Chiyambi: Pangano Losanenedwa Lomwe Limaimira Thupi

Chitaganya chilichonse chokhazikika chimagwira ntchito pa maziko: kuti anthu amalolera kutaya mlingo wa ufulu wawo posinthana ndi chisungiko, dongosolo, ndi phindu la onse. Mawu amenewa, odziŵika monga pangano la anthu , si chikalata cholembedwa chosainidwa ndi nzika koma maziko anthano amene amafotokoza chiyambi, kuyenera, ndi malire a boma. Kuchokera pa kukhoma misonkho ndi kulabadira malamulo a pamsewu, pangano la kakhalidwe limalamulira kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

M’nkhani ya ndale zadziko yamakono, pangano la kakhalidwe limagwiritsiridwa ntchito pokambitsirana za kuyenera kwa mabungwe, kugaŵiridwa kwa chuma, ndi zoyenera za nzika. Limapereka njira yamphamvu yopendera chifukwa chimene anthu amalolera kulamulidwa ndi mathayo amene ali nawo kwa wina ndi mnzake. Nkhani ino ikupenda za kusinthika kwa mbiri yakale kwa pangano la kakhalidwe, malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino, mayeso ake amakono, ndi mfundo zimene zimatsutsa kufalikira kwake. Kumvetsetsa lingaliro limeneli nkofunika pogwira maziko a malingaliro a ndale zadziko za Kumadzulo ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za chilungamo, kulingana, ndi ulamuliro m’zaka za zana la 21.

Chiphunzitso cha Chiphunzitso cha Kuunika kwa Zinthu

Nthanthi ya kakhalidwe inatulukira m’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, nyengo ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa nzeru kodziŵika monga Kuunikiridwa. Oganiza a m'nyengo ino anafuna kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko m’lingaliro, ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi kuvomereza mmalo mwa kuyenera kwaumulungu, mwambo, kapena mphamvu ya anthu. Iwo analingalira kuti "kuchokera m'chilengedwe" .Moti mkhalidwe woyerekezera usanakhazikitsidwe boma lolinganizidwa. Anzeru atatu amawonekera kukhala olemba mwambo umenewu: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, ndi Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Thomas Hobbes: Ufulu Wake Uli Padongosolo

Thomas Hobbes, polemba m’mutu wa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya Chingelezi, anapereka masomphenya aakulu a mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe m'ntchito yake yapamwamba 1651, . Leviathan [1] . Kwa Hobes, mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe unali nkhondo yolimbana ndi onse, kumene moyo unali "osauka, aumphaŵi, abulu, ndi afupi ." M’malo ameneŵa, munalibe mafakitale, chikhalidwe, kapena chitetezo chifukwa panalibe mphamvu yogwira ntchito. Anthu anali kukhala ndi mantha achiwawa.

Kuti athawe mkhalidwe wosapiririka umenewu, anthu olingalira analoŵa m'pangano. Anavomera kuika ufulu wawo wachibadwa ku zinthu zonse ndi kutumiza ulamuliro wawo kwa mfumu imodzi kapena msonkhano. Wolamulira ameneyu, Leviatana, sanali mbali ya panganolo koma kulengedwa kwake. Chifukwa chakuti mfumuyo inaima kunja kwa panganolo, mphamvu yake inali yokwanira, yokha yokha ndi mphamvu yake yosunga mtendere. Maboma a Hobbes, cholinga chachikulu cha boma chinali chisungiko. Pangano la kakhalidwe linali pangano la kugonjerana kumene kunalenga boma monga munthu wongopanga lamulo. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimapereka chilungamitso champhamvu kaamba ka ulamuliro wamphamvu, wogwira ntchito ndi wolongosola chifukwa chake ngakhale maboma opanda ungwiro ali oyenerera kukhala opanda chiweruzo.

