Table of Contents

Kodi Nthambi Zitatu za ku America Zimayenderana Bwanji?

Ntchito Yapadera ya Demokrase ya ku America

Boma la United States limagwira ntchito pa dongosolo la ndi madeko amene amaletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu yochuluka . Malingaliro osintha zinthu pamene akhazikitsidwa mu 1787 amene amapitirizabe kukonza chigamulo chilichonse chachikulu cha ndale zadziko lerolino. Malamulo amenewa, kutali ndi kukhala fumbi, amasonkhezera mwamphamvu chilichonse kuchokera ku Khoti Lapamwamba ku bajeti ya boma, kuchokera ku mphamvu zankhondo kupita ku malamulo a zaumoyo. Kumvetsetsa kuyesa ndi kulipirira ntchito ku konkire, zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zikuvumbula chifukwa chake dongosololi limakhala lofunika kaamba ka kutetezera democracy ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Luntha la mayeso ndi kulinganiza kwa America [[FLT: 1] silikuletsa ntchito ya boma koma kupempha kuti adzipereke, akhululukire, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Pamene Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anayesa kudzaza Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi zigamulo zina mu 1937, dongosololo linamuimitsa. Pamene Pulezidenti Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwayi wobisa umboni wa Watergate, makhoti okakamiza. Pamene khoti linapereka Line Tento Act kupatsa preziden wa maakaunti a ndalama zoikizira zinthu, Supreme Court inalengeza kuti silinalembetse mfundo zalamulo. Zimenezi sizili zongopeka. Pamene anafufuza ndi kutetezera demokrase ya Amerekanicracy.

Kodi Kupangidwa kwa Malamulo Kumakhala Kotani?

Maziko: Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Kugaŵa maulamuliro kumagawa ulamuliro wa boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu zosiyana, iliyonse ndi mathayo ake:

[[ML:0] Nthambi ya Chingelezi (Chonor) [[FULT:1]:

  • Apanga malamulo a boma
  • Amalamulira kuwonongera ndalama kwa boma
  • Akulengeza nkhondo
  • Malonda a m’madera apakati ayambanso kupangidwa
  • Akutsatsa akuluakulu a boma
  • Limbikitsani mapangano (Saneta)
  • Zitsimikizireni kuti mwaikidwadi (Sante)

[[Nthambi yotsatizana:0] Nthambi (Mkulu) [1]

  • Akukakamiza malamulo a boma
  • Asilikali
  • Amachita zinthu m’mayiko ena
  • Isankha oweruza ndi akuluakulu a boma
  • Akufunsa maoda a akuluakulu
  • Maula akhululukidwa
  • Mapangano amwambo

[[Nthambi:0] Nthambi ya JW (Makhoti Aakulu) [1] [Mbali:1]

  • Kumasulira malamulo ndi Malamulo
  • Apenda zochita za akuluakulu a boma
  • Kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa mayiko
  • Imateteza ufulu wa malamulo
  • Amakhazikitsa Malamulo
  • Kupenda zigamulo za m’makhoti aang’ono

Mmene Kulekanitsa Mphamvu Kumasiyanirana ndi Kulekanitsa

Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amasokonezeka, [[FLT: 0] kusanthula kwa mphamvu zoyendera ndi kuchepetsa kumasonyeza malingaliro osiyana:

Kugaŵa maulamuliro [[FL:1] amagawa ntchito za boma pakati pa nthambi , monga kugawa kampani kukhala madipatimenti. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi ulamuliro wake.

Ziwiya ndi madigiri [1] Amapereka nthambi iliyonse zida zapadera kuti ichepetse zina, monga ngati kupatsa dipatimenti iliyonse mphamvu pa zosankha zina ndi madipatimenti ena. Ndi njira imene imapangitsa kulekana kukhala kwatanthauzo.

Kusiyanitsa kumeneku n’kofunika chifukwa chakuti kupatukana pakokha sikungaletse upo. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale monga Roman Republic zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu zogaŵanika popanda kupenda njira zimakhazikika. Kusintha kwa America kunali kuphatikizana ndi mphamvu zotsagana zimene zimafuna kugwirizana.

Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso cha Chifilosofi

Oyambitsawo anakopa olingalira za Kutseguka kwa Thungu, makamaka nthanthi ya Montesquieu ya kusiyanitsa maulamuliro [1] ndi John Locke malingaliro ake ponena za boma lochepa. James Madison, katswiri wamkulu wa Malamulo, anatsutsa mwa Federalst No. 51 kuti "kutchuka kuyenera kupangidwa kutsutsa kukhumba malo ena" "“ Kuvomereza kuti mphamvu mwachibadwa imayesetsa kukulitsa ndi mphamvu yokhayo imene ingachepetse mphamvu.

