Bukhu la malamulo silolembedwa chabe; ndilo maziko a maziko amene amapanga mmene chitaganya chimadzilamulira chokha, amalongosola unansi pakati pa boma ndi nzika zake, ndipo amasunga kufunika kwa dziko limene limalikonda. Kaya linalembedwa kapena linalembedwa, losasinthika, malamulo amakhazikitsa malamulo a zandale, amakhazikitsa ulamuliro woyenera pamene akuchepetsa kufikira kwake. Kumvetsetsa chilengedwe ndi ntchito ya malamulo sikuli kofunika kwa ophunzira a sayansi yandale ndi lamulo koma kwa nzika iliyonse imene imachita nawo kapena kukhudzidwa ndi ulamuliro. Nkhaniyi imafufuza tanthauzo la malamulo, kusintha kwake kwa mbiri yakale, maluso ake osiyanasiyana, ndi mbali zake zovuta pochirikiza mabungwe a democracy ndi kutetezera ufulu.

Kodi Lamulo la Malamulo Nchiyani?

Lamulo ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ofunika kapena zitsanzo zokhazikitsidwa malinga ndi zimene boma kapena gulu lina limavomerezedwa kukhala likulamulidwa. Limagwira ntchito monga lamulo lalikulu la dziko, limene malamulo onse ndi zochita za boma zimayesedwa. Kwenikweni, malamulo apanga zinthu ziŵiri: limapatsa mphamvu boma mwa kulongosola mapangidwe ake ndi zochita zake, ndipo limaika malire kuti mphamvuzo zikhale zokha mwa kutsimikizira anthu ufulu winawake. Mawuwo amachokera ku Chilatini , kutanthauza "kukhazikitsa" kapena "kukhazikitsa, kusonyeza mbali yake monga ntchito ya maziko a chitaganya cha ndale zadziko.

Lingaliro la malamulo linayambira ku kumbuyo kwa kutsungula kwakale. Maboma a Greece, monga Athens, adayesa malamulo olembedwa ndi malingaliro a unzika . Roman Republic inapangidwa ndi malamulo osanganiza amene amalinganiza maufumu, maufumu apamwamba, ndi mademokalase . Komabe, lingaliro lamakono la malamulo olembedwa monga mapangano a dala, olongosoka, linawonekera kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 17 ndi la 18, losonkhezeredwa ndi akatswiri a nzeru za kupendeka monga John Locke, Montesquie, ndi Rouss, amene anatsutsa mapangano a kakhalidwe ndi kulekanitsa mphamvu. Mabuku amakono monga ngati achingelezi a ufulu (1689) ndi malamulo a United States (1787) adakhazikitsa chikalata cha ulamuliro wa dziko lonse.

Zolembedwa ndi Malamulo Osalembedwa

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa m’magulu ndi kapangidwe kawo: kolembedwa kapena kosalembedwa. Kusiyana kumeneku sikuli ponena za kaya malamulowo ali m’kulembedwa kwenikweni (makedzana), koma kaya ngati aikidwa m’chikalata chimodzi chodalirika kapena kufalitsidwa m’zolembedwa zambiri.

Malamulo Olembedwa

Bukhu la malamulo lolembedwa ndi limodzi, lolembedwa mwadongosolo lomwe limandandalika malamulo aakulu a boma. Ilo limaikidwa pa nthaŵi ya mbiri yakale ndipo limalingaliridwa kukhala lamulo lapamwamba, kutanthauza lamulo lina lililonse limene limatsutsana nalo lingagwetsedwe. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo United States Constitution, Constitution of India, ndi Jeremani Levis . Malamulo a Chiphunzitso a malamulo olembedwa amaphatikizapo kumveka bwino, kupezeka, ndi kukhazikika; nzika ndi akuluakulu a boma angaloze ku malemba amodzi kuti amvetsetse kapangidwe kamphamvu ndi ufulu wawo. Nthaŵi zambiri njira yosintha ndi yofunikira dala, kuikiza malamulo aakulu kapena misonkhano yapadera ya ku Indikiritsa chikalatacho ku zikalata zandale. Komabe, malamulo olembedwa angakhalenso ovuta kusintha mwamsanga, kupangitsa kuti asinthe zinthu.

