M’nkhani za ndale zadziko zovuta za United States, mabwalo a malamulo a boma ali monga mahatchi aakulu a ulamuliro wa anthu oposa 330 miliyoni a ku America. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States ku Washington, D.C., imalamulira mitu yankhani ya dziko, ndiyo nyumba ya boma ya boma imene ili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu ndi cha mwamsanga pa moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Malamulo a U.S. a 10 Confration a m'dzikolo, kapena kwa anthu, mphamvu zimene sizikuperekedwa ku boma la dzikolo. Chigawo chosavuta chimenechi cha ulamuliro cha boma pa nkhani za maphunziro, zosamalira zaumoyo, zoyendera zauchigamu, chiweruzo chauchigaŵenga, ndi chisungiko chapo.

Kuzindikira mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro, ndiko mfungulo ya kumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mu United States. Chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka njira yokwanira ndi yodalirika yoyendera mwa njira ya malamulo a boma, mmene aliri olinganizidwa, mmene lamulo lalamulo limakhalira lamulo la boma, anthu amene amatumikiramo, ndi mavuto ovuta amene amayang’anizana nawo lerolino.

Ntchito za Makhoti ndi Maulamuliro a Boma

Pamlingo wawo waukulu, mabungwe a boma ndiwo mabungwe opanga malamulo a maboma a boma. Iwo ali ndi thayo la kupanga, kutsutsana, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira nzika za boma.

Mphamvu Yopanga Chilamulo

Mosiyana ndi boma la boma, limene lili ndi maulamuliro okha otchulidwa m'Malamulo a U.S., makhonsati a boma amaika zimene zimadziŵika monga "maulamuliro a boma" . ulamuliro waukulu wokhazikitsa malamulo a thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Ulamuliro waukulu umenewu umawalola kukhazikitsa nkhani zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo a chilungamo, kuyambira kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kutsutsa malamulo. Iwo amayang'anira madongosolo a maphunziro a onse, amakhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro a za zamaphunziro, mapulogalamu a maphunziro, ndi aphunzitsi. Amalamulira makampani a inshuwalansi, malamulo, malamulo a katundu, pangano la banja, malamulo a banja (kuphatikizapo ukwati ndi chisudzulo), ndi malo oletsa kulakwa kwa boma. Mphamvu imeneyi imagwira ntchito pa nkhani iliyonse yokhudza ufulu wa boma.

Mphamvu ya Chogulacho

Limodzi la maulamuliro ofunika kwambiri a boma lililonse ndi "mphamvu ya chikwama" lija ulamuliro wokha wa kukhoma msonkho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma. Kazembeyo angapereke bajeti, koma ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo amene amasankha mmene ndalama za boma zimakwezedwa ndi kuperekedwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa malamulo a msonkho, kuvomereza bajeti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za chilichonse kuchokera ku kumanga misewu kuti apereke ndalama za boma ndi kuyendetsa mapaki. Nyumba za boma zambiri zimagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zochuluka kuposa zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito. Zimenezi zimawapatsa chilango chimene boma silina nacho nthaŵi zonse, ndipo limapanga mapangano apakati, kaŵirikaŵiri kupikisana, mbali iliyonse ya boma.

Woyang’anira Wamkulu ndi Wotsimikizira

Makomiti a boma sangopereka malamulo ndi kubwerera kwawo. Ali ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri woyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo amene amapita akugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi kuti mabungwe a boma akugwira ntchito bwino. Uyang'aniro umenewu umachitika mwa njira zingapo. Makomiti akuchititsa mayeso ndi kufufuza m'mabungwe, mapikica a mapilo amachitidwa, ndipo "kusalinganiza" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenda ngati mabungwe a boma ayenera kupitirizabe kukhalapo. M'mayiko ambiri, Khoti ilinso ndi udindo wotsimikizira mapangano a kabungwe kazembe, zoweruza, ndi mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe. Zimenezi zimapereka mayeso aakulu pa mphamvu ya boma ndi kutsimikizira kulinganiza kwa matabi a boma.