Madison anali wozindikira, osati wongoyerekezera: "Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma limene likanafunikira. Ngati angelo akanalamulira anthu, ngakhale kuyang’anira kwa kunja kapena kwa mkati mwa boma kukakhala kofunika. Lingaliro loona la munthu lopanga dongosolo lofuna atsogoleri likafuna mphamvu ndi kupanga njira zoyendetsera zinthu zokhumba.

Kufufuza Malamulo pa Mphamvu Yauyang’aniro: Msonkhano Woletsa Maulamuliro

Mphamvu ya Kugula: Kulamulira Zinthu Zofunika Patsogolo za Pulezidenti

Kulamulira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kumasonyeza imodzi ya macheke amphamvu kwambiri pa akuluakulu a boma. Pulezidenti sangawononge dola limodzi popanda Congregation apropria, kupereka Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu zazikulu pa malamulo a pulezidenti.

Chitsanzo chenicheni cha dziko : Pulezidenti Trump's palparence ya nkhondo yapamalire (207 - 2019) akusonyeza kupenda kumeneku. Ngakhale kuti Trump anapanga khoma kukhala lake loyamba, Trump sanathe kusungitsa ndalama kuchokera ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chilengezo chake chamwadzidzidzi cha dziko lonse cha kubwezera ndalama zankhondo chinatsutsidwa m'makhoti ndi Congress Congress kuletsa ngoziyo . Chomalizira, anamanga khoma locheperapo poyerekezera ndi chikalata choikizidwa ndi chikalata.

Chitsanzo cha zolembedwa [[FLT: 1]: Boland Amendments (1998194) inaletsa kupereka ndalama zoyendetsera Reagan kwa Nicaragua Contras. Pamene boma linagulitsa mwachinsinsi zida ku Iran kuti lipereke ndalama za Contras, kulakwa kwa Iran-Contatra kunawononga ulamuliro wa Honation, kusonyeza kuti mapresidenti amene amayendetsa Congregation akuyang'anizana ndi zotsatirapo zauchimo.

Mphamvu za Nkhondo: Kulimbana ndi Lamulo Losatha

Pamene kuli kwakuti Prezidenti akulamulira magulu ankhondo, Corrent ali ndi mphamvu ya kulengeza nkhondo [ [1] [1] chipsinjo chimene chalongosola lamulo la maiko akunja a ku America kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Zitsanzo zamakono za maulamuliro ankhondo zimafufuza [:

  • Maulamuliro a Nkhondo Resolution (1973)[FLT: 1]: Kudutsa pa Nixon's vento pambuyo pa Vietnam, kumafuna mapresidenti kudziŵitsa Msonkhano mkati mwa maola 48 a nkhondo ndi kuchotsa magulu ankhondo pambuyo pa masiku 60 popanda chilolezo
  • Kala kuloŵerera (2011 : : Congress anasuliza Obama chifukwa cha ntchito zopitirizabe masiku oposa 60 popanda chilolezo
  • Syria table (208) [1]: Congress inatsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Trump wa kuphulitsa malo a zida za nyukiliya popanda chilolezo
  • Kulimbana kwa Iran (20) : Pambuyo pa Trump kupha mkulu wankhondo wa Iran Soleimani, Msonkhano unapereka chigamulo choletsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Iran (yogulidwa ndi Trump)

Padakali mkangano wakuti mphamvu za nkhondo za Congress zikugwira ntchito. Mabishopu ayambitsa nkhondo nthaŵi zoposa 200 kuyambira pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo yalengeza nkhondo nthaŵi zisanu zokha m’mbiri.

Kudzikakamiza: Kupenda Kotheratu

Mphamvu ya kulephera kulangiza imagwira ntchito monga njira ya nyukiliya ya Konsichushoni .Kufufuza komaliza pa kusamvera kwa mkulu ndi komiti ya chiweruzo.

Zikalata zophunzitsa

  • Andrew Johnson (1868) : Anafunidwa chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la Ofesi, lopanda chivoti chimodzi
  • Richard Nixon (1974) [1]: Anaimbidwa mlandu wokhawokha wa milandu ya Watergate
  • BIll Clinton (1998: Ofuna kubisa ndi kutsekereza, ochotsedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo
  • Drump (2029) : Anafuna kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi zopinga, kuchotsedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo
  • Drump (201).: Anafunsira kusonkhezera chipanduko, kuchotsedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo

Ziphunzitso za judicial : Nyumba zakhazikitsa oweruza 15 a boma, kuchotsa asanu ndi atatu. Posachedwapa, Woweruza Thomas Portagation anachotsedwa mu 2010 chifukwa cha chiphuphu. Zimenezi zikukumbutsa oweruza kuti saali odziimira okha pa mlandu wa ndale.

