Kumvetsetsa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya khoti kusanthula machitidwe a nthambi zalamulo ndi zoyang'anira za boma ndi kugamulapo kaya ngati machitidwewo ali ogwirizana ndi malamulo. Pamene lamulo kapena kachitidwe ka ulamuliro kapezedwa kakuswa makonzedwe alamulo, khoti lingaletse. Ulamuliro umenewu uli maziko a demokrase yamakono ya demokrase, kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi ya boma imene imagwira ntchito mopitirira malire oikidwa ndi chikalata chokhazikitsidwa. Popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, nyumba ya malamulo ingapereke malamulo oswa zoyenera zalamulo popanda kufufuza kwaumwini.

Gawo la chiweruzo limasiyanasiyana. M'mayiko ena, makhoti amangoyang'ana malamulo okha, pamene kuli kwakuti m'mayiko ena angapendenso ntchito za boma ndi malamulo a akuluakulu. Njirayi imayambitsidwa ndi mlandu kapena mkangano wochititsidwa ndi chipani. Khoti lobwerezalo limamasulira malamulowo mogwirizana ndi kachitidwe kotokosedwa. Njira imeneyi imafuna oweruza kulinganiza kukhulupirika ku malemba alamulo ndi malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchititsa mikangano yalamulo kukhazikika.

Mbali za Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kuti mugwire ntchito bwino, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumadalira pa mbali zingapo zazikulu:

  • Constigal Supremacy : Malamulo ndi apamwamba koposa m'dziko. Lamulo kapena kachitidwe kalikonse kamene kamatsutsana ndi iko kali kopanda pake.
  • Makhoti odziimira okha: ayenera kukhala omasuka ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko kapena kuloŵerera kuti apereke malamulo opanda tsankhu.
  • Kulungamitsa: Simafunso onse a lamulo amene angapendedwe. Makhoti amafuna mkangano weniweni, kuima, ndi kupsa.
  • Intection Erapology : Oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana , kuyambirira, kulemba, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a lamulo, (kumasulira malamulo alamulo.)

Mbali zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo nkozikidwa pa malamulo ndi kokhoza kusintha. Ufulu wa mphamvuyo umadalira pa kukhulupirira kwa anthu onse oweruza ndi kudzipereka limodzi kwa kulamulira lamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Lingaliro lakuti makhoti angaletse machitidwe a lamulo silinayambike mu United States, koma linali kumeneko kuti linalandira kutchuka kwake kotchuka. Malamulo wamba a Chingelezi adazindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali lamulo lofunika, ndipo makhoti autsamunda nthaŵi zina anabwereza machitidwe a nyumba zomanga nyumba zolamulira za atsamunda. Komabe, inali Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.S.̱ chigamulo mu Marbury v. Madison [183]

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall, polemba khoti la onse, ananena kuti “ ndi ntchito yogogomezera ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo lili. & #821; mlandu unabuka kuchokera ku mkangano wa ndale zadziko pakati pa Prezidenti John Adams ndi pulezidenti wobwerayo Thomas Jefferson. William Marbury, woikidwa pakati pa usiku, Mlembi wa Boma James Madison pa ntchito yake. Ngakhale kuti Khotilo linapeza kuti Marbury anali ndi udindo ku ntchitoyo, linalengeza kuti makonzedwe a Mtsogoleri wa Judiciary Act wa 1789 amene anapereka ulamuliro wa Bwalo la munthu wa kutsutsa mlandu wa mandamusbungwe. Mwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwamwala, linayambanso lamulo la Court progation, Marshalls &817; gulu la akulu la malamulo.

Kupita Patsogolo m’maiko Ena

Kutsatira chitsanzo cha ku America, maiko ambiri ophatikizapo kupenda malamulo achiweruzo m'malamulo awo. India . [FLT ., Bwalo Lapamwamba limapendanso za mlandu pansi pa Zigawo 13, 32, ndi 226 za Malamulo. judiary yaswa malamulo amene amaswa ufulu wapadera, monga mu [FLT:] Khavana Bharadavvvv. Boma la Kerala[FT:3] [1273], limene linakhazikitsa chiphunzitso chachikulu choletsa Palamenti kusanthula mbali zofunika zofunika za malamulo. , monga ngati mu , loyang'anira pansi pa Tchati cha ufulu ndi ufulu (19981), ndi malamulo okhoza kuchepetsa malamulo alamulo (makhoti) pokhazika ndi malamulo oyenerera kuletsa kuletsa malamulo (malamulo).