Malamulo Osalembedwa

Mawu akuti "boma losalembedwa" ndi chinthu cholakwika. Limatanthauza njira imene malamulo a malamulo amapezedwa m'mabuku ambiri: malemba, zitsanzo zachiweruzo, misonkhano, miyambo, ndi malemba odalirika. United Kingdom ndilo chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri, ndi malamulo ake ochokera ku zolembedwa monga Magna Carta (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), Palamente Machitidwe, ndi malamulo ofala ndi zosankha zalamulo. Mayiko ena amene malamulo a boma osalembedwa kapena osalembedwa kwenikweni amaphatikizapo New Zealand, Israel, ndi Canada. Kusintha kwa malamulo a malamulo osalembedwa kumalola kuti asinthe ndi anthu, popanda kufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo. Komabe, otsutsa akuona kuti malamulowo alibe ndi kutsimikizira kwenikweni ponena za mphamvu zotha kutha kuteteza ufulu wa boma, kusoŵa ufulu woyenerera kuyenera kuteteza ufulu wa lamulo.

Mitundu ya Malamulo

Kupyola pa malamulo olembedwa kapena osalembedwa a dichotomy, malamulo a malamulo angasankhidwe m’njira zina zambiri zatanthauzo, iriyonse ikumakhudza mmene mphamvu imagaŵidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Malamulo Osinthasintha

Malamulo okhwima amafunikira njira yapadera yosinthira zinthu imene ili yofuna kwambiri kuposa malamulo wamba . Mwachitsanzo, mavoti aŵiri - atatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za nyumba ya malamulo otsatiridwa ndi kusungunulidwa ndi maboma ambiri. Mfundo za Malamulo za U.S. Chikalata cha Malamulo V ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri. Rigiddia imatsimikizira kukhazikika ndi kuteteza malamulo ofunika kwambiri kuti asasinthe mopambanitsa. Malamulo osinthasinthasintha, mwa kusiyana ndi, angasinthidwe ndi njira wamba ya malamulo. Malamulo a United Kingdom amasintha malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ndi osavuta kukhazikitsa malamulo ambiri.

Malamulo a Unitary Constitution

Malamulo a United States, Canada, ndi Australia ali alamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri mafatireli amasankhidwa m'mayiko aakulu kapena osiyanasiyana kuti alole ufulu wa dzikolo kusungitsa umodzi wa dzikolo. Malamulo a boma a United States, Canada, ndi Australia amachititsa kuti boma likhale logwirizana kwambiri ngakhale kuti likhoza kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa mabungwe a dzikolo kudzera m'malamulo. Malamulo a boma a mayiko a United States, Japan, ndi Sweden amathandiza kwambiri kuti agwirizane ndi ufulu wa dzikolo koma anganyalanyaze kusiyana kwa mayiko.

Malamulo Olamulira

Malamulo a democracy anapangidwa kutsimikizira uchifumu wotchuka, kutengamo mbali m'ndale, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuŵerengera olamulira. Iwo kwenikweni amaphatikizapo mapepala a ufulu wa anthu, makonzedwe a masankho aulere, ndi abusa odziimira okha. Malamulo audindo, kumbali ina, angakhalepo papepala koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalinganizidwira kuletsa mphamvu ya gulu lapamwamba lolamulira kapena la munthu mmodzi. Iwo angakhale opanda ufulu wotetezera, amachepetsa mpikisano wa ndale zadziko, ndi kupereka zitsimikizo zofooka pa ulamuliro waudindo. Kukhalapo kwa malamulo a boma sikumatsimikizira demokrase; kachitidwe kake ndi kagwiritsiridwe kake kake kake kake koposa kapangidwe kake.

Tanthauzo la Konsichushoni

N’chifukwa chiyani mayiko onse amakono ali ndi malamulo awo?