Chipilala chapamwamba cha kugamula mlandu (mavoti aŵiri ndi atatu) chimatsimikizira kusavomereza kukhala kosoŵa, koma kukhalapo kwake kumakhudza khalidwe. Kuleka kwa Nixon kunasonyeza kuti chiwopsezo cha kusamvera chokha chingayang'anizane ndi mphamvu ya pulezidenti.

Kutsimikizira kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo: Kuwononga Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nyumba ya malamulo [[MLT: 0] mphamvu yotsimikizira kuikidwa imalola Nyumba za Malamulo kusonkhezera kulembedwa kwa nthambi ndi nthanthi zachiweruzo kwa mibadwo.

N’zosatheka kutsimikizira kuti nkhondo zilipo [

  • Robert Bork (1987) : Khoti Lalikulu la Reagan losunga mwambo linakana 58-42, kusintha njira yotsimikizira
  • Clarence Thomas (1991): Anatsimikizira 52-48 pambuyo pa kuweruza kwa mkangano kophatikizapo kuvutitsa akazi
  • [[FULT:0] Merrick Garland (2016[[FL:1]]: Obamminee anakana kumvetsera kulikonse kochitidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Republic
  • Brett Kavanaugh (2088) [1]: Anatsimikizira 50-48 pambuyo pa zinenezo za kuwukira ndi nkhondo yogaŵanitsa
  • Kukana kwa Cabinet: John Tower (Mlembi wa ku Defense, 1989) ndi Trump nominees anapatuka kapena kukana

Mphamvu yotsimikizira siiposa malo apamwamba. Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira malo pafupifupi 1,200, kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo m'dziko lonse la boma.

Woyang’anira Malamulo Apenda Mphamvu za Malamulo: Malamulo a Prezidenti pa Nyumba za Malamulo

Mphamvu ya Veto: Kuletsa Kuloŵerera Koposa kwa Mabungwe

wireidial chuto imakakamiza Congress kukwaniritsa kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa malamulo otsutsidwa ndi mkulu.

[[FL:0] Chizindikiro cha m'mbiri :

  • Andrew's Bank Veto (1832) [1]: Kuwononga Second National Bank , kubwezeranso ndalama za American
  • Truman's Taft-Hartley Veto (1947) [1] : kusagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mgwirizano woletsedwa mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso cha pulezidenti
  • Ford's 61vetoes (197-197) [1] : Igwiritsidwe ntchito sewero kuukira Democratic Congress pambuyo pa Watergate
  • Oma's Keystone XL Pirline Veto (2015)]: Kutsekereza mphamvu ya Republican
  • Trump'S Emergency Declaration Veto (209) : Kusungidwa kwa linga lamalipiro mosasamala kanthu za chitsutso cha Congress

Ziŵerengero zimasonyeza njira [:

  • M’mbiri ya United States, mavetoe 2,584
  • Mavetoe 1,518 (kulola ndalama kufa popanda kusainirana)
  • Pangotsala mavetoes 112 okha (4.3%)
  • FDR ili ndi mavetoe okwana 635 m’zaka 12
  • Kusagwira ntchito kumafuna magawo aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri

Malamulo Otsogolera: Akulu Olamulira Opanda Mabungwe

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma amalola akuluakulu kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo popanda lamulo, ngakhale kuti ali m’zitsenderezo za lamulo.

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi zimene zimawachitikira .

  • Proclation (1863) : Akapolo a Lincoln omasulidwa m'maboma opanduka ndi olamulira
  • [[NTHAŴI] Japann Internament (1942) : FDR's Order 9066 pambuyo pake
  • Steel Seizere (1952) : Khoti Lalikulu linagamula monga ulamuliro woposa
  • DACA (202) : Kutetezera achichepere osamukira kumaiko ena, kutonzedwa koma kuchilikizidwa kwakukulu
  • Trump's Travement Ban (2017) : Mabaibulo ambiri pamaso pa chilolezo cha Khoti Lapamwamba
  • Biden's Vaccine Manuday (2021) : Kugwedezeka ndi Khoti Lalikulu kaamba ka mabwana aakulu

Malamulo a akuluakulu amakhala amphamvu koma ochepa. Makhoti angawagonjetse, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingawapatse malamulo aakulu, ndipo mapresidenti amtsogolo angawachotse panthaŵi yomweyo — monga momwe Biden anachitira ndi malamulo ambiri a Trump tsiku limodzi.

Mphamvu ya Utsogoleri: Kuwononga Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa, [[FLT: 0] amaumba boma mwa kutumiza mawu

Mapangano [[FLT: 1]: Mapresidenti angapange malo kwakanthaŵi pamene mabwalo a Nyumba ya Malamulo, kunyalanyaza chitsimikizo. Mapangano a pakhoma ku National Labor Relations Board analamulidwa popanda lamulo pamene Khoti Lalikulu linapeza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali yosagona.

