Table of Contents

Makhoti a boma ali mbali yaikulu ya malamulo a ku America, kusamalira nkhani zambiri za malamulo zimene zimakhudza nzika tsiku ndi tsiku. Kwenikweni, makhoti a boma ndi kumene 95% ya milandu yonse m’chigawocho imasungidwa; amamva milandu yoposa 70 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. Kumvetsetsa zimene makhoti a boma amachita, mmene amachitira, ndi milandu imene amasamalira kungakuthandizeni kuyendetsa bwino dongosolo la chilungamo ndi kuyamikira mbali yofunika kwambiri imene mabungwe ameneŵa amachita poteteza ufulu wanu ndi kuthetsa mikangano.

Kodi Makhoti a Boma Nchiyani?

Makhoti a boma ndi mabungwe achiweruzo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi makhoti a boma kuti apereke chiweruzo m’maboma awo. Maboma achiweruzo a boma amaikidwa m’makhoti osiyanasiyana opangidwa ndi malamulo a boma kapena (osabwerezabwereza) lamulo. Mosiyana ndi makhoti a boma, amene ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa milandu ina, makhoti a boma amatumikira monga makhoti a ulamuliro wa boma, tanthauzo kuti angamve nkhani zosiyanasiyana zalamulo.

Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a "uyang’aniro wa boma". Iwo amamva milandu yonse imene siisankhidwa mwachindunji ku makhoti a boma. Zimenezi zimapangitsa makhoti a boma kukhala malo aakulu kumene anthu ambiri a ku Amereka adzayang'anizana ndi dongosolo la milandu, kaya mwa kuswa malamulo, milandu ya m’mabanja, milandu ya upandu, kapena milandu ya boma.

Nkhani za Mlandu wa Boma

Makhoti a boma ku United States amasamalira milandu pafupifupi 66 miliyoni chaka chilichonse yokhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana za malamulo, kuyambira pa mikangano ya m’banja mpaka pa matikiti a galimoto.

Makhoti ambiri a boma amaweruza milandu yambiri kuposa makhoti a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti amasamalira nkhani zofunika za lamulo lalamulo ndi la boma, malamulo ambiri amene amatiyambukira amaperekedwa ndi maboma, ndipo motero makhoti a boma amasamalira mikangano yambiri imene imalamulira miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zonse kuyambira pa kuthetsa mikangano ya mnansi mpaka kuweruza milandu yaikulu, kuyambira pa kupereka zisudzulo mpaka kukonza zikalata za chisudzulo.

Mitundu ya Milandu Yokambidwa ndi Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zochitira milandu yosiyanasiyana. Makhoti ambiri amaweruza milandu, kuphatikizapo milandu ya upandu, ya boma, ya banja, ndi ya anthu oimira boma. Tiyeni tifufuze mwatsatanetsatane mbali iliyonse ya mbali zikuluzikulu zimenezi.

Milandu ya Apandu

Makhoti aakulu amaweruza milandu yambiri ya upandu ku United States. Milandu imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a boma aupandu ndi kusiyanitsa kuyambira pa kulakwa kwapang’ono kufikira pa milandu yowopsa.

Milandu yambiri yotero ndiyo milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yophatikizapo ndalama zambiri kapena milandu yaupandu yochokera ku milandu yowopsa yonga kugwirira chigololo ndi kupha. Kaŵirikaŵiri, maupandu amasamaliridwa m'makhoti alamulo onse, pamene kuli kwakuti zolakwa ndi milandu ina yaing’ono imasamaliridwa m'makhoti apamwamba. Mabungwe a milandu a zigawenga ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti milandu imvedwe ndi makhoti okhala ndi ukatswiri ndi chuma choyenerera.

Milandu ya milandu ya zigawenga m’makhoti ena ndi iyi:

  • Maupandu aakulu: monga mbanda, kugwirira chigololo, kuba, kuthyola, kulanda, kupha, ndi kuwonjezera chiwawa
  • Zida: Upandu wocheperapo wonga kuukira wamba, kuba pang'ono, kuwononga zinthu, ndi makhalidwe otayirira
  • Kuswa mathikiti: Kuthamanga, DUI/DWI kulipira, kuyendetsa mopambanitsa, ndi milandu ina ya galimoto
  • Milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo: COM, kugawira, ndi kupanga zinthu zokhala ndi malamulo a boma

Kuyendetsa galimoto kumaphatikizapo kuphwanya malamulo, monga kuthamanga kwa matikiti, ndi milandu, kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa galimoto ndi laisensi yolenjekeka.

Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Milandu yapachiŵeniŵeni imaphatikizapo mikangano pakati pa anthu, mabizinesi, kapena mabungwe amene chipani china chimafuna kuwonongedwa kapena mankhwala ena ochokera ku chipani china.

Milandu ya m’dziko ndi ya m’mabizinesi imakhudza nkhani za boma zophatikizapo ndalama kapena katundu.