Mu Germany, Federal Constitution Court (Bundesfassunggericht) ndi khoti lapadera lodzipereka kotheratu kupenda lamulo lalamulo. Lili ndi chigamulo chachikulu, kuphatikizapo kupenda malamulo ovuta onena za pempho la boma kapena boma, kupenda kotsimikizirika kuchokera ku makhoti aang'ono, ndi madandaulo alamulo. Chitsanzo cha Jeremani chasonkhezera mitundu yambiri ya ku Ulaya ndi Bwalo la Chilungamo cha Ulaya.

Si mademokrase onse amene amagwirizana ndi kupenda koyenera kwachiweruzo. United Kingdom, yopanda malamulo ogwirizana, imadalira pa ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo. Komabe, Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu 1998 chimalola makhoti kuvomereza kusagwirizana, kupereka chikalata kwa Palamente kuti lamulo lotsutsana ndi European Convention on Human Rights. Mofananamo, maiko onga Netherlands ndi Finland ali ndi kupenda kochepa kwa lamulo lalikulu.

Tanthauzo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kumatumikira ntchito zambiri zofunika m’chitaganya cha democracy, osati kokha njira yalamulo yalamulo koma chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu ndi ulamuliro wabwino.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Chofunika kwambiri cha kupenda chiweruzo ndicho ntchito yake yotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha motsutsana ndi boma lochenjeredwa. Pamene bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lipereka lamulo limene limaletsa kulankhula mwaufulu, kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kapena kukana chitetezo chofanana, anthu angatsutse lamulolo. Kupenda koweruza kumapereka nkhokwe yotetezera ufulu umenewu, kaŵirikaŵiri kwa magulu andale omwe alibe mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu . Khoti la Shelby v. Laller [1] (2013])) adapeputsa makonzedwe aakulu a ufulu wa Volting Rights Act, koma zigamu zoyambirirazo zonga [FLD:2] South Carolina v. Katbackin'. [196] lamulo loweruza bwino chifukwa cha lamulo lachiweruzo, linatha kupenda ufuluwu.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatsimikizira kulekanitsa maulamuliro mwa kuchita monga kufufuza pa nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Opanga malamulo a U.S. adapanga njira imene nthambi iliyonse ingakhale ndi njira yokaniza kuloŵererana ndi ina. Oweruza, pokhala nthambi yofooka kwambiri (yopanda chikwama kapena lupanga), anafunikira chida chothandizira kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wake. Oweruza amapanga makhoti kuti asanene kuti pamene nthambi zina zipitirira malire awo. Ntchito yoyang'anira imeneyi imafunika kuletsa upandu wa anthu ambiri kapena wa kampani.

Kuchirikiza Kuŵerengera ndi Kuona Bwino Malo

Pamene zochita za boma ziyang'aniridwa ndi chiweruzo, akuluakulu a boma ali othekera kwambiri kuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo. Kuthekera kwa chitokoso cha lamulo kungaletse okhazikitsa malamulo kupitirira mofulumira, kusokoneza malamulo a ufulu. Ndiponso, malingaliro a chiweruzo amafuna kulungamitsidwa, kumene kumakakamiza boma kulongosola poyera. Kuwonekera kumeneku kumatheketsa nzika kumvetsetsa maziko alamulo kaamba ka zosankha zalamulo ndi kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu.

Kuchirikiza Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Lamulo la lamulo limafuna kuti anthu onse ndi mabungwe, kuphatikizapo boma lenilenilo, azigonjera ndi kudziŵerengera mlandu pansi pa lamulo. Kupenda lamulo lachiweruzo kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo alamulo sali chabe chikalata cha ndale zadziko koma lamulo lalikulu lovomerezedwa mwalamulo. Limapereka njira yothetsera mikangano pakati pa malamulo wamba ndi malamulo alamulo, kuletsa kulamulira kodzilamulira kopanda pake. M'zitaganya ndi lamulo lofooka, kupenda lamulo kungakhale chida champhamvu chopangira kutsimikizirika kwalamulo ndi chilungamo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Kuchitidwa

Makhoti nthaŵi zonse amayang’anizana ndi milandu imene imatsutsa malire a tanthauzo la lamulo, ndipo malamulo awo amaumba malamulo a anthu, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kakonzedwe ka boma.