Akuluakulu ogwira ntchito : Trump anagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri akuluakulu oimira boma kupeŵa nkhondo zotsimikizira, ngakhale kuti makhoti analetsa kachitidwe kameneka pamene "kuchita ntchito" kunatumikira kwanthaŵi yaitali.

[[FLT: 0] Kuika anthu pa mwambo : Madenti amapanga lamulo la mibadwo kupyolera m'malamulo achiweruzo. Trump anakhazikitsa oweruza a boma 234 kuphatikizapo zigamulo zitatu za Bwalo Lapamwamba, kusintha makhoti kuyang'anira bwino kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Kufufuza Mantha Aŵiri Onsewo: Makhoti Monga Magulu Oyang’anira Malamulo

Kupenda Chiweruzo: Mphamvu Yokana

Kupenda kwa judicial [[FLT :1]] [1] [1] mphamvu ya makhoti kulengeza malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo . sadaipy m'Magnicul koma adakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803). Zimenezi zinapanga cheke cha judiary pa nthambi zina.

Milandu ya pastank yoyang'anira mphamvu ya malamulo :

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819) : kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa maboma
  • red Scott v. Sandford (187) [1]: Kusuntha Missouri Kulolera molakwa (pambuyo pake anagwetsedwa ndi 14 Demetrigation)
  • Lochner v . New York (1905) : Malamulo a ntchito (pambuyo pake anasinthidwa)
  • Schechtry poultry v U.S. (1935) [1]: Kugwetsa malamulo a Dipatimenti yatsopano
  • United States v. Lopez (1995) [1]: Chiganizo cha malonda cha Congress
  • Citizens United v. FEC (2010) [1]: Kugwetsa ziletso za ndawala
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202) : Kugaŵidwa kwa Medicaid

Zochitika zofufuza mphamvu ya oyang'anira :

  • Zojambula za M'mapepala v. Sawyer (1952) : Kugwidwa ndi chitsulo kwa Truman
  • United States v. Nixon (1974)[FL:1]: Kufunidwa kwa Nixon kutulutsa matepi a Watergate
  • HAmdi v. Rumsfeld (2004): Kutsekera kwa a Bush odedwa kwa adani
  • Boumediene v. Bush (2008): Alast habeas corpus ku Guantanamo depansies
  • Trump v. Hawaii (2088) : Chiletso cha maulendo oyendera koma chitsimikizire kupendanso kwa chiweruzo cha kusamuka
  • Trump v. Vance (20)[[FL:1] : Anakana kutetezeredwa kotheratu ku zigawenga za boma

Mphamvu ya Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Makhoti amapanga lamulo kupyolera mwa [[FLT: 0] kumasulira kwa kampani , kaŵirikaŵiri kusintha kodabwitsa kwa chitaganya cha Amereka:

Kusintha kochitidwa kupyolera m'kupenda kwachiweruzo :

  • Brown v. board (11954) [1]: Kuleka kusankhidwa pasukulu
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) [1]: Kutsimikizira kuimira kwa lamulo
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966)]: Machenjezo a zoyenera
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) [1]: Kukhazikitsa zoyenera zochotsa mimba (kuwonjezedwa 2022)
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukwati wovomerezedwa mwalamulo ndi chiwerewere
  • Dobbs v. Jackson (202) : Lamulo la kuchotsa mimba libwereranso ku maboma

Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene makhoti angatsutsire maulamuliro a democracy pamene akuswa zoyenera zalamulo ndi boma, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimadzutsa mafunso onena za kuyenera kwa demokalase.

Kudziimira Pawokha pa Chiweruziro ndi Malire Ake

Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza a boma amatumikira kugaŵiridwa kwa nthaŵi ya moyo kutsimikizira kudziimira, iwo amayang'anizana ndi macheke angapo:

[[ML:0] Kufufuza kochitidwa pa makhoti [[FULT:1]:

  • Mphamvu yofuna kugwiritsa ntchito (yogwiritsidwa ntchito koma ilipo)
  • Kusintha malamulo kungachotse zosankha
  • Kuchotsa milandu (kuchepetsa zimene makhoti angapende)
  • Ziwopsezo zoikidwa m’makhoti (kusintha chiŵerengero cha oweruza)
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito bajeti pa makhoti
  • Kuvomereza koimira oweruza atsopano

[[ML:0] Kufufuza kochitidwa pamakhoti [[FULT:1]:

  • Kupanga mphamvu zoika munthu pa chigamulo kumachititsa kuti m’bwalo lamilandu mukhale malamulo
  • Kudalira (makhoti amafunikira akuluakulu a boma kuti akwaniritse zosankha zawo)
  • Mphamvu ya kupatulapo mphamvu zingathetse zikhulupiriro zaupandu

Kulimbana pakati pa kudziimira pawekha kwachiweruzo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokrase sikunathetsedwe. Makhoti afunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo kuti atetezere zoyenera, koma kudziimira kotheratu kungakhoze kutsendereza ulamuliro wachiweruzo.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika m’Nthaŵi Yovuta: Dongosolo Likayesedwa

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni: Pamene Zopenda Zinalephera

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inaimira kutha kwa kuchepa kwa zinthu ndiponso kuchepa kwa zinthu.