  • Kuvulala kwaumwini: Milandu yokhudza ngozi za galimoto, kudumpha ndi kugwerapo, kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa zamankhwala, ndi kulephera kugula zinthu
  • Mikangano yogwirizana: Kusagwirizana pa mapangano a malonda, mapangano a ntchito, ndi malonda a ogula
  • Kutsutsana kwa zinthu: mikangano, mikangano ya malo okhala, ndi malonda a malo
  • Kusonkhanitsa: Malamulo opezera ngongole, ndalama za khadi la ngongole, ndi ngongole
  • Zonena za Nthano: Kusagwirizana kophatikizapo ndalama zochepa, zimene zimasamaliridwa kwambiri m'magawo ang'onoang'ono
  • chitetezo cha : Milandu yophatikizapo chinyengo, machitidwe onyenga a bizinesi, ndi mikangano yotsimikizira

Milandu ya Malamulo a Banja

Milandu ya m’banja ndi imodzi mwa milandu yokhudza munthu payekha ndi yokhudza maganizo imene imachitikira m’makhoti.

Milandu ya m’banja yozengedwa ndi makhoti a boma imaphatikizapo iyi:

  • Kusudzula ndi kutha: Kutha kwa maukwati ndi kugaŵikana kwa zinthu za muukwati
  • Kusunga mwana ndi kuchezetsa: Kusankha zoyenera za makolo ndi mathayo a ana aang'ono
  • Kuchirikiza mwana: Kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa mathayo a zandalama ochirikiza ana
  • Thandizo la kuchirikiza/simoni: Kutsimikizira ndalama zothandizira okwatirana akale
  • Kutsegulira: kuzenga mlandu kwalamulo kukhazikitsa maunansi a kholo ndi mwana
  • [[ATL:0] Kukhazikitsa utate wa lamulo
  • Malamulo a chiwawa chachiphamaso: malamulo a khoti otetezera mikhole ya kuchitiridwa nkhanza
  • Guwa la chinjirizo: Kuika osunga alamulo kaamba ka achichepere kapena achikulire opunduka

Kusamalira Malo ndi Nkhani za Malo

Makhoti a makhoti a boma amayang’anira kwambiri za mabwalo a makampani ndiponso kuchepetsa malamulo.

Nkhani za oweruza zimaphatikizapo:

  • Idzasonyeza kuti munthu wakufa ndi woyenerera ndi kukwaniritsa malamulo a munthu wakufa
  • Uyang'aniro wa dziko: Kuyang'anira ndi kugaŵira chuma cha munthu wakufa
  • Kutsatizana kwa state : Kugaŵira magawo pamene munthu wamwalira popanda chifuno
  • Khulupirirani dongosolo: Kuyang'ana mopambanitsa mayang'anidwe a zokhulupirira
  • Zoyendera: Kuika munthu kuti ayang'anire nkhani za ndalama za munthu wolephera

Milandu Yaikulu

Makhoti ambiri a boma ali ndi makhoti apadera a achinyamata kapena magawano amene amasamalira nkhani za ana aang’ono.

  • Kupulupudza kwachimuna: Milandu yaupandu yochitidwa ndi achichepere
  • Maupandu : Makhalidwe amene ali oletsedwa chifukwa cha msinkhu wa munthuyo, monga ngati kutha kwa khodi kapena kutha
  • Kukhazikika ndi kunyalanyaza: Milandu yokhudza kugona ana kapena kunyalanyaza
  • Kuchotsedwa kwa zoyenera za makolo: Kuthetsa kotheratu unansi walamulo wa kholo ndi mwana m’mikhalidwe yowopsa

Mbali Zazikulu ndi Mathayo a Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma amatumikira ntchito zofunika zambiri m'malamulo athu. Ntchito yaikulu ya nthambi yachiweruzo ndiyo kuthetsa mikangano moyenera ndi mosakondera mogwirizana ndi lamulo. Tiyeni tipende maudindo aakulu a makhoti a boma mwatsatanetsatane.

Kumasulira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo a Boma

Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo a boma ndipo zimenezi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa milandu ya makhoti.

Chifukwa chakuti maboma ndiwo ali ndi thayo la malamulo awo, makhoti a boma aliyense payekha ali ndi thayo la kumasulira ndi kugamula nkhani za malamulo a boma.

Kuthetsa Mikangano

Ntchito ya Judiciary ndiyo kupatsa aliyense ufulu wokwanira ku makhoti kuthetsa mavuto a milandu bwino lomwe ndi mwachipambano. Makhoti a boma amapereka malo kumene anthu, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe a boma angabweretse mikangano yawo kuti apeze chigamulo. Kaya ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa anansi, kukangana pakati pa mabizinesi, kapena mlandu, makhoti a boma amapereka njira yolinganizika yothetsera mikangano.

Kupezeka kwa makhotiwa kumathandiza kuti anthu azigwirizana ndi makhoti m’malo mochita zachiwawa kapena kudzithandiza okha.

Kuzindikira Liwongo Kapena Kuipidwa

Mlandu umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri kuti anthu ateteze ufulu wawo komanso ufulu wawo.

Malamulo a milandu a boma amaphatikizapo kuweruza milandu, kukambirana, kuzenga milandu, kuzenga milandu, ndi kupereka chilango.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Malamulo

Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo ndi kuteteza ufulu woperekedwa ndi Malamulo a California ndi United States.