Milandu Yosonyeza Kuyenda Panthaka ndi Kuyambukiridwa Kwake

Zosankha zingapo zapadera zimasonyeza mphamvu ndi kukhoza kupenda chiweruzo:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linalengeza malamulo a boma okhazikitsa masukulu a boma a anthu onse kaamba ka ophunzira akuda ndi oyera osagwirizana ndi zinzake, kugwetsa thambo la pa “ kupenda kofanana koma kolingana ndi ̵ chiphunzitso cha [[FLT:] Plettessy v. Ferguson (1869).
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Khotilo linavomereza mkazi̱ limavomereza ufulu walamulo wa kukhala yekha, kuphatikiza chigamulo chake cha kuchotsa mimba. Mlanduwuwu udakali umodzi wa njira zotsutsana kwambiri zopendera, kuyambitsa mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza kuletsa komiti ndi mbali yoyenera ya makhoti.
  • [[FLT :0] Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015): Khotilo linavomereza kuti okwatirana a kugonana ali ndi kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira mu Dongosolo la Claus ndi Kutetezera Claus. Chigamulo chimenechi chovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la ukwati wauchiŵalo chauchiŵanda umodzi m’dziko lonselo, kusonyeza mmene kupenda kwachiweruzo kungapititsirire zoyenera za anthu kaamba ka LGBTQ+ anthu.
  • Citamies United v. FEC[FLT : Khotilo linagonjetsa ziletso za kudziimira pa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ndale zadziko ndi makampani ndi maukwati, kugamula kuti kuwonongetsa ndalama koteroko kuli kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko kotetezeredwa. Osuliza amatsutsa chigamulo chimenechi kukhala ndalama zowonjezereka m'ndale zadziko, akumapereka chithunzi kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kungakhale ndi zotulukapo zotsutsana.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT ] (20: Khotilo linachirikiza mbali yaikulu ya Afford Care Act koma Nyumba ya Malamulo yochepa ’ mphamvu pansi pa Commerce Claus, kusonyeza mmene kupenda kwachiweruzo kungalinganizire njira yosamalira thanzi.

M'mayiko ena, milandu yofanana njochuluka. India ’ Bwalo Lapamwamba, mu Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2017), decriminensial consinsidensistion imodzimodziyo (1988), kuchotsa ziletso za boma 377 za Lamulo la ku India. Canada &817; Khoti Lapamwamba, mu R. Morgenter [FLT:] [1988], kuchotsa mimba kwa boma monga kuswa ziletsogozo za mkazi &517; kuyenera kwa kusungidwa kwa munthu. &817; Komyunizimu, m'Chiwerungwe cha Nazi cha Nazi, ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa lamulo lankhondo, kulola kulanda ufulu wankhondo, ndi kulanda mphamvu yankhondo.

Maluso a Malamulo Ovuta

Kupenda koweruza kumayambika ndi njira ziŵiri zazikulu: kupenda kotsimikizirika ndi kopeka. Popenda, chipani chalamulo cha mlandu chinenetsa kuti lamulo logwira ntchito ku mlandu wawo nlosemphana ndi lamulo. Iyi ndi njira yofala kwambiri mu United States, kumene Khoti Lapamwamba limamva milandu yeniyeni ndi mikangano. Mwakufufuza kosadziŵika, akuluakulu a boma ololedwa (monga prezidenti, kazembe wa boma, kapena boma) angapemphe khoti kupenda lamulo la lamulo lisanagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Njira imeneyi njofala m'madongosolo a malamulo a boma, monga ku France, Germany, ndi South Korea. Mayiko ambiri amaphatikiza njira ziŵiri.

Makhoti amasiyananso njira zawo zothetsera mavuto. Ku United States, kupezedwa kwa malamulo olakwika kumachotsa lamulo ab initio (kuchokera pachiyambi). Ku Canada, makhoti angaimitse zigamulo za kulephera kupereka nthaŵi ya malamulo kupanga woloŵa mmalo wa lamulo. Madongosolo ena amalola khoti kuwerenga kapena kudula zomangira zolakwa pamene likusunga malamulo ena.

Mapempho a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ngakhale kuti kutengedwa ndi anthu ena kwafala, kupenda milandu kwachititsa anthu kusuliza kwambiri.

