Kumvetsa Malamulo a Boma

Boma lililonse ku United States lili ndi nthambi yakeyake ya malamulo, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (kapena Msonkhano), imene ili ndi thayo la kupanga, kukonza, ndi kukonzanso malamulo. Njira yopatula lamulo la boma ndi yolinganizidwa, yochuluka imene imatsimikizira kuti lamulo likhale lofufuzidwa mosamalitsa, kutsutsana, ndi kuganiziridwa kwapoyera lisanagwire ntchito. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kuti mukhale ndi mayeso ndi kulinganiza pakati pa boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo osonyeza chifuniro cha anthu kudzera mwa oimira awo osankhidwa.

Ngakhale kuti njira zenizenizo zimasiyana m’boma ndi boma, zigawo zazikulu zimakhala zosasintha: malamulo amalembedwa, kukonzedwa, kufotokozedwa ndi makomiti, kufunsidwa, kuchitidwa pansi, kuchitidwa ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri, ndipo pomalizira pake kusainidwa kapena kuikidwa ndi bwanamkubwa.

Chiyambi cha Magwero a Mlandu: Kusintha ndi Kuyambitsa

Kodi Ndani Angapeze Mlandu?

Mlandu ungachokere ku zinthu zambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti wopanga malamulo yekha ndiye angayambitse lamulo m’chipinda cha malamulo, malingaliro a kumbuyo kwa lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amachokera kwa oimira boma, magulu a kulera, mabungwe a boma, mabungwe aumwini, kapena ngakhale ofesi ya bwanamkubwa. Malamulo, uphungu walamulo, kapena akatswiri a zaupoto amatembenuza malingaliro ameneŵa kukhala chinenero cholondola chalamulo.

M’mayiko ambiri, Office of Legislative Legal Services kapena bungwe lina losakhala lapaudindo limakonza malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndiponso malamulo amene alipo.

Mitundu ya Mabiri

Si malamulo onse olinganizidwa amene ali ofanana.

  • Mapepala a kalembedwe [1] – Kusintha malamulo atsopano kapena kusintha ku malamulo amene alipo.
  • Zigamulo za kugonja – adagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka kusintha kwa malamulo, kukonzanso kwa boma, kapena kusonyeza cholinga cha malamulo.
  • Zisankho za nthaŵi zonse [1] – nkhani za maderesi zokhudza zipinda zonse ziŵiri, monga ngati kupanga komiti ya phunziro la onse.
  • Zigamulo zopepuka [1] -----------------
  • [[ML:0] Mapepala a kutembenuza [ – samalirani mwachindunji ndi zoikiziridwa za bajeti ya boma.
  • Ndalama zapamtunda -Spect ku mzinda kapena chigawo china.
Fiscal notes are often attached to bills that have a financial impact on the state, and they are prepared by nonpartisan fiscal analysts to estimate costs or savings.

Kuyamba Kuona Mpira

Atalemba chikalata cha lamulo, amachiyambitsa mwalamulo ndi wokonza malamulo m'Nyumba kapena m'Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo. Lamulolo limagaŵiridwa nambala (m’chitsanzo, HB 123 ya Nyumba Bill 123, kapena SB 456 ya Nyumba ya Malamulo Bill 456, kuŵerengedwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, ndiyeno kutchula komiti imene imakhudza nkhani ya lamulolo. Njira yoyambitsayo imakhala yaikulu yonena za lamulo ndipo siiphatikizapo mkangano pa kalambula bwalo lino.

Maboma ambiri ali ndi deti lotsatizana la kutsegula chikalata cha malamulo kuchiyambiyambi kwa programu ya malamulo, ngakhale kuti njira za mwamsanga kapena ngongole zoperekedwa ndi kazembe zingavomerezedwe pambuyo pake. Chiŵerengero cha ndalama zoperekedwa m’programu ya boma ya malamulo chingachokere ku mazana oŵerengeka m’maiko aang’ono kufikira ku zikwi zambiri m’maiko aakulu monga California kapena Texas.

