Kumvetsa Zoyenera Kuchita: Maziko a Chilungamo

Njira yoyenerera ndi imodzi ya chitetezo chofunika kwambiri m'malamulo alionse amene amasunga ufulu wa munthu. Pamapeto pake, ntchito yake yoyenerera imatsimikizira kuti boma silingamane munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda kutsatira njira zoyenerera ndi zololeka. Lamulo limeneli lakhazikika kwambiri mu United States, makamaka kudzera pa Malamulo a Finite ndi 143, ndipo limagwira ntchito za boma mofanana. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku, kumvetsetsa lingaliro la njira ya kuyenera sikuli chabe njira yochitira zinthu mwamaphunziro ndi yovomerezeka pamene ufulu uli pangozi ndi kudziŵa mmene ungavomerezere.

Lingaliro lakuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo, ndi lakuti munthu aliyense ali woyenerera mwaŵi wa kumvedwa, ndilo limene limasiyanitsa chitaganya chachilungamo ndi cha authoritarianism. Njira yake imagwira ntchito monga kuyang’anira mphamvu ya boma, ikumafuna kuti malamulo azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosasintha ndi kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wakutsutsa kachitidwe kalikonse koipa. M’nkhani ino, tidzapenda chiyambi, mitundu, ndi njira zenizeni za dziko zogwirira ntchito, limodzi ndi mbuna ndi njira zothandiza kutetezera zoyenera zanu.

Kodi Zoyenera Kuzitsatira Zili Motani?

Kuyenera kutanthauza thayo lalamulo la boma la kulemekeza ufulu wonse walamulo woyenerera munthu. Ilo limafuna kuti boma lichite zinthu mosakondera ndi kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa lisanachite chilichonse chimene chingavulaze munthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawuwo akupezeka m'Malamulo, tanthauzo lake lenileni lapangidwa ndi zosankha za khoti ndi kumasulira kwa akatswiri. Kutsimikizira njira zimene zili “m'mbuyomo" m’zochitika zimene zaperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo kulinganiza chikondwerero cha munthu ndi chifuno cha boma, monga momwe zakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani zotchuka zonga [[FLT:] Mathes v. Eldit .

Malamulo aŵiri amene amatsimikizira ntchito yake ndi Lachisanu Amendment (imene imagwira ntchito ku boma la boma) ndi Amereka a 14 (amene amawonjezera chitetezo chimodzimodzi ku maboma). Onse pamodzi, amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene “adzachotsedwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Kupitirira pamenepo, malamulo oyenera amavomerezedwanso m’malamulo ambiri ndi ziŵiya za ufulu wa anthu za padziko lonse.

Malamulo a Nachisanu ndi 14

  • Fith Amendment: imatetezera ku kudzivulaza, ngozi zoŵirikiza, ndi kutsimikizira dongosolo loyenera m'zochitika za boma.
  • Demendment: imawonjezera chitetezo choyenera cha machitidwe, kutsimikizira chitetezo cholingana ndi chilungamo chachikulu.

Zipilala Ziŵiri Zotsatira: Zomera ndi Zotsika

Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndiponso makhoti amagawa zinthu zosiyanasiyana koma n’zosiyana.

Zimene Amachita Poona Kuti Zinthu Zasintha

Kusintha kwa machitidwe oyenerera kusumika pa njira ya ntchito ya boma. Boma lisanachotse ufulu wa munthu kapena katundu, liyenera kutsatira dongosolo lotsatizana. Zofunika zenizeni zimasiyana malinga ndi mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo:

