Kodi Ndi Lamulo la Malamulo?

Bukhu la malamulo ndilo chikalata chalamulo chalamulo cha boma lolamulira, kulongosola kapangidwe, maulamuliro, ndi zophophonya za boma pamene likukhazikitsa zoyenera za anthu. Limagwira ntchito monga lamulo lalikulu, limene malamulo onse ndi zochita zake zimayesedwa. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi anthu odzipereka, amamvetsa chimene malamulo a boma ndi cholinga. Nkhaniyi imafufuza cholinga, kusintha kwa dziko lonse, kutsutsa, ndi kufunika kwa maphunziro a malamulo, kupereka kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane mmene mafaelo a democracy amatetezera ufulu ndi udindo wa anthu.

Chifuno cha Lamulo

Cholinga chachikulu cha malamulo alionse ndicho kupanga dongosolo la kulamulira komwe kuli kokhazikika ndi kolungama. Kumatero mwa kuchita ntchito zina zofunika zimene pamodzi zimapanga maziko a chitaganya cha malamulo.

Kukhazikitsa Mabungwe a Boma

Malamulo amandandalika kakonzedwe ka boma, kulongosola ntchito, mphamvu, ndi kugwirizana kwa nthambi zosiyanasiyana . Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kumalepheretsa chinthu chimodzi kukhala champhamvu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United States Constitution limakhazikitsa njira yopimira ndi kulinganiza kumene Nyumba ya Malamulo imapanga malamulo, Pulezidenti amawakhazikitsa, ndipo omasulira jaji amamasulira. Kapangidwe kabwino kamatsimikizira kuti adzayankha mlandu ndi kukwaniritsa zimene zapanga.

Kufotokoza ndi Kuteteza Ufulu Woyenera

Imodzi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri za malamulo ndiyo kuŵerengera ufulu wotsimikiziridwa kwa munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake. Ufulu umenewu "wonga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kuweruza kolungama . Kupanga chitetezero kwa boma pochita zopotoza. Lamulo lopangidwa bwino la ufulu limatsimikizira kuti ngakhale anthu ambiri sangapondereze ufulu waukulu wa anthu ochepa. BBIL of Rights mu U.S, mwachitsanzo, Constitution, yakhala chitsanzo kwa mitundu yambiri.

Kusamalira ndi Kusunga Zinthu

Mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo oikika amene ali ovuta kusintha mwadala, malamulo amakhazikitsa bata. Maboma angabwere ndi kupita, koma malamulo adakalipo, kupangitsa malo okhala otsimikizirika kwa nzika ndi mabizinesi mofanana. Kukhalitsa kumeneku kuli kofunika makamaka pa kusintha kwa ndale zadziko kapena mavuto. M'nthaŵi za chipwirikiti, malamulo amatumikira monga nangula, kukumbutsa oseŵera onse za malamulo ofunika amene amagwirizanitsa dziko.

Kuthandiza Kuti Zinthu Zisinthe Mwamtendere

Palibe chikalata chimene chili cholondola kwa nthaŵi zonse. Lamulo labwino limaphatikizapo njira yosinthira zinthu imene imalola chisinthiko pochitapo kanthu pa zosoŵa za anthu, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kapena kusintha kwa makhalidwe. Njira imeneyi imaletsa kufunika kwa kusintha kwachiwawa pamene dongosolo lomwe lilipoli likhala lachikale. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a U.S. asinthidwa nthaŵi 27, kusonyeza kusintha kuchokera ku ku kuchotsa ukapolo kuti afutukule ufulu wosankha. Njira yosintha indekha ndi phunziro mu democracy: ikufuna kugwirizana kwakukulu, kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa dala ndi kovomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri.

Mbali Zazikulu za Konsichushoni

Ngakhale kuti malamulo amasiyanasiyana m’mayiko ambiri, ambiri amapanga zigawo zosiyanasiyana zimene zingathandize kuti anthu azimanga nyumba.