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu yoletsa miyoyo ya anthu a ku America, akuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo pansi pa malamulo a boma amene angakhale oganiza bwino kwambiri kuposa malamulo a U.S. Malamulo ambiri a boma amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa malamulo a boma m’madera monga ufulu wachinsinsi, ufulu wa maphunziro, ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala.

Nthawi zambiri makhoti akuluakulu a boma amakhala ndi mawu omaliza pankhani zina zofunika kwambiri monga maphunziro apamwamba, chitetezo kwa anthu ogula ndi antchito, njira zothandizira anthu kubereka, ndiponso mpweya umene timapuma ndi kumwa madzi.

Kugwirizana ndi Malamulo a Boma

Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wopenda malamulo a boma ndi zochita za boma kutsimikizira kuti iwo akugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Makhoti a boma ali omasuka kusungitsa lamulo, malamulo, kapena lamulo limene silimatsutsana kapena kutsekereza zitsimikizo za Malamulo a boma (kapena malamulo a boma).

Kupendanso milandu kumeneku kumathandiza makhoti kuweruza malamulo a boma kapena zochita za boma zimene zimaphwanya malamulo a boma.

Kuteteza Demokalase

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani zokhudza masankho, kuchepetsa mavuto, kuvota, ndi mikangano ya masankho.

Mu 2020, makhoti aakulu ambiri anachitadi zimenezo, kupereka malamulo ofunika kwambiri otetezera masankho ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu aloledwa kuloŵa m’chosankha chaulere ndi choyenera. Makhoti a boma akupitirizabe kuchirikiza mikangano yaikulu yokhudza kuloŵa m’masankho, kukhulupirika m’masankho, ndi dongosolo la democracy.

Mabungwe a Boma

Maboma osiyanasiyana ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopitira mabwalo awo. Komabe, maboma onse ali ndi dongosolo la malamulo ndi makhoti ang'onoang'ono, makhoti a apilo, ndi khoti lalikulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maina ndi gulu lake zimasiyana m'dziko ndi boma, madongosolo ambiri a khoti amatsatira kapangidwe kachitatu kofananako.

Khoti Lozenga Milandu (Makhoti a M’chigawo Choyamba)

Makhoti a mlandu ayamba, apereka umboni, mboni, ndi zimene amaweruza poyamba.

M'khoti lalikulu, woweruza, ndipo nthaŵi zina ajuli, akumva umboni ndi umboni ndipo amagamula mlandu mwa kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo ku zenizeni za mlanduwo. Ntchito yopeza mfundo imeneyi ndiyo imasiyanitsa makhoti ndi makhoti.

Makhoti a Mlandu Waukulu wa Kuzenga mlandu

Makhoti a mlandu angakhale alamulo lachisawawa, monga ngati bwalo lamilandu ladera kapena lapamwamba, kapena angakhale makhoti a ulamuliro wapadera kapena wochepa, monga ngati mabwalo a milandu a achichepere, a pamsewu, kapena a m’banja. Makhoti a ulamuliro wa anthu onse angamve pafupifupi mlandu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo nkhani zazikulu zaupandu ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yophatikizapo ndalama zambiri.

Makhoti ameneŵa amayang’anira:

  • Milandu yaupandu yodziŵika
  • Nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni zimene zingadzachitike pamtengo winawake
  • Kufotokoza Zinthu Mosiyanasiyana
  • Milandu imene siiyendera malamulo a makhoti apadera

Makhoti Oletsa Kuweruza

Makhoti ena akhazikitsa makhoti a malamulo okhwima, ndipo zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti amangomva nkhanizo malinga ndi mphamvu zawo.

Makhoti wamba a ulamuliro wochepa amaphatikizapo:

  • Amalamulo aang'ono: Asamalira mikangano yachiŵeniŵeni yokhudza ndalama zochepa, ndi njira zofeŵetsa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri popanda maloya
  • Khoti la Traffic: Chitani ndi kuswa galimoto ndi milandu ina yogwirizana
  • Makhoti a m’mabanja: Kusumika maganizo pa malamulo a banja okha monga chisudzulo, kusunga ana, ndi chichirikizo
  • [[FUL:0] Makhoti a Probate:[[FULT:1] Ayang'anira malo ndi nkhani zina zogwirizana
  • [[FUL:0] Makhoti a Chiyuvene:[[FULT:1] Aweruza milandu yokhudza ana aang'ono
  • Khoti la Municipal kapena la mzinda: Asamalira milandu ya upandu yaing'ono ndi kuswa malamulo kwakwawo
  • Makhoti a kuukira: Kuwona kukhala kwapadera m'mikangano ya mwini malo ndi kuswa malamulo a nyumba

Makhoti ambiri a boma amene amasamalira milandu ya upandu alinso ndi magaŵano kapena oweruza ogawiridwa kuti asamalire milandu ina, yodziŵika monga "makhoti ozenga milandu". Makhoti oweruza milandu ndi mbali yaikulu ya kuyesa kusintha kodziŵika monga kuweruza koyesa kuthetsa nkhani zikuluzikulu zimene zimatsogolera anthu omwe akuonekera mobwerezabwereza m’makhoti aupandu, kuti achepetse kulapa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo makhoti a mankhwala, khoti la zaumoyo, ndi makhoti a milandu a asilikali.