Kukhazikika kwa Mabuku a Komiti: Kumene Mabuku Amafufuzidwa

Ntchito ya Komiti ndi Cholinga

Makomiti ndi amene amapanga malamulo ambiri, ndipo ndi magulu aang’ono a anthu odziwa bwino zinthu monga maphunziro, thanzi, zoyendera, kapena msonkho. Komitiyi imapereka mpata wofufuza bwinobwino ndalama, umboni wapoyera, ndi mfundo zaluso popanda kufuna kuti chipinda chonsecho chikhale ndi nthaŵi yochita zinthu mwatsatanetsatane.

Mwachitsanzo, Komiti ya Maphunziro ingapereke chikalata chopereka ndalama ku Komiti ya Masukulu, pamene chikalata chofotokoza za mphamvu zimene zingabwezeretsedwe chikhoza kupita ku Komiti ya Energy and Natural Resources.

Komiti Yoweruza Milandu

Pambuyo pa mlanduwu, wopereka mlanduyo akupereka ndalama zoperekera umboni. Umboni ungaperekedwe mwapadera, m’kalata, kapena makamaka, mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Mamembala a Komiti angafunse mafunso, kuyankha, ndi kukambirana zothekera.

Anthu ambiri amafunika kutumiza mauthenga pa Intaneti kwa anthu omvetsera pa nthawi imene akufunika kumvetsera.

Kupereka Chizindikiro ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu

Pambuyo pa mlanduwo, komitiyo imachita ntchito yolemba chigawo chimene mamembala ake akambirana kuti asinthe malamulo a ndalama. Malamulo angaperekedwe kuyeretsa chinenero, kuchepetsa kapena kufutukula malire, kuwongolera ndalama, kapena mayeso odzutsidwa paumboni. komiti imavota pa kukonza kulikonse, ndiyeno pa mtundu womaliza wa chikalatacho. Ngati lamulolo lichoka m'komiti, likusimbidwa kuchipinda chonse ndi chivomerezo (mg., “D. imadutsa, "aiitsata monga yochita zinthu zina," kapena “osati chivomerezo ).

Ngati lamulo la kuletsa mavoti okwanira m’komiti, lingapezeke "” kapena“ kuphedwa kwa nthaŵi yotsala ya chigawo. Mayiko ena amalola lamulo kupendedwanso, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amafuna kuti libwezeretsedwenso m'chigawo chotsatira.

Mitundu ya Ntchito za Komiti

  • Lipoti lokhoza kupezeka [ – Bill akulowera m'chipinda chonse ndi chivomerezo.
  • Lipoti lokhoza kubwezedwa ndi ziwonjezeko [1] – Bill amavomerezedwa koma ndi masinthidwe.
  • Lipoti losakondweretsa [ – Bill wakanidwa; maiko ambiri amafuna voti yochuluka kupha lamulo.
  • Kubwezera [1] – Bill amatumizidwa ku komiti ina kaamba ka kupenda kowonjezereka.
  • Chochitika sichikutengedwa [[[FL:1] – Bill amatha pamene komitiyo ilephera kuchitapo kanthu nthaŵi isanakwane.

Kutsutsana ndi Kulankhulana m’Nyumba Yoyamba

Kalendala ndi Kukonza Zinthu

Pamene chikalata chaperekedwa kuchokera ku komiti, chimaikidwa pa calendar [FLT :1] kuti alingalire chipinda chonse. Kalendala ndizo mapu a tsiku ndi tsiku a mapepala oyenera kutsutsana, ndipo imayang'aniridwa ndi komiti ya malamulo kapena mtsogoleri wochuluka. Ma Bill amatengedwa mwadongosolo limene amaikidwa pa kalendala, koma zofunikira kwambirizo monga kulinganiza kwa bajeti kapena malamulo angozi zimapititsidwa patsogolo.

Malamulo a Mkangano

Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha nthaŵi yoikidwiratu ya kulankhula, dongosolo la olankhula, ndi mitundu ya zochita zimene zingapangidwe. M’maiko ambiri, mkangano umachitidwa pansi pa dongosolo lolamulira kumene ochirikiza ndalamazo ochirikiza kaamba ka kudutsa, ndipo gulu laling’ono kapena otsutsa amadzutsa zitsutso.

