a anthu onse, ndi mathirakiti. Magulu achisangalalo onga maukwati a antchito, malo ozungulira, ndi makampani amapereka ukatswiri ndi mawu owonjezera amene angamidwe. Komabe, chisonkhezero chawo chingakhale chosalingana: magulu olemera kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mapangano ambiri kuposa mabungwe a udzu. khomo lozungulira [ pakati pa ntchito za boma ndi makampani osonkhezera anthu kutuluka m’manja amadzutsa nkhaŵa za kugwidwa.

Zimene Ofalitsa Nkhani Amaganiza

Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi makompyuta mwa kudziŵitsa nzika za mikangano ya malamulo ndi kuvumbula makhalidwe oipa. Oimira mafufuzidwe a malingaliro a anthu, kuyang’anira zochitika za mayanjano, ndi kuchititsa maholo a matauni kuyesa malingaliro. Komabe, kugawikana kwa m'manyuzipepala ndi mawu olakwika kungasokoneze zizindikiro zimene anthu amalandira, kutsogolera ku malamulo amene amasonyeza kuti pali anthu ochepa kwambiri m’malo mwa kuyambitsa zinthu zazikulu.

Mavuto Okhudza Zithunzi Zandale

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri andale ndi otchuka, anthu ambiri masiku ano amakumana ndi mavuto amene angasokoneze mphamvu ya dzikoli.

Kusalabadira ndi Kugwiritsidwa Mwala

Kutsika kwa kampani, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi zigawo zopatulidwa, kumayambitsa mpata woimira: andale zadziko amasamalira awo amene amavota, kaŵirikaŵiri achikulire kwambiri, olemera, ndi oyera. Madongosolo okakamiza ovotera (monga Australia) amachepetsa zimenezi koma ngosoŵa. Kudalira mabungwe kumawonjezera mphwayi, kumachititsa kusintha kowopsa.

Gerrymandering ndi Electoral Manipipective

Kujambula mizera yachigawo kuti ithandize chipani chimodzi kapena kutetezera otsatsa malonda kumawononga kuimira kwabwino. “Kufufuza ” ndi“ kusanthula [1] kumatsimikizira kuti madera ambiri alibe kupikisana, kulola oimira kunyalanyaza ovota oyenera. Makomiti a Independentition redidition ndi ma reddiation akupereka mankhwala a fration, koma kuyendetsa jinja kumakhala vuto losatha, makamaka ku United States.

Zopinga Zachuma za Kakhalidwe ka Anthu

Kuthamangira ku ofesi nkokwera mtengo. M'maiko ambiri, malamulo a ndawala a zachuma amalola opereka ndi makampani olemera kugwiritsa ntchito chisonkhezero. Opanga malamulo opanda chuma chaumwini kapena mayanjano apamwamba kuyesayesa kupikisana, kutanthauza kuti ma makhonsati kaŵirikaŵiri samasonyeza kusiyana kwa chuma cha anthu. Public Information ya masankho (monga mu programu ya ndalama ya New York City) angathandize kuwonjezera ntchito yoseŵera.

Kuperekedwa Kwa Magulu Owoloka M’mphepete

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano anthu ambiri sadziwika bwino ndi mawu osonyeza kuti anthu akuimira anthu a mitundu ina, akazi, anthu a mitundu ina, anthu a mitundu ina, ndiponso anthu olumala, ngakhale pamene anthu ambiri achuluka, anthu oimira anthu ochepa angalephere kuoneka ngati atsogoleli ooneka ngati otsika kapena ngati sawalola kutsogolera.

Chidziŵitso Chochuluka ndi Kusintha kwa Ndale

Anthu ambiri masiku ano amauzidwa zinthu zotsutsana ndi mfundo zongopeka, ndipo mfundo zomveka m’zipinda zimalimbitsa zikhulupiriro zimene zilipo.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kulamulira Mayiko

Zosankha zambiri zimene zimakhudza moyo wa nzika (kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa chinsinsi cha chidziŵitso) zinapangidwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse monga European Union kapena World Trade Organization, amene alibe kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Izi zimapanga ndalama zopereŵera pa mlingo wa dziko lonse. Oimira dzikolo sangakhale okhoza kuthetsa nkhani zimene zimapyola malire, kusiya nzika zikudzimva kukhala zopatuka.

Kuimira Ndale m’Madongosolo Osiyana

Kuimira si lingaliro limodzi la ukulu wa zinthu zonse. Kusiyanitsa miyambo yandale zadziko ndi kachitidwe kake.