Chipwirikiti Cholimbana ndi Majoriti

Chritique yosatha kwambiri ndiyo yotchedwa kuti “ couter-majoritarian contelligence, ̵ mawu opangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Alexander Bickel. M'dziko la democracy, zosankha zimapangidwa ndi oimira osankhidwa oŵerengera anthu. Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumalola oweruza osasankhidwa kuchotsa malamulo operekedwa ndi malamulo aakulu a demokrase. Zimenezi zingawonedwe kukhala zopeputsa ufulu wa munthu mwiniyo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti pamene makhoti aswa malamulo otchuka, amaloŵa m’malo mwa anthu a ̱ oimira. Vutolo n’lo makamaka pankhani zokhudza za kakhalidwe ndi zachuma, kumene malamulo a boma sapereka chitsogozo chomveka bwino.

Ochirikiza kupenda kwachiweruzo ayankha kuti malamulo enieniwo ndiwo chisonyezero cha anthu ’ mafuno, ndi kuti makhoti amaimbidwa mlandu wa kukhazikitsa mawu ake motsutsana ndi ulamuliro waudindo waudindo. Amatsutsa kuti ufulu waukulu suyenera kugonjera ku mavoti ambiri okha. Ndiponso, kupenda kwachiweruzo kungakulitse ufulu wa demokalase mwakutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zabwino za ndale zadziko.

Kuweruza Kotsutsana ndi Ziletso za Chiweruzo

Zitsanzo zogwirizana ndi vuto la kupikisana ndi mayeso a zachiweruzo ndizo mkangano wa mlandu wa kuweruza. Otsutsa amaimba makhoti ena mlandu wa kuswa ufulu wawo mwa kuŵerenga ufulu watsopano m'lamulo, kuumirira kuchokera ku ben. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Bwalo Lapamwamba la U.’ zosankha mu [FLT: 0] Roe v. Wade ndi O.Obergefell v. Hodges , zimene sizinaletsedwe m'malemba alamulo kapena matanthauzo oyambirira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ochirikiza makhoti achiweruzo ayenera kulabadira mabwalo osankhidwa popanda lamulo.

Komabe muyezo wa kumasulira ndi lamulo sumakhala womveka nthaŵi zonse. Oweruza ayenera kumasulira mawu osamveka bwino a lamulo monga ̵ kapena “ chitetezo cholingana. ̵ Njira yoletsa imene imadalira pa cholinga choyamba ingalephere kulongosola kupanda chilungamo kwa masiku ano. Vuto ndi kupendanso mwalamulo mwanjira yomwe ili yoyenerera ndi yovomereza kutsata miyezo ya sociteet, popanda kukhala yotchuka kwambiri.

Kulemekeza Makhoti

Kufufuza kwina kwakukulu ndiko kuti kuweruza kungachititse kugamula kwa achiweruzo. Makhoti akapanga zosankha zazikulu pa kuchotsa mimba, ukwati, ndawala ya ndawala, kapena mphamvu ya ulamuliro, kuikidwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa oweruza kukhala nkhondo yoopsa. Ku United States, zimenezi zachititsa kuikidwa kwa malingaliro ambiri ndi kutayikiridwa kwa anthu mu Khoti Lapamwamba monga wokana kuloŵa m’ndale. M'mayiko ena, monga Poland ndi Hungary, maboma aukira ufulu walamulo mwa kutsekera makhoti kapena kukhazikitsanso malamulo alamulo, pogwiritsa ntchito mabodza a kuletsa chigamulo cha boma lochirikiza ufulu wa boma.

Otetezera andale amanena kuti kuletsa kuphatikana sikuli kosapeŵeka. Zitetezero zamphamvu za mabungwe, monga ngati moyo (kapena mawu okhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali), malipiro osungika, ndi njira zodziŵikira, zingateteze oweruza ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Kulinganiza Ulamuliro wa Oweruza ndi Ulamuliro Wademokalase

Kuti athetse nkhani zimenezi, madongosolo ambiri a zamalamulo apanga njira zolinganizidwira kupenda chiweruzo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokalase.