  • Thukulo: munthu ayenera kudziŵitsidwa za kachitidwe kolingaliridwa ndi maziko ake. Zochitika zachinsinsi kapena zachinsinsi zimaswa dongosolo loyenera.
  • Ufulu Woti Umvedwe: Munthu ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wa kupereka umboni, kuitana mboni, ndi kutsutsana nawo mlandu wawo (pangakhale m’khoti, m’zembe, kapena m'masukulu.
  • Kupatula Wopanga Chigamulo: Woweruza, ofisala wakumva, kapena bungwe liyenera kukhala losatenga mbali m’ndale ndi losakondera kapena kukangana kwa chikondwerero.
  • Kuyenera ku Uphungu: M'nkhani zambiri za upandu ndi zachiŵeniŵeni, anthu ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuimiridwa ndi loya. Ngati sangathe kulipira, boma liyenera kupereka munthu wina m’milandu yowopsa yaupandu.
  • Kumanja kwa Kukopa: Dongosolo lolungama limalola kubwereramo kwa chigamulo chochokera kwa wolamulira wamkulu, kutsimikizira zolakwa kukhoza kuwongolera.

Zitetezero za maluŵa zimenezi sizili zopanda malire; nzosinthika ndipo zimadalira pa mikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira amene wayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa tsiku limodzi angafunikire njira zocheperapo kuposa munthu woyang'anizana ndi kutaikiridwa kwa ufulu wake waukholo. Kuyesa kwachikatikati kwa Mathes v. Eldridge . adakali muyezo: makhoti amayesa chikondwerero chaumwini, upandu wa kusoŵa kwa ufulu wa makolo awo, ndi chikondwerero cha boma pa chipambano.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Ufulu Wofunika

Njira yoyenerera yodzitetezera imaposa njira zotetezera ufulu wina ku kuloŵerera kwa boma kotheratu, mosasamala kanthu za kuyenera kwa njirayo. Chili chitetezero ku malamulo okakamiza, otsendereza, kapena oswera ufulu wolingaliridwa kukhala wofunika kwambiri kwa anthu a ku America. Ufulu waukulu umenewu umaphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kukhala kwachinsinsi: [[FLT :1] imatetezera zosankha zaumwini ponena za ukwati, kubala, kulera, maunansi a banja, ndi kuleranso ana. Imeneyi inali maziko a Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT ] (2015], imene imavomereza ukwati wa munthu mmodzi monga lamulo lalamulo.
  • Kulunjika ku umphumphu wa Bodily: Forbids njira zamankhwala zosafunikira, kutsekereza kokakamiza, kapena kuloŵerera kwa boma kumene kumalanda ufulu wa munthu.
  • [[ML:0] Kulunjika ku Free Speach ndi Alangs: Pamene kunachokera mu Lamulo Loyamba, njira yoikidwiratu yotetezera imalimbitsa chitetezo cha mawu osakondweretsa kapena otsutsa.
  • [[ML:0] Kuyenera Kuyenda: Kukhoza kuyenda mwaufulu pakati pa madera popanda ziletso zodziimira.
  • Kumanja kwa Vote: Ngakhale kuti ili yotetezeredwa bwino kwambiri kwina, Bwalo Lapamwamba lagwiritsiranso ntchito njira yoyenerera kuletsa kuvota kumene nzika zimatsekereza mosayenerera.

Njira yoyenerera yosadziŵika bwino njotsutsana chifukwa chakuti kaŵirikaŵiri imaloŵetsamo makhoti kumasulira zimene zili zoyenera “zogwirizana ndi lingaliro la ufulu walamulo. Osuliza amanena kuti oweruza angaumirize miyezo yawoyawo, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ufulu wina uli wofunika kwambiri kuusiya ku malingaliro a malamulo.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera ku Magna Carta Kufikira ku Kuletsa Kwamakono

Maziko a njira yoyenerera anayambira zaka mazana ambiri, kuyambika kwa dziko la America kusanachitike. Mfundoyi ingathe kutsatiridwa ku Mutu 39 wa Magna Carta (1215), yomwe inalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angaponyedwa m’ndende, kuthamangitsidwa, kapena kuthamangitsidwa “kusiyapo ndi chiweruzo chololedwa cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko. Mawu amenewo. "“ lamulo la dziko" [12]

Ku United States, Mpambo Wachisanu (1791) unavomereza boma, koma mu 1868, boma linavomereza kuti boma linamanganso malamulo a boma la 14. M’zaka za zana lotsatira, khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang’ono zimene zimadziŵika monga “kusemphana,” kupangitsa Bill of Rights kutetezera maboma kuchitidwa kupyolera mwa Gwero la Jeneace Clause la Indation.