  • Mahabeas olemala popanda chilolezo cha Congress
  • Madoko a Kum’mwera anamangidwa popanda kuyambitsa nkhondo
  • Muzipereka ndalama zanu zonse popanda kudandaula
  • Anapanga makhoti a asilikali ochitiramo anthu wamba

Jasitisi wamkulu Taney analengeza zochita za Lincoln kuti sizili zalamulo ku Ex partee Merryman , koma Lincoln ananyalanyaza chigamulo. Zimenezi zinasonyeza kuti kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza kumadalira pa kugonjera kwaufulu [1] sizingagwire ntchito pamene dongosolo lenilenilo lisweka.

Ntchito Yatsopano: Kutsika kwa Mabungwe

New DR'S Deal inayambitsa vuto la malamulo pamene Khoti Lalikulu linagamula lamulo lalikulu. Dongosolo la khoti la Roosevelt likawonjezera zigamulo kufikira atakhala ndi ambiri. Ngakhale kuti makonzedwewo analephera, Khoti linayamba kuchirikiza maprogramu a New Deal . "ufiti m’nthaŵi imene inapulumutsa .

Vuto limeneli linasonyeza kuti kupenda ndi kulinganiza sikumaphatikizapo kokha mphamvu zamwambo komanso chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi kulinganiza koyenera.

Kasupe wa Madzi: Dongosolo Logwira Ntchito

Mayeso a madzi ankaoneka ngati oyenda bwino kwambiri:

  • Makhoti anakakamiza Nixon kutulutsa matepi
  • Congress anafufuza ndi kukonza zoti asinthe
  • Anthu anayamba kupanikizika kwambiri kudzera m’manyuzipepala aulere
  • Nixon anachotsa ntchito m’malo mwa kuyembekezera kuchotsedwa

Vutolo linatsimikizira kuti ngakhale pulezidenti wamphamvu sakanagonjetsa chitsutso chogwirizana cha nthambi zina pamene anagwidwa akugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu molakwa.

Post-9/11: Chisungiko v. Ufulu

Nkhondo ya Uchigaŵenga inayesa malire pakati pa nthambi:

  • Bush ananena kuti anali ndi mphamvu zoyang’anira milandu ndi kutsekera m’ndende
  • Nyumba za Malamulo zinachirikizidwa poyamba, ndiyeno zinatsutsa mphamvu zokulirapo
  • Makhoti pang’onopang’ono amachepetsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu
  • Obama anapitiriza kuchita zinthu zambiri ngakhale kuti anthu ankamutsutsa pa ntchito ya ndawala

Nyengo imeneyi inasonyeza mmene ziwopsezo zakunja zingasinthire kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya mabwana kwakanthaŵi, koma kupenda kumakhalanso kwapadera.

Mavuto Amakono Ofuna Kudzitetezera ndi Kusamala

Kusintha Malo Okhala ndi Malaŵi

Extreme polacentiation imawopseza kupima ndi kulinganizika kwa mwambo:

  • Kukhulupirika m’gulu kumatenga malo a kukhulupirika kwa nthambi
  • Congress siyang’ana akuluakulu a chipani chimodzi
  • Kutsimikizira kumangokhala kokopa anthu
  • Kukana kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo
  • Makhoti akuonekera kuti akulimbikitsa zandale

Pamene nthambi zigwirizana ndi gulu mmalo mwa chikondwerero cha bungwe, imalephera. A Republican Congress saona pulezidenti wa Republic, ndipo kuyang'ana kwa kampaniyo kukhoza kuchepa.

Ntchito ya Nyumba za Malo Otentha

Kufooka kwa 'Frorection' [[FT:1] kwasintha mphamvu ku nthambi zina:

  • Kutsekeredwa kwa madzi osefukira kumaletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo
  • Kupatsidwa ulamuliro kwa mabungwe audindo
  • Mavuto a Ndalama ndi Kutsekedwa
  • Kusakhoza kukonzanso malamulo akale
  • Afilibuster amaletsa anthu ambiri kulamulira

Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo singathe kukhazikitsa lamulo, mapresidenti amachita zinthu popanda kugamulapo kupyolera mwa maofesala a akuluakulu ndi makhoti amapanga lamulo mwa kumasulira mwa "kulephera kukhala koyenera kaamba ka demokrase.