Malamulo Opondereza ndi Oletsa Malamulo

Maiko ena amalola malamulo kuletsa zigamulo zina zachiweruzo. Canada ’ ndi mawu a m'Chigamulo ̵ (Kupereka 33 kwa Tchata cha Ufulu ndi Ufulu) amalola Palamende kapena nyumba ya malamulo ya boma kulengeza kuti lamulo lizigwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za ufulu wa Tchata wa zaka zisanu zobwezedwa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amapatsa nthambi yosankhidwa liwu lomalizira m'nkhani zina pamene akusunga ndandanda yoyamba ya chiweruzo monga chitetezo. Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kuli kokwera mtengo ndipo sikumachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kufufuza kwina ndiko kusintha kwa malamulo. Ku United States, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu chomasulira malamulo chingathetsedwe kokha ndi kusintha kwa malamulo, kumene kumafuna kuti pakhale maufumu aakulu kwambiri m'Congress ndi kupeputsa ndi magawo atatu anayi a boma. Mtengo wapamwamba umenewu ukutsimikizira kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo sikungasinthidwe mosavuta komanso kuti anthu athe kuwongolera mafotokozedwe olakwika. Mwachitsanzo, 11, 14th, 16th, ndi 26 Demestments, onsewo analabadira ku chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba.

Ziletso za Uchimo ndi Ziphunzitso Zotsutsa

Makhoti angatenge ziphunzitso zoletsa kuchepetsa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States kaŵirikaŵiri limagwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso cha Antanu 820; chiphunzitso chosagwirizana, ̵ kumasulira malamulo opeŵera mafunso alamulo pamene kuli kotheka. Limatchulanso mafunso a ndale zadziko operekedwa ku nthambi za ndale ndi Lamulo . Ndilo linzake ku zopezedwa m'madera monga ngati malamulo a zachuma. Mofananamo, makhoti ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuyesa kulinganiza kolinganiza pamene akuyesa zoyenerera, kupatsa nyumba zoikizira malamulo kuti asankhe pakati pa njira zoyenerera zofikira zolinga zoyenerera.

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

M’zaka zikubwerazi, zinthu zambiri zimene zikuchitika pa nthawiyo zidzasintha pa moyo wawo.

Ufulu Wosankha Zochita pa Intaneti

Luso la zopangapanga limapereka mafunso atsopano a lamulo. Makhoti akulimbana ndi ufulu wachinsinsi m'nyengo ya manambala, kuphatikizapo kuyang’anira boma, zolemba za makampani achinsinsi, ndi malamulo a luntha lopanga. Mu Carpeenter v. United States (2018), Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. limavomereza kuti boma lifunikira chilolezo cha kutsegula maselo a pulogalamu a chibadwa, kuzindikira kuti makompyuta a pulogalamu a Wene. Makhoti a ku Ulaya nawonsonso anatsatira pangano la Ulaya pa ufulu wa anthu kuti apereke zigamu zaumboni. Monga mmene luso la zofufuza, kupenda kwachiweruzo kulongosola malire, mawu aulere, ndi njira za CD.

Chilungamo cha Malo Okhala ndi Mkhalidwe

Kusintha kwa nyengo kuli mbali yomakula mofulumira. Ofufuza za nyengo ndi maboma akubweretsa nkhani zimene zimatsutsa kusokonezeka kwa malamulo a nyengo, akumanena kuti kusakwanira kuswa ufulu walamulo (monga kuyenera kwa moyo, thanzi, kapena malo okhala bwino). Mu 2019, Khoti Lapamwamba la Netherlands, mu ] Urgenda Foundation v. Boma la Netherlands , lichirikiza lamulo la khoti lotsika lofuna kuti boma lichepetse kutentha kwa mpweya ndi 25% kuyambira 1990 ndi milingo 2020. Nkhani zofananazo zaikidwa ku United States, Canada, Germany, ndi Brazil. Kupenda za malamulo akakhala chiŵinda chothandiza kukonza za nyengo, ngakhale kuti makhoti asakhale oyenera kumbuyo.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kukambirana za Malamulo a Dziko Lonse

Makhoti a ku Canada amatchula kwambiri zigamulo kuchokera ku mayiko ena pomasulira malamulo awo. Kukambirana kumeneku, kumene nthaŵi zina kumatchedwa kukambirana kwa milandu ya dziko lonse, kumawonjezera lamulo la malamulo komanso kumadzutsa mafunso okhudza ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada lakhala likuyang'ana ku U.S., Ulaya, ndi lamulo lapadziko lonse m'milandu yawo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S., lakhala losiyana kwambiri ndi, ndi oweruza ena akutsutsa kuti mitu yachilendo siigwirizana ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo a ku America.

