Maboma pa milingo ya boma, boma, ndi malo a kumaloko amapanga mpambo wa malamulo ocholoŵana amene amapanga pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku mpweya umene timapuma ndi chakudya chimene timadya ku sukulu za ana athu ndi misewu imene timayendetsa, kuzindikira "amene amapanga malamulo" ndi maziko a kukhala nzika yodziŵa. Chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka chinenero chooneka bwino pa maluso a ulamuliro wa Amereka, kulongosola mmene milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma imapangira, kusungitsa, ndi kumasulira malamulo amene amasungitsa chitaganya. Mmalo mwa lamulo lapamwamba limodzi lakutsika, United States limagwira ntchito pa dongosolo la mphamvu yogaŵikana ndi kugaŵikana. Chiyenetso chimenechi chinapangidwa kutetezera ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma lapafupi la anthu limakhala ndi liwu lamphamvu.

Maziko: Lamulo la U.S.

Malamulo a U.S. ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Ilo limakhazikitsa maziko a boma lonse la boma ndi kulongosola kugwirizana kwake ndi maboma 50. Opanga malamulo a malamulo, kukumana ku Philadelphia mu 1787, anali odera nkhaŵa kwambiri ponena za kuika mphamvu zochuluka m'chinthu chimodzi pambuyo pa chidziŵitso chawo ndi ufumu wa Briteni. Kuthetsa zimenezi, anapanga mbali ziŵiri zazikulu: kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro (kugawana boma la boma ku manthambi atatu) ndi ulamuliro (kukhazikitsa mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi maboma).

Malamulo anapereka mphamvu zolunjika, zondandalika ku boma latsopano, zonga ngati mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo, ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko. Linapatsanso Nyumba ya Malamulo "kupanga malamulo onse amene afunikira ndi oyenera" yochitira ntchito zimenezo, mawu amene akhala magwero a mkangano ndi kufutukuka kwa ulamuliro wa boma kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Koma Malamulowo sanafune kupereka mphamvu yopanda malire pambali ya boma pambali zonse za moyo.

Kulinganiza Koipa: Kuyendera Mafuko

Federalism ndi njira imene mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma lapakati la dziko ndi maboma achigawo. Izi zimapanga uchifumu wamitundu iŵiri, kutanthauza kuti nzika zikukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa maboma aŵiri osiyana, limodzi ndi malo ake oyenera kuchitapo kanthu. Malamulo amapereka mphamvu zina ku boma la boma (maulamuliro okhazikitsidwa), ku mayiko ena (maulamuliro odalirika), ndipo amagaŵana pakati pa maulamuliro onse aŵiri (amakono). Maulamuliro amakono amaphatikizapo kukhoza kukhoma msonkho, kumanga misewu, ndi kupanga makhoti. Kulinganizika kumeneku sikuli kokhazikika; kwasintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka, makamaka panthaŵi ya Chigamu ndi pambuyo pa nyengo ya Chigawo cha Chigawo ndi Chigawo.

Kachilombo Kabwino Kotchedwa Claus (Article VI)

Mawu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma limatsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo lovomerezeka la boma, lamulo la boma likhoza kupambana. Limeneli ndilo "Lamulo la Dzikolo" ndipo mapangano ali ngati "Chilamulo chapamwamba" loweruza lililonse lamangidwa ndi ichi, mosasamala kanthu za chimene lamulo la boma limanena. Chiyambukiro chogwira ntchito nchomveka: pamene lamulo la boma litsutsana ndi lamulo la boma lovomerezeka, lamulo la boma liyenera kupambana. Limeneli limadziŵika monga [[FLT:] la kupululidwa . N’lofunika kuti lisungebe msika ndi malamulo a dziko. Komabe, popeza kuti lamulo la boma liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Lamulo la boma liyenera kukhala lovomerezeka Clausmausdia. [FF:]