Njira zofala pokambirana ndi ena pansi ndi izi:

  • Kuŵerenga kogwirizana [[[FLT :1] – Mtengo umaŵerengedwa mokweza (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mutu wokha) ndi kulongosoledwa ndi ochirikiza. Masinthidwe angaperekedwe pakali pano.
  • Kuŵerenga komaliza [[FLT :1] – makamaka kuŵerenga komaliza pamaso pa voti. Pamfundoyi, kukonza kwina kokha n’kuloledwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsana kumachepa.
  • kulemberapo foni yovoti - Voti ya wopanga malamulo aliyense (yea, nay, kapena panopo) yalembedwa, ndipo ambiri afunikira kuti adutse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Voti ya Voice [[FLT :1] - system shopu yosavuta kumene woyang'anira amasankha zotsatira zake mwa kumvetsera mayankho a mawu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndalama zosakhala zalamulo.

Mayiko ena amafunanso chigawo chachikulu (iposa theka la ziŵalo zonse) kaamba ka ngongole zina, zonga ngati kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho kapena kulinganiza bajeti, mmalo mwa unyinji wa opezekapo.

Malamulo a M’kati mwa Kutsutsana kwa Pansi

Ziŵalo zingapereke chiwonjezeko cha lamulo pa mkangano wa pa chipinda. Kusintha kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi nkhani ya lamulo. Njira yokonza ingasiyane: maiko ena amafuna kusintha kulembedwa, pamene ena amalola kulankhulidwa. Pambuyo pa kuvomereza, mavoti a m’chipinda pa kukonza kulikonse, ndiyeno papepala lomalizira monga momwe lasinthidwa.

Kudutsa ndi Kupuma

Ngati ndalamazo zipitirira chipinda choyamba, zimavomerezedwa ndi kutumizidwa ku chipinda chachiŵiri (Nyumba kapena Nyumba Yalamulo). Lamulolo limaŵerengedwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m’chipindacho ndipo limadutsa m’komiti yofanana ndi yapansi. Ngati chipinda chachiŵiricho chipereka lamulolo popanda kusintha, limatumizidwa mwachindunji kwa kazembe.

Makomiti a Makomiti a Msonkhano Achiŵiri

Kusiyana Pakati pa Mabungwe

Chipinda chachiwiri chikhoza kukonza chikalatachi chifukwa chakuti chipinda chilichonse chili ndi dongosolo lake komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Makomiti a Msonkhano

Komiti ya msonkhano ndi gulu la kanthaŵi kopangidwa ndi ziŵalo za zipinda zonse ziŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri zoikidwa ndi maofesala. Cholinga cha komitiyo ndicho kugwirizanitsa kusiyana maganizo ndi kutulutsa lamulo limodzi. Makomiti a Msonkhano amagwira ntchito kuseri kwa zitseko m'maiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti ena amafuna misonkhano yotseguka. Lamulo lololera liyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi unyinji wa onse aŵiri Nyumba ndi nyumba ya malamulo, ndiyeno kutumizidwanso ku zipinda zonse ziŵirizo kaamba ka chivoti chomalizira cha [1]no zowonjezera zina zololedwa pa siteshoni ino.

Ngati komiti yochita msonkhanoyo yalephera kukwaniritsa pangano, ndalamazo zingafe, kapena zipinda zingaike komiti yatsopano.

Ntchito ya Bwanamkubwa: Kuvomerezedwa, Kulandira Chikalata, Kapena Kupatsidwa Chilamulo Chopanda Chikalata

Nthaŵi ndi Zosankha

Pambuyo poti chikalatacho chadutsa m’zipinda zonse ziwiri zofanana, amalembetsa ndi kuwapatsa bwanamkubwa. Kazembeyo ali ndi chiŵerengero cha masiku (monga 5 mpaka 30, malinga ndi boma ndi ngati nyumba yoikizira zinthu ilipo) kuti achitepo kanthu. Njira za kazembeyo zikuphatikizapo:

  • Chizindikiro cha pepala [[FLT :1] - Ilo limakhala lamulo pa deti logwira bwino lotchulidwa (kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 90 pambuyo pa kuimiridwa, pokhapo ngati chiganizo chamwadzidzidzi chaphatikizidwa).
  • Kupereka pepala [1] - Lamulolo likubwezedwa ku nyumba ya malamulo ndi kutsutsa. Magawo aŵiri kapena atatu kapena atatu m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kuchotsa witi.
  • Lolani lamulolo kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina – M'maiko ena, ngati kazembe sachitapo kanthu panthaŵi yoikiziridwa, lamulo limakhala lovomerezeka.
  • Pocket vento[FL:1] – igwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko ena pamene okhazikitsa malamulo aima pa nthaŵi ya ulamuliro; lamulo limafa popanda kusainidwa.
  • Ifemu-mateto [FLT :1] , bwanamkubwa angawombere mizere kapena zinthu kuchokera ku mapepala a puloprice, pamene akusaina lamulo. Nyumba ya malamulo ingachotsenso ndandanda ya zinthu zotchedwa translate vento.

Kuti athetse vutoli pamafunika kuvota kwapamwamba kwambiri, kumene kungakhale kovuta kukwaniritsa, ndipo kuvomereza kwa bwanamkubwa kumakhala chopinga chachikulu cha lamulo lotsutsana.

Atazolowera: Kugwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kugwirizana

Madeti Ogwira Mtima ndi Mapeto a M’nthaŵi Yatsoka

Malamulo ambiri a boma amagwira ntchito pa deti lofanana, monga July 1 kapena 90 pambuyo pa kutha kwa programu ya malamulo. Komabe, lamulo lingaphatikizepo mawu ofulumira [[FLT: 0] ochititsa kuti likhale logwira mtima pa kusainidwa kwa kazembe, malinga ngati chilolezo cha kuvota aŵiri . Malamulo amwambo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka nkhani zofulumira zonga ngati kutetezeredwa kwa anthu, chivoti, kapena kudula msonkho zimene zifunikira kugwira ntchito chaka chotsatira chisanakwane.

Kugwirizana ndi Kufalitsa

Maofesi a boma apatsidwa malangizo a malamulo a boma ndipo amakonzanso malamulo a pa Intaneti ndi osindikizidwa. Anthu, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi mabungwe a boma amadalira malamulo ogwirizana kuti atchule. Mayiko ambiri amatulutsanso “malamulo a m'chigawo cha ” amene amalemba malamulo onse amene amaperekedwa pa pulogalamu inayake.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo Olamulira

Malamulo ambiri amafuna kuti mabungwe a boma alembe tsatanetsatane wa malamulo ndi malamulo osungitsa. Njira imeneyi, yotchedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo, imaphatikizapo kudziŵitsa kwa anthu, nyengo zoyankha, ndi mayeso. Malamulo omalizira amafalitsidwa m'makalata a boma ndipo amakhala ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Nthambi ya malamulo ingapende malamulo a bungwelo kupyolera mu njira yotchedwa kuti uyang'aniro wa geographic kapena “kupenda .

Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma lokhazikitsa miyezo yatsopano ya madzi abwino lingagwire ntchito Department of Environmental Protection popanga malamulo oyezera, kulengeza, ndi kukhazikitsa nthaŵi yoikidwiratu.

Zimene Zimathandiza Kwambiri Pa Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

Kuvutitsidwa ndi Kudyerera

Magulu a anthu ofuna kusangalatsa, makampani, makampani opanga phindu, ndi maukwati a antchito onse amakakamizidwa kusonkhezera zotsatira za malamulo. Ofufuza akupereka ukatswiri, malamulo okhazikitsa mapangano, makampani a mkupiti, ndipo nthaŵi zina amapereka zopereka za ndawala. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukopa kuli ntchito yotetezera Yoyamba ya Kukonza, maboma amakakamiza kulembetsa ndi kulengeza zofunika kuti aone bwino. Anthu angaperekenso oimira awo mwachindunji mwa kulankhulana ndi maofesi awo, kulinganiza makampani, kapena kupereka umboni pa nkhani za foni.

Zinthu Zochititsa Chidwi

Kapangidwe ka ndale zadziko ka chipani cha kagulu kawo kakumalamulira Nyumba, Nyumba ya Nyumba, Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi ofesi ya kazembe . M’maboma okhala ndi boma logwirizana (kulamulira limodzi), chipani chochuluka chingasutse mandandanda ake mosavuta. Boma logawikana kaŵirikaŵiri limatsogolera kukambirana, kulolera, kapena kutsekereza. Utsogoleri wa gulu la gulu lachipembedzo amagwiritsira ntchito zida zonga [[[FLT:]] ntchito yopanga malamulo, , ndandanda ya , ndi [FLT:] kuyang'anira ntchito ya malamulo.