Kuda Nkhaŵa kwa Chiweruzo

Ena amatsutsa makhoti kuti ali ndi mphamvu zambiri:

  • Perekani tanthauzo la lamulo lomalizira
  • Kulephera kuyankha mlandu
  • Moyo uli kutali ndi malingaliro a anthu
  • Kuthetsa malamulo otchuka
  • Kupanga zosankha zazikulu za malamulo

Kutsutsa kotsutsa kumagogomezera makhoti kutetezera anthu ochepa ku nkhanza zambiri ndipo kumakakamiza malamulo kuletsa ena kunyalanyaza.

Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi Zikukula

Mavuto amawonjezera mphamvu za mabwana:

  • Nkhondo zimawonjezera ulamuliro wa pulezidenti
  • Mavuto azachuma amachititsa kuti zinthu zichitike mwangozi
  • Ngozi zamwadzidzidzi zimatheketsa zilamuliro zosayerekezereka
  • Kuopseza anthu kuti atetezedwe kumachepetsa ufulu wa anthu
  • Kusintha kwa nyengo kungachititse kuti nyengo iyambe kukula m’tsogolo

Zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zongonena kuti pakakhala ngozi, sizithanso kubwerera m’mbuyo, ndipo pang’ono ndi pang’ono zimasintha pang’ono kuti zifike ku nthambi ya akuluakulu.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza kwa Boma: Kulimbana Monga Njira Inanso

Maboma Akusonyeza Makonzedwe Aakulu

Maboma onse a boma 50 amapatula maulamuliro awo:

Mantha a lamulo a boma :

  • Malamulo a boma odutsa
  • Manda a boma
  • Akuluakulu a boma alionse
  • Dera mavetoe
  • Sonyezani kuti mwaikidwa pa nkhani ya zachuma (mau ena)

Mantha audindo adziko [:

  • Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo a boma
  • Oyang’anira nkhani za pa Intaneti
  • Lamulo la Veto
  • Muziika zinthu pa malo amodzi
  • Lamulo la Gulu la Alonda a Dziko (logaŵiridwa ndi pulezidenti)

Nthambi za komiti za boma [1]

  • Kumasulira malamulo a boma
  • Kupenda malamulo a boma
  • Pezani zimene boma ndi boma lanu likuchita
  • Kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa mmalo mwa kuikidwa

Maboma Okhala Mabungwe a Demokrase

Maboma amayesa njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera ndi kulinganiza zinthu:

  • Insemo-tein vento: 44 maboma amalola akazembe kutchula zinthu za bajeti
  • dazira chisankho [[FLT :] maboma 19 amalola ovota kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma asanayambe mawu atha
  • Kusintha ndi kutumiza pepala [1]: 24 maboma amalola mwachindunji demokalase kutsata malamulo oyendetsera nyumba yoyaluza
  • malire a nthaŵi : 15 maboma amaletsa malamulo
  • vs. Guwawiridwa kwa mkulu : Ena amaika akuluakulu a kabati osankhidwa paokha

Kusintha kumeneku kumapereka njira zenizeni zoyesera za kupangidwa kwa boma, kudziŵitsa mikangano ya dziko yokhudza kusintha kwa mabungwe.

Mphamvu ya Boma: Magwero Ena a Macheke

Fereralism [ imapanga macheke ndi zipini zoimirira pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma:

States jonga mphamvu ya boma :

  • Malamulo otsutsa ntchito za boma
  • Kukana kusungitsa malamulo a boma (mululu, ndi kusamuka)
  • Mabungwe a boma ozemba boma
  • Malamulo Osintha
  • Magulu ochirikiza kutetezera thupi (okanidwa kwambiri mwalamulo)

Kufufuza boma [maboma]

  • Kutsutsa Claus kumachotsa malamulo a boma
  • Kupenda zochita za boma m’khoti la Federal
  • Zofunika pa ndalama
  • Kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe
  • Lamulo la malonda a m’mayiko ena

Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kudandaula za malamulo a boma oletsa kusamukira m’dziko, malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a malo okhala, pamene boma lakhala likutsutsa malamulo a boma ovota ndi tsankho.

Zotsatirapo za Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Mmene Nzika Zimamvera Anthu

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Chikalata cha Afford Care Act chosonyeza manthambi onse atatu oumba dongosolo lokhudza mamiliyoni:

  • [[ML:0] Upo wotsatira [[FULT:1] anakhazikitsa lamulo mu 2010
  • Obama anaigwiritsira ntchito kupyolera mwa mabungwe a akuluakulu
  • Khoti lapamwamba linaichirikiza koma linapanga kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kukhala kodzifunira
  • Trump yoyesa kuyesa kubwerera kumbuyo (Choret analephera) ndi kufooketsedwa mwa zochita za bwanamkubwa
  • [1] [1] Ilimbikitsitsa mwa maoda a akuluakulu ndi Congress ofutukula ndalama zothandizira anthu osoŵa

Kufikira kwa zipatala kwa Aamereka onse kumasonyeza kugwirizana kwa mphamvu za boma.