Lamulo la Khumi Lokonzedwanso

Monga kutsutsana ndi Supremacy Claus ndi kumasulira kokulira kwa Sunday Claus , Tenth Amendment ikulongosola bwino kuti: "Maulamulirowo sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States molingana, kapena kwa anthu. Kusintha kumeneku ndiko ulamuliro wa boma wa boma. Kumatsimikizira kuti boma la boma ndi limodzi la mphamvu zopereŵera, pamene mabomawo akusunga mphamvu zachisawawa kapena "pereary". Mphamvu imeneyi yosungidwa kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa "ulamuliro wa boma," imene imalola kuchitapo kanthu kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Izi nchifukwa chake, sizili boma, sizimasamalira lamulo la boma, lamulo lachiŵeruza, ndi maphunziro.

Boma Ladziko: Kukhazikitsa Malamulo a Dziko

Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani zimene zimayambukira dziko lonse. Lili ndi mphamvu ya kuchita zinthu m’madera amene apatsidwa mwachindunji ndi Konsichushoni, monga ngati chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo achilendo, malonda a mayiko, kusamuka, ndi makampani ena. Malamulo ake amagwira ntchito kwa munthu aliyense mu United States, mosasamala kanthu za boma limene akukhalamo.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo (Mfumu Yankhondo)

Congress, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ili ndi thayo la kulemba ndi kupitirira malamulo a boma. Mlandu ungayambire m'chipinda chimodzi ndi chimodzi (ngakhale kuti pangafunikire ndalama za ndalama kuyambika m'Nyumba) ndipo uyenera kutumiza zipinda zonse ziŵiri zofanana asanatumizidwe kwa Pulezidenti. Pulezidenti angasaine m'malamulo kapena kuiika (Indee Congress ingaponde ndi mavoti aŵiri). Nyumba za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake pa malonda apakati (Chom'zamalonda) kuyang'anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za dziko, kuchokera ku zoyenera zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zitetezero za dziko ku malo otetezeredwa kuntchito ndi zikalata za malonda. Kuyenda tsatanetsatane ku , [FLD:0] kuyendetsa zinthu za malonda.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira Ntchito (Mkulu wa Atsogoleri ndi Azandale)

Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress ikupanga malamulo, nthambi yoyang'anira imawakhazikitsa. Pulezidenti, monga mutu wa nthambi ino, amakhazikitsa chitsogozo ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zosungitsa. Komabe, ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku yopanga malamulo apadera operekedwa ndi Congress iikidwa ndi mabungwe a boma. Imeneyi imadziwika monga kukhazikitsa malamulo. Malamulo amenewa ali ndi mphamvu ngati bungwe la Environmental Protection Agemental (EPA), Food and Drug Ad Administration (FC), ndi Federal Coms Commissions (FCC) kuti akhaziks akhazike ulamuliro kukhazikitsa malamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo.

Ntchitoyi imalamulidwa ndi Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Makampani amafalitsa lamulo lolingaliridwa mu Federal Register, amalola nyengo ya ndemanga yapoyera, lingalirani zoloŵetsedwa, ndiyeno kutulutsa lamulo lomaliza. Izi Malamulo. gov ndi kumene anthu angaone ndi kunena za malamulo a boma otsala. Dongosolo limeneli limayenera kupangitsa dongosolo la kukhazikitsa malamulo ooneka bwino ndi kugamula, ngakhale kuti silinavote mwachindunji kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa.

Nthambi Yoweruza (Khoti Lalikulu ndi Makhoti Audindo)

Makhoti a Federal amamasulira malamulo a boma ndi Konsichushoni. Chida chawo champhamvu kwambiri ndicho kupenda kwa Pulezidenti ngati aswa malamulo. Khoti Lalikulu ndilo lomaliza kuyambitsa mikangano pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Limathetsanso mikangano pakati pa maboma (monga ufulu wa madzi) ndi kumasulira lamulo lolamulira kutsimikizira kuti malamulowo akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lonselo. Pamene nkhani za Supreme Court zigamulo ziswa lamulo lokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma.