Kukonzanso Malo

Zaka khumi zilizonse, pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa zaka khumi, malumbiro a boma amapatsidwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya kukonzanso. Ayenera kujambula magawo a boma a boma ndipo, m’mayiko ambiri, kuti Nyumba ya Oimira madera a United States ikhale ndi pulogalamu yofanana ndi chigawo chilichonse. Komabe, chipanichi chimakhala chandale kwambiri. Chipani champhamvu chingathe, ndipo , mogwirizana ndi mbiri yakale, chapanga mizere yatsopano ya zigawo kuti chipatse gulu lawo phindu losankha. Mchitidwe umenewu umadziŵika monga germaninginging . . Pamene kuli kwakuti khoti la Supreme lalamulira kuti makhoti asakhale ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo ambiri asintha ntchito yawo pa mapangano ambiri.

Kuchirikiza Lamulo la Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. ali ovuta kuchotsa, malamulo a boma ambiri amasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza. Nyumba za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimachita mbali yachindunji m'dongosolo limeneli. M'maiko ambiri, chisinthiko cholingaliridwa cha lamulo chingaikidwe pa wovota kuti avomereze chivoti ndi chivoti chachikulu cha bungwe lolamulira. Zimenezi zimalola bungwe la malamulowo ku nkhani za ulamuliro wofunika kwambiri .

Gulu Lamkati: Kuloŵerera m’Malamulo ndi Mphamvu ya Makomiti

Kuti athe kuyendetsa bwino ntchito yawo yaikulu, akuluakulu a boma akhazikitsa dongosolo lovuta kwambiri lokhudza ntchitoyi.

Kukonda Kudya Nsalu za Mtengo wa Malo

Malamulo ambiri a boma ndi a bimeraliism . Kugawidwa kwa bungwe la malamulo kukhala zipinda ziŵiri: nyumba yapamwamba (Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Msonkhano) ndi nyumba yaing'ono. Dongosolo limeneli, lotsatiridwa ndi bungwe la U.S. Congress, lakonzedwa kuti lipereke kuyang'anira mphamvu ya boma. Limalamula kuti lilingaliridwe ndi matupi aŵiri osiyana okhala ndi malamulo, ma contectitue, ndi matanthauzo ake. Lina losiyana ndi lamuloli ndi Nebraska, limene lakhala ndi launcaral (kalamu yoyamba) lokhala ndi lolinganizidwa, ngakhale kulinga lamulo lachikulu, lotchedwa "Lgislature" koma kaŵirikaŵiri kutchedwa "Unicamer". [malamulo losakhala lachianjo, losiyana ndi la] Dzuwa la [1]

Ntchito Yaikulu ya Utsogoleri

Kugwira ntchito kwa chipinda chalamulo kumadalira kwambiri pa utsogoleri wake. Munthu wamphamvu kwambiri m'nyumba yaing'onoyo ndi Wolankhula wa Nyumba , amene amalamulira kalelo, amagaŵira mapepala ku makomiti, ndi kuika mipando ya makomiti, ndi mamembala. Wolankhulayo ndi wamkulu, makamaka amasankha kuti ndi mapepala ati amene akukhala ndi amene amafa. M'nyumba ya malamulo, mkuluyo kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kawirikawiri [FLT: [[FLT:] Mtsogoleri: [FT3] [FFF:], kapena [FFFFFFFF:], ndipo gulu lonse, lopanga], "[3]