Makonzedwe Oyenera m'Ntchito: Maprogramu Zenizeni a Dziko

Njira yoyenerera siiri kokha lingaliro longoyerekezera; imachita ntchito yake tsiku ndi tsiku m’ziungwe zosaŵerengeka: makhoti, masukulu, mabungwe a boma, ndipo ngakhale maunansi a ogwira ntchito (pamene boma likukhala bwana). Kumvetsetsa mafomu ameneŵa kumathandizira kusonyeza ukulu wa chitetezo chofunikira.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Otetezera milandu amalandira chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri, kuphatikizapo kudziona ngati wopanda liwongo, ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu mofulumira ndi wa anthu, kuyenera kwa kuyang’anizana ndi mboni, ndi chitetezo cha kudzivulaza. Kulephera kulikonse kutsatira njira zimenezi kungapangitse kutsutsa kapena kukana zinenezo.

Kupitira Pachiŵeniŵeni

M’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni . monga kuzenga mlandu pa mapangano, mikangano ya katundu, kapena nkhani za banja, kufulumira kumafuna kuti ozengedwa mlandu alandire chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wa kuperekedwa pamaso pa bwalo lamilandu. Ngakhale mabungwe a boma, monga chitetezo cha kakhalidwe kapena maulamuliro a kusamukira m’dziko, ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo yofunikira popanga zosankha zimene zimakhudza mapindu kapena malo a anthu.

Maphunziro ndi Chilango cha Ophunzira

Mu Gos v. Lopez [1] [[FLT:] (77]), Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti ophunzira a sukulu za boma ali ndi ufulu woyenerera wa maphunziro a anthu onse monga chiwongola dzanja, kutanthauza kuti sangalenjeke popanda njira ina yoikidwiratu. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira za kuchotsa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa n’zochepa kwambiri. Mawu kapena zolembedwa ndi mpata wofotokoza kuti [1] Kuthamangitsa kungafunikire mayeso ovomerezeka kwambiri. Oyang'anira sukulu ayenera kulinganiza kufunika kwa kulinganiza ndi ufulu wa ophunzira.

Ntchito ndi Boma Zimapindulitsa

Boma likakhala bwana, kachitidwe koyenera kangagwiritsidwe ntchito asanawombere antchito a boma amene ali ndi chiyembekezo chotsimikizirika cha ntchito yopitirizabe. Mofananamo, anthu olandira ubwino, kupunduka, kapena mapindu ena a boma sangathetsedwe mapindu amenewo popanda kuweruzidwa bwino. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Goldberg v. Kelly . (1970) anakhazikitsa kuti olandira chithandizo ayenerera ku kumvetsera kwachidziŵitso asanachotse phindu lake.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Luso la zopangapanga likuyambitsa mavuto atsopano. Boma likaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito maajensi, kugwiritsa ntchito maalamu, ndi kulanda zinthu zamakono (zonga ngati kubisa mawu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti) limadzutsa mafunso okhudza chidziŵitso, kupanda tsankho, ndi ufulu womveka. Ngati bungwe la boma lichepetsa ndalama za banki kapena zopinga zoyendera pa makompyuta popanda kufotokoza, kodi zimenezi zimaswabe ntchito yofunikira? Makhoti akulimbanabe ndi nkhani zimenezi, koma mfundo zazikulu zikukhalabe izi: Anthu ayenera kuuzidwa chifukwa chake akutengedwa ndi kupatsidwa mwayi woyankha.