Makhoti Ozenga Ululu

Maboma ambiri ali ndi dongosolo la makhoti la mbali zitatu mmene muli makhoti apakati "auppella" amene amapenda zigamulo za juli kapena malingaliro a oweruza a khoti lozenga mlandu (pa maziko ochepa ndi otsatizana kwambiri). Mabwalo ameneŵa amatumikira monga mlingo woyamba wa kupenda zigamulo zopangidwa ndi makhoti ozenga mlandu.

Monga makhoti apakati a kuweruza, ntchito yawo yaikulu ndiyo kumva zifunsiro kuchokera ku zikalata wamba, makampani ndi makhoti a boma. Mlandu uliwonse umamvedwa ndi kugamulidwa ndi gulu la oweruza atatu. Mosiyana ndi makhoti ozenga milandu, makhoti a khoti a milandu samva umboni watsopano kapena umboni. Mmalomwake, iwo amapenda zolembedwazo m’khoti ndi kulingalira milandu yonena za ngati zolakwa zapangidwa.

Makhoti ozenga milandu akupenda zigamulo za khoti za:

  • Zolakwa za lamulo pogwiritsira ntchito lamulo
  • Zolakwa zachibadwa zimene zinayambukira chotulukapo
  • Kuswa Malamulo
  • Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa nzeru kwa woweruza woweruza mlandu
  • Umboni wosakwanira wochirikiza chiweruzocho

Khoti la APweruzo likapeza kuti khoti lalikulu lalakwa, lingabweze chigamulocho kapena kutumizanso ku khoti lamilandu kuti lichitepo kanthu.

Makhoti Apamwamba a Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi khoti lalikulu. khoti limeneli ndilo khoti lomaliza la milandu yonse m’bomalo. khoti lalikulu limakhala pamwamba pa akulu a khoti ndipo lili ndi chigamulo chomaliza pankhani za lamulo la boma.

Makhoti aakulu amagamula milandu imene ingamvedwe, kufotokoza nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokhudza nkhani za boma kapena mikangano ya m’malamulo.

Makhoti aakulu:

  • Mukakambirananso ndi makhoti a m’makhoti apakati
  • Chitani zinthu zogwirizana pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimene khoti linachita
  • Kumasulira malamulo a boma
  • Kukhazikitsa zitsanzo za milandu zimene zimamanga makhoti ang’onoang’ono onse m’boma
  • Muzigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zanu pochita zinthu zina
  • Kuyang’ana patali kayendetsedwe ka dongosolo la khoti la boma
  • Muzilimbikitsa lamulo m’boma

Makhoti aakulu ambiri alinso ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa dongosolo lamilandu la boma.

Makhoti aakulu onse ndi bungwe lolamulira lolamulira lokhala ndi malamulo a boma ndipo limasankha amene angatsatire malamulo ndiponso pamene maloya avomerezedwa kuti aziphwanya malamulo apamwamba, amene nthaŵi zambiri amaikidwa monga malamulo a khoti.

Mmene Makhoti a Boma Amasiyanirana ndi Makhoti Achigawo

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa makhoti a boma ndi a boma nkofunika kwa aliyense woyendetsa malamulo. Pamene lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, Lamulo la U.S. limapanga dongosolo la boma la boma limene lili ndi ulamuliro pakati pa boma ndi maboma a boma. Boma la boma ndi boma lililonse lili ndi mabwalo awoawo.

Kuzengedwa Chilango: Kusiyana Kokulira

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi ulamuliro wa khotilo ndi kuweruza milandu ya mtundu winawake imene khoti lingaimve ndi kuiweruza.

Ngakhale kuti makhoti a boma amangomva nkhani zovomerezedwa mwachindunji ndi malamulo a Konsichushoni kapena a boma, makhoti a boma angamve pafupifupi mlandu uliwonse umene suyenera kuperekedwa ndi makhoti a boma okha.

Opanga maulamulo amakhazikitsa dongosolo la khoti la boma limene lingangomva milandu m’mikhalidwe yapadera. Popeza kuti makhoti a boma angangomva mitundu ina ya milandu, milandu yambiri ya tsiku ndi tsiku imene makhoti amaweruza m’makhoti a boma.

Mitundu ya Milandu m’Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a Federal ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa ndipo angangomva mitundu ina ya milandu. Makhoti a Federal akumva milandu imene imadzutsa "nkhani ya mlandu" yokhudza Boma la United States, Constitution, kapena malamulo ena a boma; ndi milandu yokhudza "kukhala nzika," imene ili mikangano pakati pa magulu aŵiri omwe sachokera ku dziko limodzi kapena dziko limodzi, ndi kumene mlanduwo ukuchitidwa ndi ndalama zambiri. Makhoti a boma amamva mwachindunji za upandu, chiŵembu, ndi milandu ya kulephera kwa ndalama.