Chikwangwani

Mawu oyamba ndi mawu oyamba amene amalongosola chifuno, mfundo zotsogolera, ndi zikhumbo za chikalatacho. Sizikumamatira mwalamulo koma amakhazikitsa maziko a nthanthi. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a India amayamba ndi "Ife, Anthu a ku India, pokhala ndi cholinga chopanga India kukhala Democratic Republic ya Chisoshalizimu..." Chiyambichi chimasonyeza makhalidwe a chilungamo, ufulu, kulingana, ndi mgwirizano.

Mlandu wa Ufulu

Chikalata cha ufulu ndi chigawo chopatulidwa chondandalika zoyenera ndi ufulu zimene malamulo amatsimikizira. Ufulu umenewu ngwovomerezedwa ndi makhoti. Chipani cha India [ chimaphatikizapo mapangano aakulu, monga kuyenera kwa kulingana, ufulu wa kulankhula, ndi machiritso a lamulo. Mosiyana, malamulo ena, mofanana ndi malamulo osalembedwa a United Kingdom, amadalira pa malamulo ndi lamulo wamba kutetezera zoyenera.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Chigawo chimenechi chimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane malamulo, mabwana oyendetsa, ndi achiweruzo, kulongosola kulembedwa kwawo, mphamvu, ndi zophophonya. Chimafotokozanso kugwirizana pakati pa maboma apakati ndi chigawo (madongosolo apadera). Mwachitsanzo, German Basic Law (Grundesetz) imakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma lokhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwa Länder (masituko), pamene kuli kwakuti imasumikanso mphamvu zazikulu m'boma la boma.

Njira Yothetsera Vutoli

Malamulo alionse ayenera kulongosola mmene angasinthidwire. Kawirikawiri kusintha kumafunikira voti yapamwamba m'nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo nthaŵi zina kupeputsa ndi maboma kapena mamenti. Kusinthako nkovuta kuletsa kusintha kwa kawirikawiri kapena kopanda pake. Komabe, sikuyenera kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuti malamulo a boma akhale osathandiza. Malamulo a U.S. amafuna mavoti aŵiri - tatu m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kumangidwa ndi makampani atatu anayi a maboma, njira imene yakhazikitsa kusintha kwa malamulo 27 m’zaka zoposa 230.

Wotchuka kwambiri Claus

Malamulo ambiri ali ndi mawu osonyeza kuti malamulo apamwamba koposa a dzikolo. lamulo lililonse kapena kachitidwe ka boma kamene kamatsutsana ndi ilo kali kopanda pake. Lamulo limeneli nlofunika kwambiri popenda milandu, kumene makhoti angakanthe malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kulinganiza Ufulu ndi Mathayo

Ufulu ndi udindo ndi mbali ziŵiri zosasintha za unzika wa democracy.

Ufulu Wofunika Kwambiri

Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ufulu wa anthu monga ufulu wa kulankhula, wa kufalitsa nkhani, wa chipembedzo, ndi wa kusonkhana; ufulu wa ndale zadziko wofanana ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota ndi kuthamangira malo; ndi zoyenera za anthu monga kupeza maphunziro ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. M’mademokrase amakono, ufulu wa anthu suli wotheratu; ungakhale wochepa pa zifukwa zokakamiza monga ngati chisungiko cha dziko, dongosolo la anthu, kapena ufulu wa ena.

Udindo Wofanana

Udindo umaphatikizapo kumvera malamulo, kukhoma misonkho, kutumikira pa mahule, ndi kutetezera mtundu pamene kufunikira. Koma mathayo amafikiranso ku kutengamo mbali kokangalika: kuvota, kukhala wodziŵitsidwa, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'nkhani ya boma. Lamulo Lachijeremani la Chiefren [1] Ufulu wa ntchito, kunena kuti katundu ali ndi mathayo a mayanjano. Kumvetsetsa kulinganiza kumeneku kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira kuphunzira za kukhala nzika.

Kulinganiza

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo okhudza ufulu wolankhula ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wolankhula suteteza anthu kuti asamalankhule mawu olimbikitsa chiwawa.

Kupenda Malamulo Oikika

Kupenda malamulo osiyanasiyana kumavumbula mmene mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachitira ndi chitokoso cha kulinganiza ulamuliro ndi ufulu.