Maganizo a Anthu ndi Ofalitsa Nkhani

Malingaliro a anthu angakhale amphamvu kwambiri. Mabungwe, maholo a tauni, mafoni, ndi makampani a zaumoyo wa anthu onse onse amauza ovota kwa opanga malamulo. Makampani a nyuzi a m'deralo kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera malamulo, zimene zingawonjezere chitsenderezo pa opanga malamulo kuti achitepo kanthu. Nyumba zambiri za malamulo zimakhazikitsa mapulogalamu a pansi ndi makomiti, zimene zimalola nzika kutsatira njirayo panthaŵi yeniyeni.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu M’mayiko Ena

Ngakhale kuti mbali yaikulu ya dongosololo njosasintha, pali kusiyana kwakukulu:

  • Nyumba ya malamulo ya Unicameral [[FLT :1] – Nebraska ndi boma lokha lokhala ndi nyumba yoikizira zinthu imodzi, kuchotsa kufunika kwa ndalama zopitira ku zipinda ziŵiri zosiyana.
  • [magawo a zaka zapakati pa chaka. -Maboma ena, monga Texas, amakumana zaka ziŵiri zilizonse kwa nthaŵi yochepa (masiku 140). Ena, mofanana ndi California, amachita magawo a chaka ndi chaka.
  • Initinum ndi terentemu - [1] , nzika zingapose nyumba ya malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo mwachindunji kupyolera mwa njira za kufunsira. Imeneyi ndi njira yosiyana ndi yoikizira malamulo.
  • [[MLT:0] Ziyeneretso za kuchuluka [ -Maboma ena amafuna mavoti atatu kapena atatu atatu kupitirira msonkho, zigamulo zamwadzidzidzi, kapena ndalama zina za bajeti.
  • chivomerezo chogwirizana [ – Chivomerezo cha Chivomezi kaŵirikaŵiri chimaperekedwa mwa kugwirizana kusungitsa nthaŵi, koma wopanga malamulo mmodzi aliyense angatsutse.

Kaamba ka kumira mozama m'zisonyezero, webusaiti ya ya National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) [1] [FL:1] imapereka ziŵiya zochulukira pa njira za malamulo m'maiko onse. Kuwonjezerapo, Conreg .gov [FLT ] [imodzi ya boma] imapereka kuyerekezera kothandiza kaamba ka kumvetsetsa ntchito za bidamal.

Kumaliza: Ulendo wa Chilamulo

Kupereka lamulo la boma nkwachisawawa dala, kuphatikizapo mitu yambiri ya kubwereramo, kutsutsana, ndi kutengamo mbali. Kuyambira pa lingaliro loyamba kufika ku siginenti ya bwanamkubwa, chikalata choyendera kudzera m'makomiti, mavoti, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri komiti ya msonkhano, yokhala ndi mpata wokwanira wa kuwongolera ndi kulolera molakwa. Dongosololi limatsimikizira kuti malamulo amalingaliridwa mosamalitsa asanaikidwe pa nzika ndi mabizinesi.

Kuzindikira njira imeneyi kumathandiza anthu ndi mabungwe kuti agwirizane ndi boma lawo. Kaya mwa kulankhula ndi wowakhazikitsa malamulo, kupereka umboni pa kuyendera malamulo, kapena kutsatira malamulo a pa Intaneti, nzika iliyonse yodziwa bwino ingachite mbali ina m’kukonza malamulo amene amalamulira madera awo. Nyumba za malamulo ndi zina mwa nthambi za boma zimene zimapezeka mosavuta, ndipo malamulo a boma ali ovuta kwambiri.

Kwa anthu ofuna kulemba lamulo lachindunji, pafupifupi nyumba iliyonse yokhazikitsa malamulo imasunga webusaiti yokhala ndi “chipangizo chofufuzira”, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito kuwona pamene paikidwa chikalata, kuŵerenga mawu ake, ndi kukonzanso zikalata. Mwa kupereka chisamaliro ku ntchitoyo, nzika zingathandize kutsimikizira kuti malamulo awo a boma athandiza anthu onse.