Kufalitsa Zokopa ndi Ziwopsyezo za Kudziimira Pachiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kumayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zachindunji kuchokera ku magulu a oweruza amene amafunafuna kusumika maganizo pa ulamuliro ndi kufooketsa zipani za mabungwe. M'maiko onga Poland, Hungary, ndi Turkey, maboma achotsa oweruza, akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ulamuliro wa makhoti alamulo, ndi oikidwa kukhala okhulupirika. Zochita zimenezi zimachepetsa kupenda kwachiweruzo ndi kuwopseza lamulo. Kuchinjiriza ufulu wa chiweruzo kudzafuna kukhala wogalamuka kwa anthu alamulo, mabungwe a mitundu yonse, ndi anthu. Kupindulidwa kwa chiweruzo poyang'anizana ndi kuukira kotereka kudzakhala kokhala kotetezeredwa kwa demokrase.

Malingaliro Oyerekezera pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kumvetsetsa kupenda kwachiweruzo kumafuna kuzindikira mmene malamulo amagwiritsirira ntchito.

Chitsanzo cha ku America: Kupenda Koipitsidwa

Mu United States, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumachitidwa ndi makhoti onse a boma ndi a boma, osati khoti lapadera la malamulo. Khoti lililonse lingalengeze lamulo losakhala lovomerezeka, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi ulamuliro womaliza. Chitsanzo choyenerera chimenechi chimawonjezera mwayi wa mavuto a malamulo a boma komanso chingatsogolere ku zigamulo zotsutsana pakati pa makhoti ang’onoang’ono mpaka khoti lapamwamba litathetsa nkhaniyo. Mwambo wa [FLT: 0] ukhoza kukhala deciss [ (kulephera) kukhazikitsa, koma dongosololo limapereka chisungiko chopambana ndi mlandu.

Chitsanzo cha ku Ulaya: Makhoti Oikidwa pa Malamulo Apakati

Maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, osonkhezeredwa ndi nthanthi za Hans Kelsen, akhazikitsa makhoti opatulidwa a lamulo losiyana ndi achiweruzo wamba. Makhoti ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu yokha pa mafunso alamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kupenda kosawoneka. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Khoti la Federal Constitution, Council Constitution, ndi Bwalo la Malamulo la ku Italy. Malamulo ameneŵa amagogomezera kwambiri ukatswiridwe wa malamulo ndi kuchepetsa upandu wa malamulo osasintha. Komabe, iwo angayambitsenso kusiyana pakati pa malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo wamba, ofuna njira zolozera malamulo.

Mafanizo a Hybrid

Maiko ena amaphatikiza mbali za madongosolo onse aŵiri. South Africa ̱ khoti la Malamulo liri ndi mphamvu zokulira za kubwereramo koma liri mbali ya khoti logwirizana. Japan & 8817; Bwalo Lapamwamba limatsatira chitsanzo cha ku America koma kaŵirikaŵiri limapanga kupenda kwachiweruzo, makamaka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko ndi kutsendereza kwa ziungwe. India amaphatikiza Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kupendanso kwapamwamba kwa bwalo lapamwamba lamilandu, ndipo oweruza ake amasungitsa mokangalika ufulu wapamwamba ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira.

Kumaliza

Kupenda lamulo kudakali magwero ofunika kwambiri a demokrase ya lamulo. Kumateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kumasunga mayeso ndi kulinganiza, kumachirikiza kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza lamulo. Komabe, sikuli kolakwika. Vuto lolimbana ndi ntchito zaumoyo, kuopsa kwa kuweruza, ndi kuwopseza kuti munthu adzilamulire yekha kumafunikira chisamaliro chosatha. Kuyang'aniridwa kwa makhoti kumadalira pa mmene masinthidwe a sayansi, mavuto a nyengo, kudalirana kwa dziko lapansi, ndi zitsenderezo za ofufuza za pulogalamu.

Pomalizira pake, kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko gulu lamphamvu limene liyenera kulinganiza kukhulupirika ku malembo alamulo ndi kuvomereza makhalidwe a anthu. Kuyenera kwake kuli pa khoti lomwe liri ponse paŵiri lalamulo lokhala ndi malamulo ndi lodzichepetsa, logwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ndi kugamula molingalira. Pamene maiko akupitirizabe kukula mocholoŵana, kufunika kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo kudzangokula, kukupangitsa kukhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri, akatswiri, ndi nzika zofanana.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani [[FLT: 1] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT :2] [- Oyez] , Project [[FLT:] ya malamulo a dziko lonse, ndi [[FLT:] Enclopaedia Britannica pa kupenda kwachiweruzo .