United States Constitution (1787)

Malamulo a U.S. ndi akale kwambiri padziko lonse lomwe likulamulira. Ilo linapanga boma lamphamvu pamene linasunga mphamvu zake ku maboma. Bill of Rights (1791) imateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha polimbana ndi kuloŵerera kwa boma. Dongosolo la cheke ndi mayeso ndi mayeso ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo zokhazikitsidwa ndi Marbury . Madison [1] [185:1] wasonkhezera mitundu ina yosaŵerengeka. Komabe, kusintha kwake nkovuta kwambiri, kuchititsa kukangana pa zogaŵira zamakono pa kuvota ndi ndawala ya za ndalama.

Konsichushoni ya India (1950)

Bukhu la malamulo la India ndilo malamulo alamulo olembedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali padziko lonse, okhala ndi nkhani zoposa 450. Limagwirizanitsa demokrase ya nyumba ya malamulo ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi mpambo wa zoyenerera zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa malamulo alamulo (Article 32). Malamulo a lamulo la boma amatsogolera boma kulinga ku chiweruzo cha kakhalidwe ndi cha zachuma, ngakhale kuti silingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mwachindunji. Malamulo a ku India asinthidwa nthaŵi zoposa 100, kusonyeza kulolera pamene akusunga malamulo amakhalidwe abwino.

Lamulo Lalikulu la Germany (1949)

Chilamulo Chofunika kwambiri chinapangidwa kuchokera ku phulusa la Nazi, chimaika ulemu wa munthu (Article 1) mumtima mwake. Ilo linakhazikitsa dongosolo lamphamvu la boma, khoti la Federal Constitution, ndi "demokrase yamphamvu" imene imaletsa magulu amene akuyesa kufooketsa dongosolo la demokrase. Mawu osatha (Artic 79, ndime 3) amaletsa kukonza zinthu zimene zingakhudze kakhalidwe ka boma, ulemu wa anthu, kapena malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti mfundo zofunika kwambirizo zikhalabe zosatha.

United Kingdom (Constitution Osati Yolembedwa)

UK ulibe chikalata chimodzi chogwirizana. Lamulo lake ndi lopangidwa ndi malamulo, malamulo wamba, misonkhano, ndi ntchito zamphamvu. Mapepala aakulu amaphatikizapo Magna Carta (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), ndi Human Rights Act (1998). Lamulo la ufulu wa anthu la malamulo silingagwirizanitse oloŵa mmalo ake, kuchititsa kuti ufulu woyenerera ukhale wosinthika kwambiri poyerekezera ndi malamulo olembedwa. Dongosolo la UK limadalira kwambiri pa chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yandale.

Mavuto pa Ufulu wa Malamulo

Ngakhale malamulo olinganizidwa bwino kwambiri angakumane ndi zitokoso zimene zimawopseza ufulu umene anaupanga kuti utetezedwe.

Kupambana kwa Boma ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Pamavuto .war, miliri, uchigaŵenga . maboma angafutukule mphamvu zawo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo. Malamulo a zamwamsanga ambiri amalola kuchotsedwa kwa ufulu wina, koma zimenezi ziyenera kukhala zosakhalitsa, zogwirizana, ndi zofunikira kupendedwa. Vuto ndilo kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa ufulu kwachikhalire pansi pa chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 9 / 11, U.S.

Kusalingana Makhalidwe ndi Tsankho

Malamulo amalonjeza kufanana, koma tsankho la dongosolo lozikidwa pa fuko, chisembwere, chipembedzo, kapena gulu la anthu lingafooketse lonjezolo. Ngakhale ndi ziganizo zotsutsa kusamverana kwamphamvu, lamulo limafunikira makhoti osamala ndi chitaganya cha anthu okangalika. Malamulo a India amaletsa kusagonjetsedwa, komabe tsankho la kusankhana lidakalipo. Malamulo otsimikiza, monga ngati kukayikira maphunziro ndi ntchito, ali ziŵiya zalamulo kuti athetse kusalungama kwa m'mbiri, koma adakali otsutsana.