Komiti: Dongosolo la Malamulo

Palibe wopanga malamulo amene angakhale katswiri m'mbali iliyonse. Nchifukwa chake dongosolo la komiti nlofunika kwambiri. Monga Komiti ya Maphunziro, Komiti ya Appriary, kapena Komiti ya Approppies , ndi makhonsati achikhalire amene amagwira ntchito m'malo ena. Ngati lamulo laperekedwa, limaperekedwa ku komiti yokhala ndi ulamuliro woyenera. Kuno, malamulowo amayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa kwambiri. Makomiti amatenga mayeresi a anthu kumene nzika, olandira alendo, ndi akuluakulu a boma angachitire umboni. Ndiyeno iwo asunga "makepu" pulogalamu kumene angakambirane ndi kuchotsapo malire a malamulo. Chigawo chachikulu cha ndalama za komiti imafa m'komiti, osachipanga konse pansi kuti ilandire chivoti. Mpando, malo a mphamvu yaikulu, a ulamuliro wa komiti, a komiti yaikulu, ndi akuluakulu a komiti imene angaperekere malamulo ndi kuitenga chikalata chakunja.

Mmene Mpukutu Unakhalira Lamulo la Boma: Kuyang’ana Molongosoka

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ndi osiyanasiyana, malamulo a boma amayendera njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse.

Sitepe 1: Kuyamba ndi Kubwereranso

Wopanga malamulo aliyense angayambitse lamulo. Atalemba lamulo ndi antchito alamulo, lamulolo limaperekedwa nambala ndi kuŵerengedwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba pa chipinda chapansi ( "kuŵerenga koyamba"). Ndiyeno mkuluyo akulozera lamulolo ku komiti yoima yoyenera.

Mfundo Yachiwiri: Ntchito ya Komiti

Iyi ndi mbali yovuta kwambiri. mpando wa komiti umaika chikalata pa mfundo za komiti. komiti imaika mlandu wapoyera kuti ugwirizane. Pambuyo pa mlanduwo, komiti ingavote kudutsa ndalamazo monga kuti ndi, kuitumiza ndi zopinga, kuichotsa ndi "pepala la komiti," tebulo lake (kuiika), kapena kusachitapo kanthu. Ngati chikalatacho sichikutha, chimafa bwino chifukwa cha pulogalamu.

Sitepe 3: Kutsutsana ndi Kulankhulana Kochititsa Chidwi

Ngati lamulo la kuvota kwa komiti yosafa, limaikidwa pa kalendala kaamba ka ka kachitidwe ndi chipinda chonse. Imapatsidwa "kuŵerenga kwachiŵiri," kumene kumalola kutsutsana kowonjezereka ndi kukonzedwa. Potsirizira pake, imapatsidwa "kuŵerenga kwachitatu," pamene mavoti onse a chipinda. Njira ya kuvotera imasiyana. Zosankha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kaamba ka zikalata zosakhudza boma. Mavoti a pulogalamu a . [FLT:] AMENE amapempha mamenti kuti aŵerengedwe. Ovota [FFFF:]] OV. [FFLT] [FF:5]]

Mfundo 4: Makomiti Ena a Mabungwe ndi Makomiti a Msonkhano

Pambuyo pa kudutsa chipinda chimodzi, chikalatacho chimapita ku chipinda china, kumene chimapita ku komiti yonse ndi ntchito ya pansi kachiŵiri. Chipinda chachiŵiri chingapereke mpangidwe umodzimodziwo wa ndalama, kapena chingaipititse ndi kukonza. Ngati mabaibulowo asiyana, nyumba ya chiyambi iyenera kugwirizana ndi kutsegulidwa. Ngati savomereza, komiti yovomerezana ndi makoma aŵiri omwe sanaikidwenso. Imeneyi ndi komiti yosakhalitsa yopangidwa ndi ziŵalo zoŵerengeka kuchokera kuchipinda chilichonse chimene chaikidwa kuti chigamule cholakwika. Nkhaniyo "chivomerezo" iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi machipinda aŵiriwo popanda kuikidwanso.