John Locke: Chikalata Chothandiza Kusunga Ufulu Wachibadwa

John Locke anapereka lingaliro lotsimikizirika kwambiri la chibadwa cha anthu ndi kuyang'ana kochepa kwa boma mu iye . Spected Treasurence of Boma [689]. Mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe sunali mkhalidwe wa nkhondo koma mkhalidwe wa ufulu wangwiro ndi kulingana, wolamulidwa ndi lamulo la chilengedwe, umene umaletsa kuvulaza ena m’moyo wawo, thanzi, ufulu, kapena chuma. Komabe, boma limeneli linali losalakwa ndi losatetezereka. Kunalibe lamulo lodziŵika, panalibe woweruza wopanda tsankhulo, ndipo panalibe mphamvu yaudindo yochirikiza.

Locke anatsutsa kuti anthu akuvomereza kukhazikitsa chitaganya cha ndale zadziko kwakukulukulu kutetezera ufulu wawo wachibadwa [1] moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Mapangano a anthu amakhazikitsa boma limene limachita monga lodalirika kwa anthu. Mwachidziŵikire, mphamvu ya boma imayendera malamulo. Ngati boma limaswa ufulu wachibadwa wa nzika zake kapena kuchita zinthu mwankhanza, anthu ali ndi ufulu wothetsa pangano ndi chipanduko. Malingaliro a Locke anali otchuka kwambiri, kupereka maziko a Chipanduko cha Chitukuko ku England ndi Chilengezo cha American Declation of Independetion. Chigogo chake pa kuvomereza chivomerezo, chuma, ndi kuchepa kwa boma chimakhalabe chapamwamba pa chiphunzitso cha ufulu ndi chamakono cha democracy.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Kufunafuna Ufulu Wosunga

Jean-Jacques Rousseau adatenga pangano la kakhalidwe m'njira ya demokrase yamphamvu kwambiri m'ntchito yake 1762, [1] Bungwe la Social Contract [1] . Rousseau anatulukira vuto la chitaganya chamakono: "Munthu amabadwa waufulu, ndipo kulikonse amaloŵa mu unyolo . Iye anakana lingaliro lakuti anthu mwachibadwa amagulitsa ufulu wawo wa chisungiko. Mmalomwake, anafuna mtundu wa mayanjano otetezera ndi kuteteza munthu ndi katundu wa mnzake aliyense pamene wina ali wogwirizana ndi onse, amamvera yekha ndipo amakhalabe aufulu monga poyamba.

Rousseau’s anali General Will . Wamkuluyo sakufuna chabe chikalata cha munthu mmodzi ("Chifuniro cha Onse") koma bungwe la makhalidwe abwino limene limafuna kuchita zinthu zabwino. Mwa kuloŵa pa pangano la kakhalidwe, anthu amachotsa ufulu wawo wachibadwa posinthana ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wamakhalidwe abwino wa kumvera lamulo limene amaloza iwo okha. Zimenezi zimafuna mtundu wapamwamba wa democracy kumene anthu akukhala ndi malamulo. Malingaliro a Rousseau akhala akulemekezedwa monga masomphenya a kulingana kwakukulu ndi kudziimira ndi kudzilungamitsa kwawo koyenera kwa ulamuliro wa a andale. Ntchito yake imadzutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri ponena za ufulu wa pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa anthu amene adakalipobe.

Mfundo za M’Baibulo ndi Makompyuta

Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana maganizo, Hobbes, Locke, ndi Rousseau anakhazikitsa mfundo zazikulu zimene zimafotokoza za mwambo wa pangano la anthu.

Kuvomerezedwa Monga Maziko a Malamulo

Mfundo yaikulu kwambiri ya nthanthi ya kakhalidwe ndi yakuti ulamuliro wandale umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira . Boma siloyenera chifukwa chakuti nlamphamvu kapena nlamwambo; nloyenera chifukwa chakuti anthu amavomereza modzifunira kulamulidwa. Kuvomereza kumeneku kungafotokozedwe, monga ngati kusaina pangano kapena kulumbira, kapena kuwinda, monga ngati kukhala m’dziko ndi kupindula ndi malamulo ake. Lingaliro la kuvomereza limaikidwa m'malamulo a democracy monga kuvota, kumene kumalola nzika kukonzanso kapena kukana chivoti chawo nthaŵi zonse.