Maboma: Magulu a Demokalase

Woweruza Louis Brandeis analongosola motchuka kuti "maluso a demokrase". Chifukwa chakuti maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani zawo, angayese madongosolo osiyanasiyana kuti aone zimene zimagwira bwino anthu awo apadera. Njira yabwino imeneyi imathandiza kuti anthu asinthe ndi kusintha makhalidwe ndi mikhalidwe yakwawo.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Mphamvu Zake

Mosiyana ndi boma la boma, limene lili ndi mphamvu zokha zoperekedwa ndi Malamulo, maboma ali ndi mphamvu yosatha . Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo angachitepo kanthu m’malo alionse amene sakanidwa mwachindunji ndi boma lawo kapena kuchotsedwa ndi boma. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala aatali ndi atsatanetsatane kuposa U.S. Constitution. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo ufulu wosapezeka mu Bill of Rights, monga chitetezo chotsimikizirika cha ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wa anthu, kapena ufulu wa dziko loyera. Boma lilinso ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kubwereketsa ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa maboma.

Malamulo a Boma

Boma lililonse kusiya Nebraska liri ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya bahamaral (Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Nyumba ya Oimira). Nyumba za boma zimachita ntchito yaikulu yopanga malamulo imene imayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo kuchirikiza maphunziro, lamulo la upandu, lamulo la banja, lamulo la banja (ukwati, chisudzulo, kusungidwa kwa ana), ndi malonda a dziko. Njira ya malamulo ya boma m'boma imasonyeza njira za boma zambiri, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imayambukira mofulumira ndi yofikirika kwa nzika. Mayiko ambiri alinso ndi zida za demokharasethi, monga [[FLT:] kuthama ndi machitidwe a malonda a za boma , zimene zimalola nzikazo kuvota mwachindunji pa malamulo kapena pa malamulo. [FULT]

Magudula Adziko & Maboma

Bwanamkubwa ndi mkulu wa boma. Iwo ali ndi thayo la kusaina mapepala m'lamulo, kukhazikitsa bajeti ya boma, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ya boma. Mabungwe a boma, monga madipatimenti a zaumoyo, mabungwe otetezera malo okhala (kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa DEP kapena DEQ), ndi madipatimenti a galimoto (DMVS), kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito mofanana kwambiri kwa a boma koma amatumikira m'magawo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la boma loteteza zachilengedwe lingasungitse miyezo ya boma yonse yoperekedwa ndi EPA ndi boma lokhwima.

Makhoti a Boma

Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu yambiri ya milandu ku United States . Ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wa onse, kutanthauza kuti angamve pafupifupi mlandu uliwonse, kuyambira pa matikiti a galimoto ndi kudandaula kwapang'ono mpaka ku mabwinja aakulu, zisudzulo, mapangano, ndi milandu yovulaza munthu. Boma lililonse lili ndi akuluakulu ake: makhoti oweruza milandu, makhoti aakulu, ndi khoti lalikulu (amene nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa kuti "Supreme Court" ya bomalo). Khoti lalikulu koposa m'boma ndilo lili ndi ulamuliro womaliza pankhani za boma ndi kumasulira malamulo a bomalo.

Maboma Akomweko: Kuyandikana Konse

Matauni, matauni, matauni, matauni, ndi magawo asukulu sanatchulidwe mu Malamulo a U.S. Amapangidwa ndi maboma a boma. Momwemo, maboma a kumaloko ali ndi mphamvu zimene boma limapatsa iwo mwachindunji. Lamulo limeneli limadziŵika monga , ndipo limapatsa boma lakwake kuti liziyendetsa zinthu zawo zokha. Mu ulamuliro wa kumudzi, mzinda ungapatsire malamulo a dzikolo monga kutchula chigawocho. Mosiyana ndi boma, maboma ambiri avomereza Kulamulira kwapansi kwa bomalo , kumene kumaperekera malamulo a boma kuti ayendetse zinthu zawo. Mzinda, ungapatsire malamulo a boma a m’dzikolo, madandaulo, makampani a boma, ndi mabizinesi a boma, popanda chilolezo cha boma. Komabe, malamulo a boma a boma a boma a .