Kulephera Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Malamulo

M’nthaŵi za chipwirikiti chachikulu cha ndale zadziko, malamulo a boma angalekeredwe kapena kunyalanyazidwa kotheratu. Zida zachiŵeniŵeni, nkhondo zachiŵeniŵeni, ndi kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa authorizimu kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo alamulo. Vuto nlopanga kulimba kwa mwambo wa democracy, mabungwe odziimira paokha, ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu ku malamulo. Chipwirikiti cha Aluya chinasonyeza mmene chitetezo cha malamulo a m’malamulo chingakhalire chopanda mphamvu.

Kumasulira Molakwika

Anthu ambiri amakhumudwa ndi zinthu zimene zimafunika kuti atetezedwe.

Mbali ya Maphunziro m’Kumvetsetsa Malamulo

Kumvetsa ufulu ndi udindo wa munthu si chinthu chachibadwa chifukwa maphunziro ndi amene amachititsa kuti munthu aziphunzira ndi kulimbikira ntchito.

Mabungwe Ophunzitsa Anthu

Masukulu ayenera kugwirizanitsa maphunziro alamulo kukhala maphunziro a kakhalidwe ka anthu, mbiri, ndi maboma kuyambira pa msinkhu waung'ono. Maphunziro ayenera kukhudza njira yokonza mapulani, kusintha, milandu ya khoti, ndi kufunika kwa malamulo amakhalidwe abwino pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzitsa za Brown v. Board of Education [1] (1954) imathandiza ophunzira kumvetsa mmene malamulo amasinthira kulongosola kupanda chilungamo.

Kuphunzira Zinthu Mogwirizana Ndiponso Mochititsa Chidwi

Nkhani zolankhula sizili zokwanira. Kutsutsana pa mavuto ongoyerekezera a lamulo, mayeso ongoyerekezera, ndi kuyerekezera njira za malamulo kumachita ntchito za ophunzira. Kugawana nawo ntchito za m'boma la ophunzira kapena chitaganya kumalimbitsa kugwirizana pakati pa ufulu walamulo ndi udindo wa boma. Programu ngati Jodicary [maluso a maphunziro a a aphunzitsi].

Kuloŵetsedwamo ndi Kuphunzira Utumiki m’Mgwirizano

Ophunzira olimbikitsa kukhala ndi phande m'misonkhano ya m'holo ya tauni, kudzipereka ku mautumiki, kapena kutumikira pamabungwe aunyamata othandizira achinyamata. Ntchito zautumiki zophunzitsa zimene zimafunikira (m'chitsanzo, makampani olembetsa, kudziŵitsa za malamulo) zimathandiza ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a malamulo kuti athetse mavuto.

Kulimbikitsa Maganizo Osuliza

Mwachitsanzo, kutsutsana pankhani ya ufulu wolankhula pa masukulu, pa nkhani za mfuti, kapena pa nkhani zachinsinsi pa nyengo ya makompyuta kumafunika kumvetsa bwino.

Kuphunzira kwa Moyo Wonse ndi Kuŵerenga ndi Kuŵerenga

Maphunziro a malamulo satha ndi sukulu ayi. akuluakulu ayenera kupitiriza kukambirana nkhani za malamulo kudzera m’nkhani zodalirika, nkhani zapoyera, ndi mabungwe a boma. Kuwerenga wailesi, ndi kuwerenga Chingelezi. Kutha kuona ngati nkhani n’zodalirika, n’kofunika kuti atetezedwe ku nkhani zokopa zimene zimafuna kusokoneza malamulo.

Kumaliza

Bukhu la malamulo si nkhani za m'mbiri; ndi dongosolo lamoyo limene limaumba unansi wa boma ndi nzika. Limalongosola kapangidwe ka ulamuliro, kukhazikitsa ufulu, ndi kukhazikitsa mathayo amene amapangitsa kuti demokalase ikhale yotheka. Koma malamulo ali amphamvu monga anthu amene amauchirikiza. Mwa maphunziro okhwima, kutengamo mbali zolimba, ndi kuteteza malamulo alamulo mosamala, mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kukonzanso mgwirizano umene umayenderana ndi ufulu. Kumvetsa zimenezi sikuli maziko a maphunziro okha audindo ndi chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha ufulu wa anthu.