Dera lina limene likutuluka ndilo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa maajensi oikidwiratu poweruza, pogamula, pogamula zoyendera, ndi pofufuza za ubwino wa ana. Pamene kuli kwakuti ziŵiya zimenezi zingawongoletse kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, zingatulutsenso zotulukapo zolakwika kapena zopeka. Njira yofunikira ya wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho ingawopsezedwe ngati nzeru za mazira ndi chinsinsi kapena ngati zimakhudza kwambiri midzi ya anthu ochepa. Ochirikiza angafune kuti aonetse, ma desiki, ndi kutsutsa kugamula kotsutsana ndi malamulo a ndandanda.

Maganizo Olakwika Ofala pa Nkhani Yotsatira Zomwe Ayenera Kuchita

Ngakhale kuti n’zofunika, nthaŵi zambiri anthu samvetsa zinthu moyenera.

  • `Kufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kokha m'makhoti aupandu.] Kunama. Kuyenera kumagwira ntchito nthaŵi iliyonse imene boma lilanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu . Kuphatikizapo m'makonzedwe a boma, auyang’aniro, ndi a maphunziro.
  • `Kugwirizana kumatanthauza kuti mukhoza kuchita chilichonse chimene mukufuna.'Ayi. Ntchito yoyenerera ndi yoteteza mwachibadwa, osati chitsimikizo cha ufulu wopanda malire. Imatsimikizira kuti ziletso zilizonse pa ufulu wanu zimaikidwa kokha pambuyo pa njira zoyenerera ndi kaamba ka zifukwa zololeka.
  • . Ngati wapatsidwa khutu, kachitidwe koyenerera kafikiridwa. [[FLT :1] Siiyenera kukhala yatanthauzo ayi. Kumva kuyenera kukhala kwatanthauzo: mufunikira chidziŵitso chokwanira, kuyenera kupereka umboni, ndi wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho. Kumva kwa sham sikukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenerera.
  • . . . [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti mtundu wake wamakono unawonekera m'zaka za zana la 20, lingaliro lakuti ufulu wina uli wofunika kwambiri kwakuti boma silingathe kuwalanda iwo ali ndi maziko a mbiri yakale, akukhala kumbuyo kwa nthanthi zachibadwa zotengedwa ndi Oyambitsa.

Kuteteza Ufulu Woyenera Kutsatira: Zimene Mungachite

Nazi mfundo zimene anthu amene angayang’anizane ndi zochita za boma zimene zingakhudze moyo wawo, ufulu wawo, kapena katundu wawo:

  1. Ŵerengani mosamalitsa machenjezo onse. Ngati mulandira kalata yochokera ku bungwe la boma, mamesenti a khoti, kapena chidziŵitso cha sukulu, iŵerengeni mosamalitsa. Onani masiku oikidwiratu, mtundu wa zinenezo, ndi zoyenera zanu kuyankha.
  2. Kupempha kumvetsera mwamsanga. Nthaŵi zambiri, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha kuti mumve asanagamule chigamulo chomaliza. Musachedwe; kulephera kuyankha kungatulukepo chiweruzo chotsimikizirika kapena chilango chongodzifunira.
  3. Sungani zolembedwa. Chikalata chonse cholankhulana, zosankha, ndi umboni. Izi n’zofunika kuti mukhale ndi chilolezo kapena mlandu uliwonse.
  4. Khonsa loimira boma. Malamulo oyenerera angakhale ovuta kwambiri. Ngati muyang'anizana ndi zotulukapo zowopsa monga kuchotsedwa ntchito, kulandidwa kwa mwana, kapena ufulu wanu . Mabungwe ambiri opereka chithandizo akupereka chithandizo chaulere kapena cha ndalama zotsika.
  5. Adziŵa muyezo wa umboni. M'milandu yaupandu, muyezo uli “osakayikira moyenera." M'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi yauyang’aniro, ingakhale“ kuyang’anira umboni” kapena “umboni wowonekera bwino ndi wokhutiritsa. [1] Kuzindikira chimene boma liyenera kutsimikizira.
  6. Tsala. Ngati mukayikira wopanga chosankhayo ali ndi tsankho (m’chitsanzo, iwo ali ndi unansi waumwini ndi chipani kapena kuima kuti apindule ndi zotsatirapo zake), jambulani njira yowabwezera.