  • Kulengeza Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo: Malamulo amalanda ponse paŵiri boma ndi olamulidwa ku mpambo wa malamulo odziŵika poyera, kuletsa ulamuliro wodziimira ndi kuchirikiza kulinganizika, chilungamo, ndi chilungamo. Palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo, ngakhale akuluakulu aakulu.
  • Kutetezera Ufulu Waumwini Aliyense: Malamulo aakulu amaphatikizapo malamulo a ufulu kapena mpambo wa ufulu wofunika, monga ngati ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, msonkhano, ndi njira yoyenerera. Ufulu umenewu umakhala ngati chitetezero kwa anthu otsutsana ndi boma opotozedwa. Iwonso amapereka maziko a kupenda kwa chiweruzo pamene ufulu wa munthu ukuwopsezedwa.
  • Kulinganiza Boma: Malamulo amapanga mabungwe a boma [1] Kugawa, kukhazikitsa malamulo, jadiary , ndi kulamula kulembedwa kwawo, mphamvu, ndi malire. Kulimba kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti alamulire mwadongosolo ndi kuti aletse mphamvu.
  • Kulekanitsa kwa Maulamuliro ndi Kuyang'ana: mwa kugawira mphamvu pakati pa nthambi zosiyanasiyana, malamulo amaletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira. Nthambi iliyonse ingayang'anizane ina: nyumba yoyakira malamulo, mkulu wa bungwe la jaji amaikakamiza, ndipo a Judicary amamasulira. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti U.S. angakhoze kukhazikitsa malamulo, koma Congress ingagonjetse lamulo limenelo, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba lingaike malamulo amene amaswa Konsichuwa.
  • Kukwaniritsa mfundo za Kusintha ndi Kukhazikika: Malamulo ayenera kukhala ponse paŵiri osasintha ndi osinthika. Kusintha kwa masinthidwe kumapangitsa chikalatacho kusintha popanda kusintha. Chifuno cha maufumu aakulu chimapangitsa kuti kusintha kukhale kosonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu.
  • Makhoti Omasulira Judicial Review: amamasulira malamulo ndipo angachotse lamulo lirilonse kapena kachitidwe kapamwamba kamene kamatsutsana ndi iko. Mphamvu imeneyi iri maziko a malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthambi zonse za boma zikhalebe m’malamulo awo oikidwiratu.

Matanthauzo a malamulo amaposa olinganiza alamulo. Ilo limatumikira monga mawu ophiphiritsira a mtundu ndi makhalidwe ogwirizana, kaŵirikaŵiri kuyambira ndi mawu oyamba amene amalongosola "Ife Anthu" kapena kudzipereka ku chilungamo, ufulu, ndi kufanana. Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino angakhale mphamvu yogwirizanitsa m'zitaganya zosiyanasiyana ndi kampasi ya makhalidwe kaamba ka ka kachitidwe ka ndale zadziko.

Mmene Lamulo Linagwirira Ntchito

Malamulo amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ovuta kwambiri, osati chabe malemba enieniwo komanso njira zimene amamasulira zinthuzo.

Kukonzanso Zinthu

Malamulo okonza malamulo amalola malamulo kusintha ndi kusinthira ku mavuto atsopano ndi makhalidwe. Malamulo ena, mofanana ndi a India, asinthidwa nthaŵi mazana ambiri, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wadziko wa makhalidwe ndi ndale. Ena, mofanana ndi malamulo a U.S., asinthidwa ka 27 kokha m'zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kusonyeza kudziletsa dala. Kusintha kochititsa kusinthidwa kumatsimikizira kuti kusintha kwakukulu kumafuna chichirikizo chachikulu ndi chosalekeza.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Kupendanso zachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti kutsimikizira ngati malamulo ndi machitidwe alamulo ali alamulo. M'maiko okhala ndi kupenda kolimba kwachiweruzo, monga United States, Germany, ndi South Africa, makhoti amapanga mokangalika tanthauzo la malamulo. Njira zomasulira zimasiyana: kuyambirira kumaŵerengera malamulo monga momwe amadziŵikira panthaŵi ya kulandiridwa kwake; kukhalira ndi malamulo kumaona malamulo ake oyendera limodzi ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe. Kusankha kumasulira kungakhale ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Malamulo a kupima ndi kulinganiza amafunikira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingachite popanda kufunsa pa nkhani zowopsya. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States, Pulezidenti amaika oweruza a boma, koma Nyumbayo iyenera kuwatsimikizira; Nyumba ingapereke, ndi akaidi a Nyumba ya Malamulo. Maulamuliro otsagana ameneŵa amapanga njira ya kuŵerengerana. M'madongosolo a palamente, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana kukhoza kwa ndunayo kuchotsa kupyolera mwa kutsimikizira kwa kusakhala kwa chidaliro, pamene mkuluyo angathetse nyumba ya malamulo.