Zitsanzo za milandu ya khoti la boma zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Milandu yokhudza malamulo a boma a zaupandu (kuba m’mabanki, kuba anthu, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo m’dzikolo)
  • Kulimbana ndi malamulo a boma
  • Mikangano pakati pa maboma
  • Milandu yokhudza mabungwe a boma
  • Kuwononga Ndalama
  • Milandu ya Paten ndi ya kulembetsa
  • Nkhani za kusamuka
  • Milandu ya lamulo

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, makhoti a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri zalamulo zimene sizimaphatikizapo mafunso a boma, kuphatikizapo milandu yambiri ya upandu, nkhani zabanja, milandu ya kumanga, mikangano ya pangano, kuvulaza munthu payekha, ndi mikangano ya katundu.

Yankhani

Kusiyana pakati pa makhoti ndi a boma n’kodabwitsa. Makhoti akumva 98% ya milandu, kusonyeza kuti makhoti ambiri a dziko la America akugwirizana ndi dongosolo la milandu. Makhoti a Federal, pamene kuli kwakuti ali ofunika pa milandu ina, amasamalira mbali yochepa kwambiri ya milandu yalamulo ya dzikolo.

Kusankha Chiweruzo

Mosiyana ndi dongosolo la boma — limene m’limene oweruza amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti, otsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi kutumikira moyo wonse — kusankha chiweruzo pamlingo wa boma kumasiyanasiyana ndipo kungakhale kosokoneza kwambiri. maiko amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kusankha oweruza awo, kusonyeza nthanthi zosiyana ponena za kudziimira pawekha kwa chiweruzo ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokrase.

Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza ena a boma amaikidwa, ambiri amasankhidwa. Oweruza oikidwa angaonekere kwa ovota m’njira zitatu: (1) masankho ochirikiza chipani, kumene oyembekezera kusankhidwa amalengeza chipani; (2) masankho a osakhala a partisan; kapena (3) kubwereranso pansi, mmene oweruza okha ndiwo amasankha kaya kupereka dzina lina.

Mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosankhira (amenenso amati "Mgamulo wa Missouri") kumene oweruza amaikidwa potengera ziyeneretso ndiyeno amayang'anizana ndi masankho. Maboma ena amasankha akazembe awo kapena okhazikitsa malamulo kuti aike oweruza a mawu oikika kapena kufikira pamene apuma pantchito.

Njira Yopimira M’makhoti a Boma

Kuyenera kwa kuchita apilo ndiko chitetezo chachikulu m’malamulo a ku America. Ngati mmodzi wa oweruzawo sakhutira ndi chigamulo cha khoti laling’ono, nkhaniyo ingatengedwe pa apilo.

Boma siliyenera kuchonderera boma kuti likhululukire mlanduwo chifukwa cha Lamulo Lachisanu lotetezera kuti pasakhale ngozi yowirikiza kawiri.

Ngati munthu ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chigamulo choperekedwa ndi oweruza kapena woweruza chinali cholakwika, iye angalembe chigamulo chimenechi ku khoti lopereka chilango. Komabe, khoti loweruza milandu siliyenera kuyankha mlanduwo. M’mayiko ambiri, kudandaula kumakhala koyenera, koma kupemphanso khoti lalikulu kwambiri nthaŵi zambiri kumaperekedwa mwachiweruzo.

Maboma 47 ndi boma la boma limalola chilengezo chimodzi cha kuyenera kwa chigamulo chomalizira pa mapindu ake, kutanthauza kuti khoti lolandira apilo liyenera kugamula chipingocho pambuyo pa kuimbidwa ndi kutsutsidwa moyenerera.

Zimene Makhoti Achita Popenda

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti makhoti osazenga milandu kapena kumva umboni watsopano. M’malo mwake, amapendanso mbiri ya khoti lozenga mlandu kuti aone ngati zolakwazo zinachitidwa zimene zinakhudza zotsatirapo zake. Makhoti a kafukufuku amayang'ana kwambiri pa mafunso a lamulo mmalo mwa mafunso a zenizeni.

Chifukwa chofala chopimira chimaphatikizapo:

  • Malangizo aujuli olakwika
  • Kuvomereza kapena kuchotsa umboni kosayenera
  • Umboni wosakwanira wochirikiza chiweruzocho
  • Kulakwa pogwiritsira ntchito lamulo
  • Kuswa Malamulo
  • Kusala kwa Aŵeruzo
  • Kuwononga mphoto mopambanitsa kapena mosakwanira

Zimene Angachite Akafuna Kuwasangalatsa

Pamene khoti lipenda mlandu, linganene kuti:

  • Kutsimikizira: Kuchirikiza chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu
  • Kutsatira kumbuyo: Kupatutsa chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu
  • Remand :[[FLT :1] Kutumiza mlanduwo ku khoti lozenga mlandu kaamba ka zochitika zowonjezereka
  • . . . . . . Kusintha mbali ya chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu pamene mukuchirikiza mbali zina

Mlandu: Kumvetsetsa Ulamuliro wa Bwalo Lamilandu

Boma la lamulo la bwalo lamilandu lakumvera ndi / kapena "kuweruza" mlandu wa lamulo ukutchedwa "kutsutsa kwake". Ku United States, ulamuliro umaperekedwa ku khoti kapena khoti mwalamulo kapena mwa malamulo. Khoti lili lokhoza kumva ndi kugamula kokha milandu imene nkhani yake imayenererana ndi khoti.