Milandu Yamilandu Yapamwamba Yodziŵika Ilepheretsa Kuyenera kwa Khotilo

Kuphunzira nkhani zimenezi kwatithandiza kumvetsa mmene mfundoyi ikugwiritsidwira ntchito:

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Kwakukulu ponena za kupenda kwachiweruzo, mlanduwo unazindikira kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu umene makhoti ayenera kutetezera, maziko a kachitidwe koyenera.
  • Gos v. Lopez (1975): anakhazikitsa kuti ophunzira a sukulu za onse oyang'anizana ndi kuvedwa ayenera kupatsidwa chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wakumva.
  • Mathews v. Eldiridge (1976): adalenga kuyesa kwa mbali zitatu kwa kulinganiza kaamba ka kuwona kuti ndi zitetezero zotani zimene zimafunikira m'zochitika zauyang'aniro.
  • Goldberg v. Kelly (70): adaona kuti mapindu aubwino sangathe popanda kudziŵikitsa nthaŵi yapambuyo pake.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Anazindikira kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira kwa amuna ndi akazi a kugonana omwewo pansi pa Programme ndi Programme ndi ezakutetezera Claus.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (202): Kulamulira Roe v. Wade ndi kuvomereza kuti Malamulo samapatsa kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba, kuchepetsa kwakukulu ukulu wa zoyenera za kubala.

Kutsatira Lamulo la Padziko Lonse

Ntchito yoyenerera si ya United States yokha. Maiko ambiri ndi zida za ufulu wa anthu apadziko lonse zimaphatikizapo mapulinsipulo ofanana. Chilengezo cha Ufulu Waumunthu (Maganizo 10) (Maluso 10) amatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kumvetsera koyenera, ndipo International Paractive on Civil and Political Rights (Artle 14) imalongosola tsatanetsatane wa chitetezo cha ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu. Kuzindikira monga muyezo wa padziko lonse kumatsimikizira kufunika kwake monga mtengo wake, monga momwenso miyambo ina imachitira kusintha ndi ulamuliro.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika M’njira Yofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Kale Lonse

M'nyengo ya kufutukuka kwa maulamuliro a boma, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi nkhani zandale zogaŵikana, lamulo la kachitidwe kabwino limatumikira monga maziko a chilungamo. Ilo limatikumbutsa kuti boma, ngakhale likhale lotsimikiza chotani, liyenera kugwira ntchito m’malamulo ndi kulemekeza ulemu wa aliyense. Kwa aphunzitsi, njira yoyenerera imatanthauza kukonzekeretsa ophunzira ndi chidziŵitso ndi ziŵiya kufunsira kuŵerengera mlandu. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira njira yoyenerera ndiyo mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kudziŵa za anthu odziŵa zinthu ndi kutetezera anthu ku ulamuliro wadyera ndi maziko a chitaganya kumene chilungamo sichili chongoyenerera koma chenicheni.

Mwa kukhalabe odziŵa, kulankhula pamene ufulu wao wasokonezedwa, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe ochirikiza njira yoyenerera, aliyense wa ife angathandizire ku kuchirikiza mwambo walamulo umene umaŵerengera chilungamo m’malo mwa kuulutsa.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani Cornell Information Institute ya kujambula kwa njira yoyenerera , kusanthula kwa njira yoyenerera m'nyengo ya manambala [[FLT:], ndi [FLT] Jediciary project system pa project .