Kutengamo Mbali Pagulu ndi Kutenga Nawo Ntchito ya Chigwirizano

Maboma a anthu amakula bwino ngati nzika zadziwa ufulu wawo walamulo ndipo zimachita nawo zinthu. Malamulo ambiri amatsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wovota pa mfundo zofanana, kupempha boma, ndi kutumiza uthenga kwa anthu. Maprogramu a zamaphunziro a pa malamulo ndi maphunziro a boma amathandiza anthu kumvetsa ufulu wawo ndi mmene angawatetezere. Mabungwe akhama a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anira kugonjera ndi kuchirikiza malamulo ndi kuteteza.

Ntchito ya Konsichushoni m’Demokrase

M'magulu a democracy, malamulo amafunikira kutsimikizira kuti boma limapeza ulamuliro wake kuchokera ku kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa ndi kugwira ntchito mkati mwa malire olongosoledwa. Ilo limapereka makonzedwe a masankho aufulu ndi abwino, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ku ulamuliro wankhanza, ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu mwa kutsimikizira kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa lamulo. Malamulo amakhazikitsanso njira zodzisankhira, monga ngati maodaleshoni odzisankhira, ombudsman, ndi mabungwe oletsa kudyerera.

Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Demokrase

Lamulo la malamulo ndilo lamulo lakuti mphamvu ya boma iyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi malamulo ndi kuti awo amene amalamulira ayenera kutsatira lamulo. Ndilo mbali yaikulu ya demokrase yaufulu, kuisiyanitsa ndi madongosolo a authoritarianism kumene olamulira ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Chilamulo chimachirikiza kuwonekera kwa zinthu, popeza kuti machitidwe a boma ayenera kulungamitsidwa m’malamulo. Imalimbikitsanso mwambo walamulo kumene nzika zingatokose nkhanza kupyolera mwa makhoti odziimira. Popanda malamulo a boma, malamulo adziko ndi mbali ya pepala.

Ndiponso, malamulo amasintha makhalidwe a demokrase monga ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu, kulolerana, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa mtendere kwa ulamuliro. Amapanga njira zosinthira malamulo a boma, monga ngati njira za nzika kapena mamendulo, kulola anthu kupanga malamulo ofunika mwachindunji. M'mademokrase atsopano, malamulo opangidwa bwino angathandize kukhazikitsa mapindu a demokalase ndi kukhazikitsa bata mkati mwa kusintha.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri Yakale kwa Malamulo

Malamulo amakono anachokera m’zaka mazana ambiri za kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa ufumu wa monarchy ndi ulamuliro wa anthu wodzisankhira.

  • Magna Carta (1215) – anakhazikitsa lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lakuti mfumu inali yogonjera ku lamulo, kuyala maziko kaamba ka kachitidwe koyenera ndi ziletso pa mphamvu yachifumu.
  • Buku lachingelezi la Malo Oyenera (1689) [1] – Kulamulira kwa nyumba ya malamulo, kuletsa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, ndi kutsimikizira masankho aufulu ndi kulankhula mwaufulu m'Palamente.
  • Malamulo a United States (1787) – Bukhu lolembedwa lokwanira loyamba la lipabuliki lalikulu, lophatikiza kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, chigwirizano, ndi chikalata cha ufulu.
  • Chilengezo cha Chifrenchi cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (1789) [1] – Kulengeza malamulo achilengedwe aufulu, kufanana, ndi ubale, zikumasonkhezera zikalata zalamulo padziko lonse.
  • Malamulo a India (1950) [1] + -] – malamulo a dziko olembedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kugwirizanitsa demokrase ya nyumba ya malamulo, zoyenera zazikulu, ndi malamulo alamulo a boma.