Kusamukira kudziko lina

Malamulo oletsa kusuta akuonetsa kuti nkhondo ya kuunika kwa mabungwe akulimbanabe:

  • Carer sinapangitse kusintha kwakukulu chiyambire 1986
  • Apresidenti amagwiritsa ntchito maoda a akuluakulu a boma (DACA, ziletso za maulendo, malamulo amalire a malire)
  • Courts Kupenda ntchito za akuluakulu a boma ndi malamulo a msonkhano
  • Malamulo amapasa malamulo awo ogwirizana ndi kusamuka
  • maboma a malo apafupi amalengeza malo opatulika

Ntchito imeneyi imakhudza anthu ambiri osamukira m’mayiko ena ndiponso anthu ena m’dziko lonselo.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Chilungamo cha apandu chimaphatikizapo maboma onse ndi nthambi:

  • Khoti lamilandu imakhazikitsa milandu ya boma ndi zigamulo
  • President amaika oimira a boma ndipo angakhululukire
  • [[ML:0] Courts kumasulira malamulo otetezera
  • Malamulo [ akugwira mlandu wa upandu wochuluka
  • Maboma a malo apafupi akugwira ntchito m'madipatimenti apolisi

Mlandu uliwonse waupandu umaphatikizapo kufufuza kochulukira pa ulamuliro wa boma kuti utetezere ufulu wa munthu.

Maphunziro

Njira yophunzitsira imasonyeza kugwirizana kovuta m’mabungwe:

  • [[FULT:0] Upo [ umapereka ndalama za boma zothandizira mikhalidwe
  • Depo la Maphunziro imakonza maprogramu a chigawo cha boma
  • Courts amakakamiza chitetezo cholingana ndi kulankhula kwaufulu
  • Malo a maphunziro kwenikweni [[FLT:]
  • Mabudi a sukulu a pa madera ena amapanga zosankha za tsiku ndi tsiku

Maphunziro a ophunzira amasonyeza zosankha pa mlingo uliwonse wa boma.

Mmene Dziko Lonse Limaonera Zinthu: Mmene Maulamuliro Ena Amaonera Mphamvu Zake

Madongosolo a Nyumba Yamalamulo

Maiko onga UK, Canada, ndi Australia amagwirizanitsa nthambi za akuluakulu ndi za malamulo:

  • Nduna ya boma ikutsogolera chipani cha boma ndi cha anthu ambiri
  • Palibe mphamvu imene ilipo kuyambira pamene akulu a boma alamulira nyumba yoikika
  • Kudzidalira sikungawononge boma
  • Makhoti ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zobwereramo m’lamulo
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito mwamsanga malamulo koma kuchepa kwa macheke

Njira Zopangira Mazira

Mayiko onga France ndi Russia [ maelementi:

  • Kusankhidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi nyumba ya malamulo
  • Pulezidenti amasamalira malamulo a maiko akunja, nduna yaikulu ya boma
  • Kugwirizana pamene pulezidenti ndi nyumba ya malamulo amasiyana
  • Mabungwe a malamulo amapenda malamulo
  • Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kosiyana kuposa U.S.

Madongosolo a Mafuno

Maiko onga German ndi India amawonjezera chipani cha boma:

  • Maboma a Federal ndi maboma okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana
  • Makhoti amafalitsa mikangano
  • Magetsi osiyanasiyana amathandiza kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino
  • Maboma ochirikiza chigwirizano amafunikira kulolera
  • Magulu achigawo akufufuza ulamuliro wa dziko

Tsogolo la Mapeto ndi Kulinganizika

Kusintha Koyembekezeredwa

Kusintha zinthu zosiyanasiyana kungasinthe njira zofufuzira ndi zoyendera:

[[FUL:0] Kusintha kwa zinthu [[[FTL:1]:

  • Kuchotsapo lamulo la chivomerezo chambiri
  • Malire a malamulo a Nyumba ya Malamulo
  • Kusintha kwa ndalama za kampeni
  • Zosankha zodzifunira
  • Maulamuliro ankhondo anawamasulira bwino

[[FUL:0] Kusintha kopindulitsa [:

  • Musamayendetse ntchito mopitirira muyezo
  • Akufuna chivomerezo cha magulu pa ngozi
  • Oyang’anira asilikali olimbitsa mphamvu
  • Limbikitsani Department Justice kudziimira
  • Upandu wa pulezidenti

[[ML:0] Kusintha kwa JUDA:

  • Ziletso za m’Nkhongole Yapamwamba
  • Malamulo a khoti lozenga mlandu
  • Mfundo zolimbikitsa
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu pa nkhani zina
  • Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Luso ndi Kulinganiza

Kukula kwa manambala kumabweretsa mavuto atsopano:

  • Kukhoza kuyang’anira
  • Kuyang’anira malamulo a Congress
  • Makhoti amene akulimbana ndi milandu ya zaumisiri
  • Malo a pa Intaneti amakhudza nthambi zonse
  • Kusungika monga chitetezo cha dziko
  • Mafunso olamulira

Maluso a zaumisiri a kapangidwe ka zinthu sangathetseretu luso lamakono.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukhoza kusintha kwambiri:

  • Zilengezo zamwadzidzidzi
  • Ntchito Yaukulu Popanda Mabungwe
  • Makhoti akunena za ukatswiri wa mabwana
  • Mapangano a maiko onse onyalanyaza Nyumba ya Malamulo
  • Boma likutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa boma
  • Kusintha kwa zachuma kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira

Njira yodzikhululukira mwamsanga siingafanane ndi vuto, kapena kutha kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kusinthiratu ntchito ya akuluakulu a boma.

Kumaliza: Kodi Kulinganiza ndi Kulinganizika Zimatanthauzanji?

Dongosolo la ku America la zopinga ndi kulinganizika [1] lapulumuka zaka 235 za mavuto , nkhondo za dziko, kupsinjika maganizo, kusintha kwa mayanjano, ndi maluso amakono. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupanda ungwiro ndi nthaŵi zina kogwiritsa mwala kwa oyambitsawa aletsa udani woopa pamene akusintha ku mavuto omwe sanathe kuyerekezera.

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kuchokera ku presidential transfes ku [FLT:] zigamulo za khoti la Supme , kuchokera ku ku kufufuza [[FLT:]] kwa kupenda [[FLT:] kuya ku ku kukambirana [malamulo], kusonyeza kuti kupenda ndi kulinganiza sikungangothandiza kukonza moyo wa ku America koma njira za moyo. Kachitidwe kena kalikonse kakukhudza anthu a ku America tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuphunzitsa, kuweruza, kuweruza, malamulo a zachuma, kuyang'anira mapepala a nthambi osiyanasiyana.

Dongosololi likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu amakono: kugawana kumene kumaika patsogolo mayanjano pa nthambi, kusakhazikika kwa nyumba za malamulo, ndi mphamvu yapadera ya akuluakulu ndi makhoti, ndi kufulumira kumene kumasumika maganizo pa ulamuliro. Komabe mbiri imasonyeza kulimba kwa dongosolo. Pamene Nixon ananena kuti mphamvu yake sinaletsedwe, dongosololo linamuchotsa. Pamene Roosevelt anayesa kumanga Bwalo, dongosolo linamletsa. Pamene nthambi iliyonse inaukira, inatsaukira.

Kumvetsa mayeso ndi kulinganiza kudzera m'zitsanzo zamphamvu kumavumbula zonse ziŵiri luntha la dongosolo ndi kulephera kwake. Zinalinganizidwa kupanga ulamuliro kukhala wovuta, kufunikiritsa kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa kusintha kwakukulu. M'nyengo yofuna kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa mavuto ovuta, kuchedwa kumeneku kumakhumudwitsa ambiri. Koma mphamvu ina ya dala . "Kusintha mphamvu kwamphamvu kwambiri ndi kuchita zinthu mofulumira popanda kuletsa. "Kuikapo ngozi zazikulu ku ufulu.

Tsogolo la mayeso ndi kulinganiza limadalira pa nzika kuzimvetsetsa ndi kuzitetezera. Pamene tizindikira mmene kugaŵidwira kwa maulamuliro kumatetezera ufulu wathu, mmene [[FLT :2]] kupendedwa [[[FLT:]] kumatetezera ufulu wathu, mmene [[FLT:] kumatetezera ufulu wathu, mmene [[FLT] amapangira kusintha, timadziŵira bwino lomwe amapangira dongosolo lapamwambali kutsimikizira kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi mmene kukhalira ndi kusungidwiratu kwa democracy , timathandizira bwino chifukwa chake oyambitsawo anapanga dongosolo lapamwambali.

Kupenda ndi kulinganiza sikumaleka. Chigamulo cha Khoti la Lero chimakhala chiwongolero cha maŵa cha Malamulo. Lamulo la lero la akuluakulu likhala lamulo la maŵa la Congress. Masiku ano Congress' Congregation imakhala lamulo lachiweruzo maŵa. Nkhondo yomangika imeneyi, yopanda pake ndi yopikisana, yosatha, imakhalabe yovomerezeka kutseguka kwa mphamvu zosatsekedwa. Malinga ngati kukhumba kutchuka kukupitirizabe kutsutsa chikhumbo, monga momwe amafunira, demokrase ya ku America imakhalako.

Kuti mupezenso macheke ndi kulinganiza kwa ntchito, fufuzani zinthu kuchokera ku National Archives ndi Consegastical Accation Center [[FLT :3].

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