Pamene Malamulo Akhala Osatha: Kuthetsa Mikangano

Funso lalikulu m’lamulo la America ndilo zimene zimachitika pamene lamulo la boma kapena la kumaloko litsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma. Supremacy Claus akupereka yankho, koma kufunsirako kungakhale kocholoŵana ndipo kumafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lapeza mitundu ingapo ya kumasulidwa imene imasankha pamene lamulo la boma limachotsa lamulo la boma.

Asonyezeni Chiyeso

Imeneyi ndi mtundu wolunjika kwambiri. Imachitika pamene lamulo la boma linena momveka bwino cholinga cha kuchotsa lamulo la boma m'dera linalake. Mwachitsanzo, Airline Deregation Act imatchula momveka bwino kuti "ngakhale wosakhazikitsa kapena kukakamiza lamulo, malamulo, kapena makonzedwe ena... ogwirizana ndi mtengo, njira, kapena utumiki wa wonyamula ndege. Zimenezi zimaletsa boma lililonse kusakhazikitsa malamulo ake a ndege, zimene zingayambitse chipwirikiti cha ulendo wa pa state.

Kuyesedwa

Zimenezi zimachitika m’mikhalidwe iŵiri. Choyamba, pamene kuli kosatheka kukwaniritsa zonse ziŵiri lamulo la boma ndi la boma. Mwachitsanzo, ngati lamulo la boma lifuna chizindikiro cha chisungiko china ndi lamulo la boma limafunikira chizindikiro chosiyana, chotsutsana. Chachiŵiri, pamene lamulo la boma "likuwona kukhala chopinga ku kukwaniritsa ndi kukwaniritsa zifuno zokwanira ndi zolinga za Congress . Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri nzovuta kwambiri kwa makhoti kugamula, monga momwe kumafunikiriridwa kumasulira chonulirapo chonse cha lamulo la boma.

Kuthawa M’munda

Ichi chimachitika pamene lamulo la boma liri lomveka ndi lofalikira m'munda woperekedwa kotero kuti "liika munda," silimasiya malo kaamba ka malamulo a boma. Makhotiwo amalingalira kuti Congress ikufuna kulamulira kotheratu malowo. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho lamulo la kusamuka. Boma la boma liri ndi lamulo lalikulu ndi lolamulira ladongosolo la kusamuka kwa dziko limene maboma amamasulidwa kwakukulukulu ku kudutsa dongosolo lawo la kusungitsa anthu.

Zitsanzo Zapadziko Lonse za Federal v. Ulamuliro wa Boma

Federal si lingaliro lakuyerekezera; ilo limaseŵera tsiku ndi tsiku m’mitu ya nkhani za nyuzi ndi m’makambitsirano a malamulo. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kupitirizabe kwa nkhondo ndi kugwirizana pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma.

Chitsanzo 1: Kutetezeredwa kwa Malo Okhala

EPA imakhazikitsa mpweya ndi madzi apadera pansi pa malamulo onga ngati Clean Air Act ndi Clean Water Act . Komabe, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu a boma m’malire awo. Ndiponso, akulongosola monga California, pansi pa chikole chapadera kuchokera ku EPA, angakhazikitse miyezo yamphamvu ya kutulutsa galimoto kuposa imene boma la boma likufuna. Zimenezi zapangitsa California kukhala dalaivala wamphamvu wa malamulo a dziko. Maboma ena angasankhe kutsatira miyezo yokhwima ya California kapena chigawo cha boma. Zimenezi zikusonyeza "cocogavinityism," kumene zolinga za boma zimachitidwa ndi chigwirizano chachikulu ndi thayo.