Kusintha kwa ufulu pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II kunawona mitundu yambiri yatsopano ikukhala ndi malamulo olembedwa monga zizindikiro za ulamuliro. Posachedwapa, maboma a pambuyo pa auniversity ku Eastern Europe ndi pambuyo pa South Africa anakhazikitsa malamulo amakono ogogomezera ufulu wa anthu ndi kupendanso lamulo. Lerolino, malamulo a malamulo ali pafupifupi kulikonse, ngakhale kuti kachitidwe kake kamasiyana kwambiri.

Mavuto pa Ulamuliro wa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a m’dzikoli ayamba kutsatiridwa, anthu ambiri masiku ano amavutika.

  • Nthenda ya Chisinthiko ndi Tsitsi la Malamulo: kusintha kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa boma, nkhondo, kapena kuloŵerera kwa zankhondo kungafooketse dongosolo la malamulo alamulo. M'maiko ena, atsogoleri amalembanso kapena kunyalanyaza malamulo kuti afutukule mkhalidwe wawo, kutsogolera ku chimene chimatchedwa "Univertical constical system".
  • Kusintha: ziphuphu zofalikira m'mabungwe a boma kumawononga malamulo ndi kudalira anthu pa malamulo alamulo. Pamene oweruza ndi mavoti asokonezeka, chitetezo cha malamulo chimakhala chosaphula kanthu.
  • [[FLT: 0] judicial Activism kapena kufalikira: Makhoti nthaŵi zina amafutukula mphamvu zawo kupyola malire a lamulo, kuchititsa mikangano ndi nthambi zina. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupenda kwamphamvu kwachiweruzo kuli kwabwino, kupambanitsa kungayambitse "boma mwa judiary" kuti mitundu ya ufumu wa democracy ikhale ndi ufulu.
  • Lack of Public Awarers: [1] Nzika sizingamvetsetse ufulu wawo walamulo kapena mmene zingawasungire. Kusiyana kwa chidziŵitso kumeneku kumatsogolera ku mphwayi, kuchepetsa kutenga nawo mbali, ndi kusokonezeka kwa kuswa ufulu.
  • Digital Iscy and Modern Rights: Malamulo olembedwa asanafike nyengo ya intaneti sangathetse mokwanira mavuto monga kuyang'anira anthu, chinsinsi cha makompyuta, kuyendetsa kwa malamulo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito manambala. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa njira zosinthira kapena mafotokozedwe atsopano kutetezera ufulu wa manambala (m'm'zera wa manambala).
  • Kusintha dziko ndi ulamuliro wa dziko lonse: mapangano ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse (m’chitsanzo, European Union, WTO) angachepetse uchifumu wa dziko lonse. Kulinganiza kudalirana kwa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse ndi malamulo a malamulo a boma kumakhalabe vuto.

Kuti tithetse mavuto amenewa, tiyenera kukhala maso m’dziko, pa nkhani zauchigawenga, maphunziro apamwamba, kukonzanso malamulo a boma kapena kusintha zinthu zina.

Kumaliza

Bukhu la malamulo ndilo maziko a ulamuliro walamulo, kupereka maziko a ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi, ndi malamulo. Ngati linalembedwa m'chikalata chimodzi chachikulu kapena kusinthika kupyola zaka mazana ambiri za mwambo ndi chitsanzo, malamulo amasonyeza makhalidwe apamwamba a chitaganya ndi zolinga za chilungamo, ufulu, ndi dongosolo. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yake, ntchito, ndi mavuto nkofunika kwa aliyense wochita ntchito zaufulu wa anthu kapena kuphunzira zandale. Pamene mabungwe akulimbana ndi tekinoloji yatsopano, zitsenderezo za dziko lonse, ndi kusintha kwa mapulinsipulo a ndale, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino okhalitsa adzapitirizabe kuumba unansi pakati pa nzika ndi boma lawo. Malamulowo si ntchito yosanja koma pangano lamoyo limene limafuna kuti aliyense alemekeze ndi kukhalabe ndi chisamaliro chopindulitsa.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka:[[FLT :1] [[FULT]BRIATA - Constitution ○ ○ Lonsitution Center , - Constitution yogwirizanitsa . . . . Platment , UK - Constitution