United States: Dongosolo la Prezidenti lokhala ndi Madera a M’midzi Imodzi

Oimira a ku America amasankhidwa kuchokera ku zigawo za dziko kugwiritsira ntchito zikalata zakale. Dongosolo la magawo aŵiri limasankha ovota koma kaŵirikaŵiri limakakamiza ovota kusankha “zoipa zosatha. [1] Nyumba (ndi ziŵiri pa boma) imaimira maufumu aang'ono, pamene Nyumba imalinganizidwira kukhala yochuluka koma imapotozedwa ndi gerrymeride. Kugawidwa kwa maulamuliro kumatanthauza kugawidwa /chizens ali ndi oimira ambiri (Nyumba, Nyumba, Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti) amene angawombane.

Ufumu wa United Kingdom: Chitsanzo cha ku Westminster

Mofanana ndi US, UK imagwiritsira ntchito zigawo za mbali imodzi koma ndi dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo. Chipani chimene chimapata mipando yambiri chimapanga boma, ndipo Nduna Yaikulu iri ndi mlandu ku Nyumba ya Commons. Chilango champhamvu chimatanthauza mavoti kaŵirikaŵiri m'mizera ya zipani, koma utumiki wotetezera umakhala wofunika. Kusintha kwaposachedwapa monga deconvolution ku Scotland, Wales, ndi Northern Ireland kwawonjezera mitu ya kuimira.

Germany: Kuphatikizana kwa Member Proportigation

Germany amaphatikiza zigawo zoyambirira za zigawo ndi chigawo chapamwamba . Voters adaponya mavoti aŵiri: imodzi ya wobatizidwa wa kumaloko ndi imodzi ya chipani. Izi zimatulutsa Bundestag imene imagawana mavoti a dziko pamene ikusamalira mau a kumaloko. Dongosololi limalimbikitsa maboma ogwirizana ndipo latamandidwa chifukwa cha kutsimikizira mawu a anthu ochepa, ngakhale kuti lingapange mgwirizano waukulu, wosagawanika.

Mayiko a ku Nordic: Demokalase ya Consenus

Maiko onga Sweden ndi Norway amagwiritsira ntchito kuimira kwa mlingo wa malongosoledwe ndi kukhala ndi mbali zambiri za kuimira (akazi okhala ndi pafupifupi 45% ya mipando). Miyambo ya ochirikiza ntchito imaphatikizapo maukwati a antchito, mabungwe a olemba ntchito, ndi anthu a m'chitaganya m'zochitika zamwambo zofunsira. Chitsanzochi chigogomezera kugwirizana ndi kusasamala koma chingachedwetse kupanga zosankha.

Tsogolo la Kuimira Ndale

Luso la zojambulajambula likusintha mmene limagwirira ntchito. Kujambula, maholo a tauni, ndi mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti amalola kuti nzika zizitsatira mfundo zachindunji. Kufufuza kwina ndi kusanthula [1] Mosankha anthu kuti atumikire pa malo otetezera (monga ngati jumeat ) . Komabe, zipangizo za magetsi zimawonjezeranso nkhaŵa za anthu za kuyang'anira, kutsendereza, ndi kugaŵana kwa manambala. Kuvota kukhoza kuwonjezera chitetezo ndi kusunthauzira, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kuyesabe.

Chikhoterero china ndicho kukwera kwa atsogoleri a anthu otchuka [[FLT: 1] amene amanena kuti amaimira “anthu” ndi anthu apamwamba oipa. Chipopolichi kaŵirikaŵiri chimakana zipani zoimira zamwambo, kuvomereza zifunsiro zachindunji ndi ma aempendium . Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingapangitse kuchotsa magulu otengera, zimawononganso kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kupenda ndi kusamala zinthu .

Kugwirizanitsa Ophunzira ku Zithunzi za Ndale Zadziko

Aphunzitsi amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri poimira ophunzira ndi kuwapatsa mphamvu kuti achite nawo.

Kumaliza

Kuimira kwa ndale zadziko kuli koposa tsatanetsatane wa demokrase . Ndiko kugwirizana kwa moyo pakati pa anthu ndi mphamvu. Amapanga amene amamvedwa, malamulo amene amatengedwa, ndi kaya nzika zimalingalira kukhala zaumbuye pa boma lawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyenerera kwa kuimira kwangwiro kumakhala kosafikirika, kumvetsetsa mapimelo ake, kusinthidwa, kwalamulo, kwachizindikiro, kwa nzika zapadera, kwapadera, kwa nzika zandale zofunikira kufunidwa bwino. Kulimba kwake n’kukonzekera kukhala nzika yogwira ntchito, kumene kulephera, ndalama m'ndale, kusoŵa , ndi kulephera kulamulira kwa padziko lonse. Komabe zida zolankhulira iwo zikhoza kukhalako, kuyambira pa kusintha kwa masinthidwe a masamu a ma shantigic. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuchita zinthu ndi kuimira kwaunzika kwaunzika kwa unzika; ndiko kukonzekera kwa kukhala nzika, kumene kulephera, ndi kuikhazikitsa, kuchirikiza ulamuliro kwa onse.