Sitepe 5: Kuchitapo Kanthu Kochititsa Chidwi

Chomalizira ndicho kazembe. Kazembe ali ndi njira zingapo: kusaina lamulo; tumizani lamulolo ku nyumba ya malamulo; lololeza lamulo kukhala lamulo popanda kusainidwa pambuyo pa masiku akutiakuti; kapena, m'maiko ambiri, gwiritsirani ntchito kanthu kena [1] kutulutsa zinthu zina pamene mukuvomereza. Ngati kazembe wachita chikalata, nyumba ya malamulo ingayesetse kuchotsapo chikalatacho, makamaka kupempha kuvota zigawo ziŵiri. Izi ndizo zikhala dandaulo lalikulu, koma zimapereka kuyang'anira kofunika pa mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka makampani.

Kodi Ndingatani Kuti Ndizitumikira M’dziko Lanu?

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mabungwe a boma ndi mlingo wa kupatsidwa ntchito kwa makampani.

Malamulo Othandiza Anthu Kukhala ndi Moyo Wosagawanika

National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) imapanga nyumba zomanga nyumba zazikulu m'magulu. ndi ntchito zapamwamba kapena "Oyera" (monga California, New York, ndi Pennsylvania) ndi ntchito zanthaŵi yonse zokhala ndi malipiro, zipani zazikulu, ndi magawo aatali. Iwo amakopa andale zadziko ndi kukhala ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa ukatswiri. Pambali inawo amalandira malipiro ochepa, ndi kukumana ndi ntchito zina zochepa kunja kwa mapangano. Iwo amagwirizanitsa nawo ntchitozo (monga Hampreshi, Monton, ndi Wyming). Malamulowo ali mbali ya nthaŵi ya nthaŵi yapadera. Olandira ndalama, ndi kuchepetsa, ndi kukumana ndi miyezi ina yoŵerengeka. Amakhala ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi mapangano ogwirizana a kunja kwa dziko lonse. [Infoion of Union]

Kuimira ndi Kujambula

Pa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, mabwalo a boma akhala osiyana kwambiri, koma sasonyezabe nthaŵi zonse chiŵerengero cha anthu cha maboma awo. Akazi tsopano amapanga mbali yaikulu ya opanga malamulo (pafupifupi 30% ya dzikolo), kuchokera pa 5% mu 1971. Anthu a mitundu ing'onoang'ono akukhalanso ndi mipando yambiri, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri kuimira kwawo kumakhala kumbuyo kwa anthu. Pali mkangano wopitirizabe wonena za mmene nyumba zoima malamulo zimaimira mamembala awo ndi zimene zimawalepheretsa kukhala ndi ndalama zochepa, kuchepetsa upandu, ndi kulamula mandandanda owonjezereka oimira anthu ofunsira ntchito.

Malire a Nthaŵi Yolankhula

M'maboma 15, opanga malamulo amaikidwa pa malire. Malamulo ameneŵa, amene anaperekedwa m'ma 1990 monga kusintha kwa kugonjetsa ntchito ndi kubweretsa malingaliro atsopano ku boma, kuchepetsa zaka zimene munthu angatumikire m'chipinda choikidwiratu. Chiyambukiro cha malire cha malire chimatsutsidwa modetsa nkhaŵa. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kutsendereza mphamvu ndi kukakamiza malingaliro atsopano m’dongosolo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti amatsendereza chidziŵitso ndi mphamvu za boma ndi kuchotsa mphamvu kwa opanga malamulo ndi kwa odziŵa bwino ntchito, antchito a nthambi, ndi chithandizo cha malamulo.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Malamulo a Boma

Mabungwe a boma sagwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma, ndipo nthaŵi zonse amathetsa mavuto atsopano amene amachitika m’manja mwa anthu a ku America.