Kusintha Ufulu wa Chisungiko ndi Chigwirizano

Pangano la kakhalidwe ndilo kusinthana. Anthu amasiya ufulu wachilengedwe wopanda malire koma wosatetezeka posinthana ndi ufulu wolamulidwa ndi anthu. Kusinthana kumeneku ndiko maziko a boma pa chiwawa chovomerezeka. Nzika zimavomereza kusatenga lamulo m’manja mwawo, ndipo chifukwa chake boma limatetezera upandu wa mkati ndi ziwopsezo zakunja. Mfundo imeneyi imatsimikizira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za boma, kuyambira pa ntchito za boma ndi makhoti mpaka kuteteza asilikali.

Lamulo la Chilamulo Monga Chobadwa Chawo

chitaganya cholamulidwa ndi pangano la kakhalidwe kwenikweni ndicho chitaganya cholamulidwa ndi malamulo, osati ndi malamulo ongofuna. Lamulo la lamulo limatsimikizira kuti aliyense, kuphatikizapo olamulira, ali ndi malamulo odziŵika, aunyinji, ndi opanda tsankho. Zimenezi zikulola anthu kulinganiza miyoyo yawo ndi kulondola zikondwerero zawo popanda kuopa kusokonezedwa kwachibadwa. Motero pangano la kakhalidwe limakhazikitsa maziko a malamulo, kumene mphamvu za boma zili ndi malire a malamulo apamwamba amene amasonyeza malamulo a pangano loyambiriralo.

Wolamulira wa Mayanjano

Mapangano a kakhalidwe ka anthu si nthanthi chabe ya m’mbiri; ndi lingaliro lamoyo limene limaumba kapangidwe ka mabungwe amakono, mikangano ya malamulo, ndi ziphunzitso za lamulo.

Lamulo la Malamulo ndi Lamulo la Ufulu

Malamulo olembedwa amakono angamvedwe kukhala mawu alamulo a pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo a U.S., amayamba ndi "Ife Anthu," kukhazikitsa ulamuliro mwachindunji m'chivomerezo cha olamulira. Bill of Rights imatchula malire apadera pa ulamuliro wa boma, kutetezera zoyenera zachibadwa zimene Locke anatsutsa zinali zosasinthika. Mapangano ameneŵa amapanga maziko a boma lokhala ndi malire, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la macheke ndi malamulo oletsa gulu lina lililonse kuswa malamulo a panganolo.

Boma la Welfare: Thayo lamakono la Kusankha

M’zaka za zana la 20, pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu linafutukulidwa kuphatikizapo makonzedwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Lingaliro lakuti nzika zili ndi ufulu wa ku chisungiko cha zachuma chofunika . Maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi ndalama za penshoni ya okalamba zingawonedwe kukhala kukonzanso panganolo ku maupandu a kapitalitale ya makampani. [[FLT: 0] Kusinthanitsa monga OECD [FLT :1] Mapangano a maiko amasamalira mapangano awo mwa kulinganiza kudalirana ndi kutetezera kwa anthu a msika. "Tweree" imaimira chitsanzo champhamvu cha pangano: posinthana ndi kuthandizira chuma ndi kumvera lamulo, nzika zachuma ndi kupindula ndi chitetezero cha m'makole.

Ntchito Zolipidwa: Kukhometsa Msonkho, Kuthandiza Ogwira Ntchito Zausilikali, ndi Utumiki wa Nkhondo

Pangano la kakhalidwe limakhazikitsanso ntchito za konkire kwa nzika. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Ndi mtengo wa anthu otsungula; imapatsa anthu katundu ndi mautumiki amene pangano likufuna. Nchito yosatha [ imaimira ntchito ya nzika m'makonzedwe a chilungamo, mtundu wa kugawana m'maudindo a boma. [[FLT: 4.] Ntchito yothandiza anthu kukwaniritsa ntchito za boma. [[FLT:] Mautumiki a dziko, m'mayiko ena, ndi njira yaikulu ya kufunitsitsa kuteteza chitaganya. Zimenezi zikugogomezera kwambiri ntchito za ufulu wa : ufulu wa ntchito.