Chigamulo cha lamulo chopangidwa ndi khoti limene silinalamulire moyenerera chimalingaliridwa kukhala chopanda pake ndi chosamangirira pa oweruza. Ichi chimapanga ulamuliro wa lamulo m’nkhani iriyonse (patsogolo pake khoti lingagamule kuyenerera kwa mkangano, choyamba chiyenera kutsimikizira kuti liri ndi ulamuliro wa kumvetsera mlanduwo.

Mitundu ya Chilango

Makhoti angakhale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo:

  • Ulamuliro wa zinthu: Ulamuliro wa kumva mitundu ina ya nkhani (m’chiŵeniŵeni, m'dziko, m’banja, ndi zina zotero).
  • Ulamuliro waumwini: Ukulu pa zigamulo zoloŵetsedwamo m'chochitikacho
  • Control: Ulamuliro m'malo ena a malo
  • Ulamuliro wa kampani: Ulamuliro wa kumva nkhani kwa nthaŵi yoyamba
  • Control: Ulamuliro wopenda zosankha za makhoti aang'ono
  • chigawo chogaŵidwa: Khoti limodzi lokha ndi limene lingamve mlanduwo
  • Mphamvu ya chigawo: Khoti likhoza kumva mlanduwo kuposa

Khoti lililonse lili ndi mphamvu zogamula milandu.

Kusiyana kwa Makhoti a Boma

Kusiyana kwakukulu, kuchokera ku boma kumka ku boma, kwa zonse ziŵiri kapangidwe ndi kachitidwe mkati mwa madongosolo a bwalo lamilandu kuli kwenikweni chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa maulamuliro odziimira paokhawokhawo m’maboma ochitidwa ndi Lamulo la U.S. kakonzedwe kameneka kakutanthauza kuti boma lililonse lili ndi ufulu wokulirapo wa kulinganiza dongosolo la bwalo lamilandu lake m’njira imene limawona kukhala yoyenerera.

Boma lililonse lakhazikitsa khoti lake, limene lachititsa kusiyana pakati pa makhoti. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma onse amatsatira dongosolo la zinthu lachitatu, mayina apadera, gulu, ndi njira zake zingasiyane kwambiri.

Kusiyana Mayina a Khoti ndi Gulu

Mayina a makhoti amasiyana kwambiri m'dziko ndi boma. Imene boma lina limaitcha "Khoti la Supare" ingatchedwe "Khoti la Mchezo" kapena "Tchalitchi Court" m'boma lina. Maboma ena ali ndi makhoti osiyana a milandu yosiyanasiyana, pamene ena amagwirizanitsa milandu yosiyanasiyana m’makhoti ogwirizana.

Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena ali ndi makhoti osiyana a milandu ndi milandu ya boma, pamene ena ali ndi makhoti a boma amene amaweruza makhoti a zaudindo a m’zigawo zina.

Kusiyana pa Zochita

Malamulo a khotili amasiyananso. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake a boma, malamulo a upandu, ndi umboni. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ambiri atsatira malamulo ofanana ndi Federal Rul of Civil Procedure, nthaŵi zambiri pali kusiyana kwakukulu m’tsatanetsatane monga:

  • Kugwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi yake yokwanira ndiponso malamulo oletsa zinthu
  • Malamulo amene apezeka komanso zimene sitingathe kuchita
  • Kuyesa kuyendetsa galimoto
  • Njira zoyesa
  • Kusankha Jury
  • Kupereka malangizo ndi zosankha

Kusiyana m’Kupereka ndi Kuyang’anira

Kusiyana kwina n’kwakuti kaya makhoti a milandu a boma, makamaka makhoti a maboma a anthu olamulidwa ndi maboma ochepa, apangidwa ndi kuthandizidwa monga mbali za boma kapena maboma a m’dzikolo.

Makhoti a boma amene ali mbali ya boma ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro ndi uyang’aniro wa makhoti, zimene zimachirikiza umisiri ndi kulingana kwa njira. Makhoti a m’malo a boma amene amagwira ntchito monga mbali za maboma a kumaloko amadziona kukhala mbali za chitaganya, mmalo mwa kukhala nthumwi za boma mopanda tsankhu logwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma.

Kupezeka ku Makhoti a Boma ndi Ufulu Wanu

Makhoti a boma anapangidwa kuti anthu onse azipezekapo, ngakhale kuti ali ndi ndalama zambiri kapena akudziwa bwino malamulo.

Ufulu wa Kuimira Mwalamulo

Pamilandu yaupandu, Konsichushoni imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa loya. Muli ndi ufulu wokhala ndi loya woimira inu pamtengo wa boma ngati mwaimbidwa mlandu wa kulakwa kapena kulakwa ndipo simungathe kulipira loya. Kuyeneraku kumatsimikizira kuti ngakhale oimbidwa mlandu ozengedwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu woloŵa m’malo mwa lamulo.