Chitsanzo 2: Kusintha Maganizo

Ichi mwinamwake chiri chitsanzo chotchuka koposa cha kuwombana kwachindunji pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma m’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. Chigwirizano cha boma cha Guedid Substances Act chiika mbanje kukhala mchitidwe wa Sedyuli, kupanga kwake, kugaŵira, ndi kukhala ndi upandu wa boma. Komabe, kuyambira m'ma 1990, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maboma chapereka malamulo ovomerezeka a chamba kuti agwiritsire ntchito mankhwala kapena zokondweretsa. Zimenezi zapanga dera labwinja lalamulo. Boma la boma lasankha kwakukulukulu (ngakhale osatsata) kusakhazikitsa lamulo lalamulo la boma lovomerezedwa ndi lamulo, koma nkhondo yosatha ndi mabizinesi ochitidwa mwalamulo pansi pa lamulo la boma amayang'anizana ndi mavuto onga kulephera kulowa m'banki ndi kutetezera kwa boma.

Chitsanzo 3: Miyezo ya Maphunziro a Onse

Malamulo a ku United States satchula za maphunziro. Pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zaka Khumi, thayo la maphunziro a boma limaperekedwa ndi maboma. Mabungwe a maphunziro amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zofunikira kumaliza maphunziro, ndi malamulo auphunzitsi. Masukulu a m'dzikolo amayang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za sukulu. Boma limachita mbali yochirikiza, kupereka ndalama za maprogramu apadera onga ngati Thet I (aphunzitsi otsika bwino) ndi maphunziro apadera (IEA). Pobwezera ndalama zimenezi, boma lingakhazikitse ziyenere zofunikira, monga zopimira zopimira pansi pa Ophunzira onse (ESA) Act. Ndalama zapakati pa bungwe la boma la mlandu ndi ulamuliro ndi lakwawo ndi lakwawo ndilo ndilo ndilo la ndale zadziko.

Chitsanzo 4: Kulabadira kwa Covid - 19

COVID-19 inali mliri wosatsutsika wa boma la America. Boma la boma linagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuvomereza akatemera, kupereka malangizo a zaumoyo kuchokera ku CDC, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha zachuma mwa kulipira ndalama zowonjezera. Maboma, kugwiritsa ntchito "maulamuliro awo a boma" kutetezera thanzi la anthu, kutulutsa malamulo a panyumba, malamulo oletsa kubisa, ndi malire a mabizinesi. Zimenezi zinatsogolera ku nkhondo zazikulu zalamulo pamene anthu ndi mabizinesi anatsutsa malamulo a boma. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri anafunsidwa kusankha ngati machitidwe a boma anali ovomerezeka apolisi kapena osakhala a boma ovomerezeka pa ufulu wa munthu. Mliri wa anthu anasonyeza bwino mmene makhalidwe osiyanasiyana andale pa dzikolo angatsogolere kwambiri ku zipambano zosiyanasiyana ndi kuumoyo wa anthu. Mliri wapo wa anthu ambiri

Kumaliza: Dongosolo Lozungulira

Funso lakuti "Kodi amapanga malamulo? . Ndilo yankho losavuta ku United States. Ndilo mgwirizano, ndipo nthaŵi zina ndi kusagwirizana, ntchito yokhudza boma, boma, ndi maboma a komweko. Dongosolo limeneli la mayeso ndi malingana, lomangidwa pa mfundo za maziko a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, lalinganizidwa kuteteza ufulu mwa kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu siziikidwa pamalo amodzi. Kumvetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za Congress, Pulezidenti, mabungwe a boma, akuluakulu a boma, akazembe, ndi mabungwe akwawo amapatsa nzika mphamvu zothandizira anthu kukhala ndi phande labwino m'dongosolo la democracy. Ilo limalola kuti anthu awo adziwirize ku mlingo woyenera wa boma ndi oimira. Kulinganiza kwa mgwirizano kwa dziko ndi kwa dzikolo sikuikidwa; ndiko kukambitsirana kumene kwakhala ndi kuyesa kwa zaka mazana aŵiri a ku America kwa kupitirizabe kwa zaka za mtsogolo.