Kudzipatula ndi Vuto la Kudzitsekera

Anthu ena amati pangano lakaleli silinali la padziko lonse koma linali pangano pakati pa gulu la anthu amwayi limene linachotsa anthu ena mwa njira iliyonse.

Kukonda Akazi ndi Mabuku a Fuko a Colassical Contract

Asayansi andale zadziko a chitaganya monga ngati Carole Pateman , m'bukhu lake Contract Sexual Conct , imatsutsa kuti pangano lachikhalidwe la anthu linali pangano lachigwirizano limene linakhazikitsa ufulu wa makolo. "Individic" m'pangano lamwambo linali mutu wa amuna wa banja. Akazi anaikidwa pansi pa chigawo chakumbali ndi kuchotsedwa pa pangano la anthu onse. Pachiwonetsero chimenechi, lamangidwa pa pangano lapatsogolo [[FLT:] pangano la kugonana ndi akazi.

Mofananamo, Khoti lachikomyunizimu , mu Contract , , mapangano akuti pangano la anthu ndi pangano la fuko. Mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe ndi zigamulo zinalingaliridwa kukhala zoyera ndi za ku Ulaya. Chikomyunizimu cha fuko chimapanga dongosolo la ukulu wa dziko lonse mwakulinganiza anthu osayera monga anthu ocheperapo amene sali mbali yonse ya pangano la makhalidwe abwino ndi la ndale zadziko. Izi zikuvumbula kuti ufulu wa anthu wa "universal" unalengezedwa ndi chiphunzitso cha mapangano odzitetezera.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Malire a Mavuto a M’dziko

Pangano lachikhalidwe cha anthu linalingaliridwa kukhala m'malire a dziko limodzi. Koma m'dziko lapadziko lonse, mavuto aakulu kwambiri, kusintha kwa, miliri, kuyenda kwa othaŵa kwawo, kusalingana kwa dziko lonse, ndi mphamvu za makampani osiyanasiyana . Mapangano a chikhalidwe cha anthu amavutika kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa. Palibe ulamuliro wa dziko lonse ndipo palibe kusokonezeka kwa dziko lonse. Otsutsa amafunsa ngati tikufuna pangano lachikhalidwe la anthu [[FLT:] lokhala ndi ufulu ndi maudindo kumadera ena, kapena ngati lingalirolo lili logwirizana kwambiri ndi chitsanzo cha dziko la Westphalia la dziko la dziko lapamwamba lomwe lingagwirizanitsedwe.

Mphamvu Zili m’Malo Okongola

Ngakhale m'dziko, pangano la kakhalidwe silikuchitidwa pa malo oseŵera. Zikondwerero zamphamvu zimakopa boma ndi kuumba mawu a "chigwirizano" ku phindu lawo. Lobbing, kampani, ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma kumachititsa pangano la kakhalidwe kukhala lochititsa mantha. Malamulo ndi malamulo omwe apanga panganolo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa mwaŵi wa olemera ndi amphamvu, kuchepetsa phindu la pangano lopindulitsa.

Kukonzanso Mgwirizano wa Kakhalidwe ka Anthu wa M’zaka za Zana la 21

Poyankha mafunso amenewa ndiponso mavuto atsopano, akatswiri andale ndiponso anthu olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu ayamba kulimbikitsa kuti panganoli likhalenso logwirizana ndi mfundo za m’dzikoli.