Komabe, m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, nthaŵi zambiri palibe ufulu walamulo kwa loya woikidwa ndi khoti. Ngati mutasankha kusalemba loya, muyenera kukonza zonse zokhudzana ndi lamulo, kukonza zikalata zanu, mafaelo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata zanu, ndi kupereka umboni wa zimene muli nazo. Zimenezi zingakhale zovuta kwa anthu popanda maphunziro alamulo, nchifukwa chake makhoti ambiri amapereka chithandizo ndi thandizo laumwini.

Zinthu Zodzithandiza

Makhoti ambiri a boma apanga zinthu zambiri zothandiza anthu amene akuimira iwo eni (otchedwa "pro se" kapena "Iwo eni" oimira ). Zopereka zimenezi zingaphatikizepo:

  • Mawebusaiti a khoti ofotokoza za malamulo ndi mafomu
  • Malo odzithandizira okha ku khoti
  • Mabungwe opereka chithandizo chalamulo
  • Maprogramu a loya wa boma
  • Njira zosavuta zochitira ndi mitsempha ina
  • Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu a m’khoti amene angapereke malangizo okhudza mmene zinthu zimakhalira

Mbalame Zouluka Motentha

Komabe, makhoti ali ndi njira zochotsera kapena kuchepetsa ndalama zimene anthu olephera kulipira ndalamazo amalipira. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kuweruzidwa kwa chilungamo sikumakanidwa chifukwa cholephera kulipira ndalama za khoti.

Kufunika kwa Makhoti a Boma pa Moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku

Makhoti a boma amayang’anira mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka. Kuyambira nthaŵi imene mutenga laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto (imene ingapatsidwe ku kusungitsa mapangano) ku kusungitsa mapangano, chigamulo cha mikangano ndi anansi, kutetezera ana, ndi kuyang’anira malo pambuyo pa imfa, makhoti a boma amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri.

Talingalirani mikhalidwe ya tsiku ndi tsiku imene makhoti a boma angaloŵetsedwemo:

  • Kuswa lamulo: Ngati mulandira tikiti yothamanga, mungapikisane nayo m'khoti la boma
  • Mikangano yaing'ono ya zamalonda: Kusemphana pakati pa mabizinesi kumathetsedwa kwambiri m'khoti la boma
  • Nkhani zamphamvu: Kugawana ndi kusungitsa mikangano zimapitidwa ku makhoti a boma
  • Masinthidwe a m'banja: Chisudzulo, makonzedwe a kusunga ana, ndi kulera ana zonse zimafuna kuloŵetsedwamo ndi khoti
  • chitetezo cha : Kutaya malonda pa zinthu zowonongeka kapena mautumiki
  • Kuvulala kwaumwini: Ngati munavulala pa ngozi, mungafune kulipiridwa kupyolera m'khoti
  • Kulinganiza kwa dziko: Mafuno ndi kuikizidwa zimaperekedwa kupyolera m'makhoti a boma
  • Chiweruzo cha mlandu: milandu ya upandu yambiri imachitika m'makhoti a boma

Mavuto Amene Makhoti Akukumana Nawo

Kumvetsa mavuto ameneŵa kungathandize nzika kuzindikira kuvuta kwa dongosolo lachiweruzo ndi kufunika kwa chichirikizo ndi chuma chokwanira.

Kuchuluka kwa Matenda ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Popeza kuti milandu yambiri imaperekedwa chaka chilichonse, makhoti ambiri amalimbana ndi milandu yaikulu ndiponso ndalama zochepa. Oweruza a khoti la boma amapatsidwa ndalama zochepa, ali ndi antchito aang’ono, ndipo amanyamula nkhani zambiri kuposa zimene anzawo akupereka ku khoti. Zimenezi zingachedwetse kuweruza milandu ndiponso kukhazikitsa zitokoso panthaŵi yake.

Chiŵerengero Chowonjezereka cha Odziimira Okha

Makhoti apeza njira zothandizira anthu amene adziimira okha, koma nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu potsatira malamulo ovuta ndiponso pomvetsa ufulu wawo ndi udindo wawo.

Luso la Zamakono

Makhoti a boma akukonza zinthu zamakono pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono monga makompyuta olemba zinthu pakompyuta, mavidiyo osonyeza milandu, ndiponso Intaneti.

Kusunga Ufulu wa Kuweruza

Makhoti a boma ayenera kulinganiza kuŵerengera kwa anthu kufunikira ufulu wachiweruzo. Makhoti a boma ali oyenerera kubwezera ndi kupotoza. Mu 2021, opanga malamulo a boma mowonjezerekawonjezereka akumalimbana ndi makhoti a boma poyesayesa kufooketsa kudziimira kwawo ndi kusokoneza zotulukapo za masankho a mtsogolo. Kutetezera ufulu wa chiweruzo pamene kuli kudalira kwa anthu m’makhoti kumakhala chitokoso chosatha.