Kusintha Malo ndi Magetsi

Monga momwe zilili m'Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, malamulo a boma ayamba kugawidwa mowonjezereka chifukwa cha mfundo za anthu osankha. Kuchepa kwa magulu osankha oyenera, oyendera limodzi kwachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo, makamaka m’maboma ogawikana kumene chipani chimodzi chimalamulira nyumba ya malamulo ndi china chimene chimalamulira ofesi ya bwanamkubwa. Kusintha kumeneku kungaletse maboma kuthetsa mavuto ofulumira, kuchokera ku ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu mpaka kugula chithandizo chaumoyo.

Malo Oonera Zinthu Zabwino

Ntchito yochotsa pulogalamu yadziko la dziko lapansi yakhala nkhondo yoopsa yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wandale. Ndi mapulogalamu a kompyuta otsogola komanso ndi ndandanda yapamwamba yovota, chipanicho chingalembe mizere yachigawo ndi kulinganiza kwa opaleshoni kuti chichepetse mphamvu ya osankha achipani otsutsana nawo. Mchitidwe umenewu, wodziŵika monga gerrymaning, umasokoneza lamulo lapamwamba la demokrase yoimira oimira boma: kuti ovota asankhe oimira awo, osati njira ina. Pali gulu lomakula la kusintha zinthu lochirikiza kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zikalata za Rediligiodition kukhazikitsa zigawo zoyera, za mpikisano.

Kuyamba kwa Chiyesero

Chikhoterero chomakula m'malamulo a boma ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito "kupulumutsira" malamulo, kumene boma limaika lamulo limene limagonjetsa kapena kuletsa malamulo a kumalo kumene akuperekedwa m’mizinda ndi madera. Ili ndi liwongo lalikulu pa nkhani monga kuwonjezereka kwa malipiro, kulipira tchuthi chodwala, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi kusintha kwa apolisi. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti kutayidwa kumatsimikizira uyunifomu ndi kuletsa "ntchito yolimbana" ya malamulo otsutsana. Osuliza amaiona kukhala mphamvu ya boma imene imatsendereza demokrase ya kumaloko ndi kuletsa mizinda kuyang'anira zosoŵa zapadera za anthu awo.

Chifukwa Chake Malamulo a Boma Ali Ofunika pa Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Nkosavuta kusumika maganizo pa sewero ku Washington, D.C., koma choonadi nchakuti nyumba yanu yalamulo ya boma ili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Woweruza Louis Brandeis motchuka wotchedwa "mabungwe a demokrase," ndipo kunoko ndi kumene malamulo amayesedwa. Kulimba kwa misewu imene mumayendetsa, ndalama zimene ana anu amapitako, malamulo a kupeza laisensi yauninsi ya zaumoyo, malamulo amene amalamulira inshuwalansi yanu ya zaumoyo, malamulo a pa mpweya woyera ndi madzi, zonsezo zagamulidwa m'boma lanu.

Kaya ndi boma lofutukula kuvota, kuwonjezera lamulo la chamba, kukweza malipiro ochepa, kapena kuteteza ufulu wobereka, ntchitoyi ikuchitika kwambiri m'dzikolo. Mphamvu ya boma ndi yaikulu, koma kwenikweni yachokera kwa anthu. Kudziŵa kuti ndani amakuimirani, kuyang'ana mapepala amene amachirikiza ndi kuvota, ndi kuvota pa masankho ofunika kwambiri a unzika. Nyumba yanu ya boma ndiyo mlingo wa boma limene lili pafupi ndi inu, ndipo liyenera kuperekedwa ndi kutolera ndi kutolera.

Kwa awo amene akufunafuna kuphatikizidwa, chuma chonga [[FL:0]NCS akupereka chidziŵitso chokwanira pa mayagilo a boma. Zida zonga Optional States imakupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kulondola malamulo m'dziko lanu. Kaamba ka tsatanetsatane wa malamulo anu a boma, [[FLT: 4.] Balpedia [1] ndi magwero abwino kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa mfundo za mmene mabungwe amphamvu ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito ndi njira yoyamba yofikira kukhala wodziŵa ndi wogawanamo mbali m'boma lanu.