Njira Yolankhulirana ndi Anthu

Kukwera kwa Intaneti, wailesi, ndi nzeru zopanga zapanga "dziko lachilengedwe" m'malo a magetsi. Makampani a tekiniki amagwira ntchito monga maboma achinsinsi, kusonkhanitsa unyinji wa chidziŵitso ndi nkhani yapoyera. Nzika sizitha kulamulira kwambiri pa makompyuta awo. pangano lachigwirizano lakukhazikitsa zoyenera za ogwiritsira ntchito , zachinsinsi, ndi zachinsinsi zoonekera bwino posinthana ndi kuloŵetsedwa kwawo m'mapulatifomu. Maboma ayamba kuchitapo kanthu, ndi malamulo onga [[FLT:] Jeme Regatection Regation [GR] [FLD:3] [] yoyambirira] kuimira mgwirizano wa maatomu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo, ndi kuvomereza kwa zaka zaumoyo, ndi kuvomereza ufulu waunzika.

Udindo wa Malo Okhala Monga Wothandizana ndi Anthu

Pangano lachikhalidwe la anthu linali la kanthaŵi, lomangirira chabe amoyo. Vuto la nyengo limatikakamiza kuganiza motsatizana. Mapangano onena za kutulutsa carbon, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, ndi kutha kwa chuma ali mapangano odalirika ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo, amene saalipo kuti alankhulane kapena kuvomereza. pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu [[FLT: 1] limatsimikizira kuti mbadwo wamakonowu uli ndi thayo lakusunga dziko lokhala ndi anthu omwe amatsatira. Lamulo limeneli likuyesedwa m'nkhani zalamulo padziko lonse lapansi, kumene achinyamata akulephera kuteteza ufulu wawo wamtsogolo, akutsutsa kuti pangano la kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu lasweka.

Ndalama Zofunika Kwambiri Padziko Lonse Ndiponso Mtsogolo mwa Ntchito

Kudzifunira ndi nzeru zopeka zikuwopseza kusokoneza pangano lamwambo la kakhalidwe lozikidwa pa ntchito. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, panganolo linali lowonekera bwino: anthu akugwira ntchito yawo posinthanitsa malipiro ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Pamene ntchito imakhala yowopsa ndi yopangidwa ndi ongofuna, chitsanzo chimenechi chimasweka. Akatswiri ambiri ndi opanga malamulo tsopano amachirikiza Suniversal Intective Infige (UB) [ULT] monga mawu atsopano m'pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu. UBII amatsimikizira nzika iliyonse kuti ikhale ndalama zokhazikika, yopereka malo aakulu a chitetezo ndi ufulu. Zimenezi zimaimira kusintha kofunika kwambiri kuchoka pa pangano lozikidwa pa pangano lozikidwa pa kuthandizira kuthandizirana ndi ulemu.

Kumaliza

Njila imene anthu a m’dziko apangana ndi mfundo zandale ndi yokhudzana ndi malamulo, ndi yothandiza kufunsa mafunso ofunika kwambili okhudza ulamulilo: N’cifukwa ciani tifunika kumvela lamulo? Kodi pali mayezo otani a mphamvu za boma? Kodi tiyenela kucita ciani monga nzika? Kucokela ku cidziŵitso cimene cinayambika m’mauthenga a Hobbes, Locke, ndi Rouss ku mayezo ake amakono a malamulo, malamulo a za umoyo, ndi ufulu wa za makompyuta, pangano la za kakhalidwe la anthu latsimikizilidwa kukhala losinthika ndi lolimba.

Mapangano a ntchito za kakhalidwe ndi kuchotsa kwake mphamvu ndi ukhungu ku mphamvu, amatikumbutsa kuti palibe pangano lomaliza. Pangano la anthu liyenera kuikidwanso nthaŵi zonse ndi kufutukulidwa kuphatikizapo awo amene anali otsala m’mbiri. Pamene tikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto a m’zaka za zana la 21, kuchoka ku nyengo kupita ku Alhea, ntchito yokonzanso pangano la mayanjano ndi ntchito yanzeru ndi yofunika ya ndale zadziko. Kufunafuna maziko olungama ndi oyenerera a mayanjano a anthu kukupitirizabe, ndipo pangano la kakhalidwe lidakalibe chitsogozo chathu chofunika koposa.