Mmene Mungachitire ndi Makhoti a Boma la Navigate

Ngati mufunikira kukambitsirana ndi mabwalo amilandu a boma, kaya monga woweruza, woimbidwa mlandu, mboni, kapena woweruza milandu, nawa malingaliro othandiza:

Chindikirani Bwalo lamilandu Liti Limene Linagamula Kuti

Sankhani kuti ndi khoti liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro pa mlandu wanu malinga ndi mtundu wa mlanduwo, unyinji wa mlandu, ndi malo ake. Kuyenda m’khoti lolakwika kungapangitse mlandu wanu kuchotsedwa kapena kusamutsidwa, kuchititsa kuchedwa ndi kuwonjezera mtengo.

Dziŵani Akufa

Malamulo a khoti amaphatikizapo nthaŵi yoikidwiratu. Kulephera kukwaniritsa nthaŵi yoikidwiratu kungataike kuyenera kwanu kwa kulondola chinenezo kapena kupereka chitetezero.

Gwiritsirani Ntchito Ziŵiya Zopezekapo

Makhoti ambiri amapereka mafomu, malangizo komanso zinthu zina zothandizira anthu kuti ayende bwino. Musazengereze kufunsa anthu a m’khoti kuti adziwe zimene akulankhula ngakhale kuti sangapereke malangizo a boma.

Lingalirani za Kuimira Kwalamulo

Pamene muli ndi ufulu wodziimira nokha, kukhala ndi loya kungawongolere kwambiri mwaŵi wanu wa chipambano, makamaka m’milanduwu yovuta.

Konzekerani Bwino

Kukonza zikalata zanu n’kofunika kwambiri, kumvetsetsa malamulo okhudza nkhaniyi, kukonzekeretsa mboni zanu, ndi kuoneratu zimene mbali inayo inganene.

Mabwalo Amilandu Aulemu ndi Mafilimu

Makhoti ali ndi malamulo apadera okhudza kavalidwe, kavalidwe, kavalidwe kabwino, kuzimitsa zipangizo zamagetsi, kutchula woweruzayo mwaulemu, ndi kutsatira malamulo onse a khoti.

Tsogolo la Makhoti

Makhoti a boma akupitirizabe kusintha kuti akwaniritse zofuna za anthu ndiponso luso la zopangapanga.

Makhoti Othetsa Mavuto

Maboma ambiri akufutukula makhoti osamalira mavuto apadera amene amasamalira nkhani zazikulu zothandizira ku mavuto a zamalamulo. Makhoti a zamankhwala, makhoti a zaumoyo, odziŵa za milandu, ndi makhoti opanda kokhala ndi nyumba amatenga njira yochiritsira, akumagwirizanitsa otengamo mbali ndi chithandizo ndi mautumiki mmalo mwa kungopereka chilango.

Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Makhoti akuwonjezera njira zina zothetsera mikangano monga kukhazikitsa malamulo ndiponso kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo

Makhoti a boma ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi kuti athandize kuti makhoti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zamakono monga kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira zinthu, kuweruza milandu, kukonza nkhani pa Intaneti, ndiponso kupanga zipangizo zothandizira anthu oweruza milandu.

Chinjirizani Pakufikira ku Chilungamo

Pali kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwa "kusiyanitsa kwa lamulo kwa zosoŵa zotsika ndi zoyenerera za anthu ndi chuma chopezeka kukwaniritsa zosoŵa zimenezo. Makhoti a boma ndi mabungwe a ma bar akukulitsa njira zatsopano zofutukulira kutsatsa chilungamo, kuphatikizapo njira zofeŵa, oyendetsa mabwalo a milandu, ndi zitsanzo zatsopano za utumiki.

Kumaliza

Makhoti a boma ndiwo maziko a dongosolo lachiweruzo la ku America, kusamalira unyinji waukulu wa milandu ndi kukhudza mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuzindikira zimene makhoti a boma amachita . "kulamulira kwawo, kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, njira, ndi kufunika kwake . N’zofunika kwambiri kwa nzika kuyendetsa malamulo ndi kukhala ndi phande lokwanira m'moyo wa anthu. Kaya mutumikira ku juli, kuweruza milandu, kuteteza milandu, kapena kungoyesa kumvetsetsa mmene dongosolo lathu la malamulo limagwirira ntchito, kudziŵa makhoti a boma n’kofunika.

Makhoti a boma akamapitiriza kusintha kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano ndiponso mipata ina, ntchito yawo yaikulu siisintha: kupereka chilungamo choyenera, chosavuta kukwaniritsa, ndiponso chogwira mtima kwa onse. Mwa kuchirikiza ndi kumvetsa mabungwe ofunika ameneŵa, timathandiza kutsimikizira kuti lonjezo la chilungamo cholingana pansi pa lamulo lidakali lotsimikizirika kwa aliyense.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri zokhudza khoti lanu, pitani pawebusaiti ya khoti lanu kapena funsani ku Center ya Boma , imene imapereka ziŵiya ndi chidziŵitso chonena za makhoti a boma m'dziko lonselo. Mukhozanso kupeza chidziŵitso chothandiza ponena za kusiyana kwa makhoti a boma ndi boma pa webusaiti ya [[FLT:] United States Courts .