Kumvetsa malire a boma n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu azitha kulamulira pa nthawi imene ulamuliro wa boma ukutha ndipo ufulu wa munthu umakhala woyenerera, kumathandiza kuti mabungwe aimbidwe mlandu.

Maziko a Ulamuliro wa Boma

Funso la ukulu wa ulamuliro umene boma liyenera kukhala nawo kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Lingaliro lamakono la boma lochepa linatuluka m'nyengo ya Kuunikiridwa, pamene anthanthi anayamba kutsutsa kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wozikidwa pa kuvomereza. John Locke, m'make ] Suctived of Government , linatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wovomerezeka umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira ndi kuti olamulira amene amaswa ufulu wachibadwidwe amaswa pangano la mayanjano. Ziphunziro zake zinasonkhezera kwambiri A American Countation , amene analoŵetsa mfundo zachiganizo ku Declation of Independetion and Constitution.

Montesquieu, munthu wina woganiza za Kutseguka kwa Thunu, anapititsa patsogolo lingaliro lakuti mphamvu iyenera kuyang'ana mphamvu. Mu Mzimu wa Malamulo , adalingalira kuti alekanitse boma kukhala lolamulira, loyang’anira, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anapangidwa kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kuti chisapeze mphamvu zokwanira kuwopseza ufulu. Opanga malamulo a dziko la America anatengera dongosolo limeneli mwachindunji, kupanga dongosolo limene nthambi iliyonse ingatsutse kuloŵerera kwa ena.

Zochitika zazikulu za m'mbiri zinasinthanso malire a boma. Magna Carta (1215) inakhazikitsa kuti ngakhale mfumu inali kugonjera lamulo, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kutsenderezedwa kwa lamulo kwa olamulira. English Bill of Rights (1689) inagwirizana ndi chitetezo choletsedwa ku kutsekeredwa ndi ufulu wodzilamulira ndi ndalama zopitirira, zinthu zimene pambuyo pake zinaonekera mu U.S. Bill of Rights. Chipanduko cha America chinali kupandukira kulingaliridwa kukhala cholakwa . Chopanda chilolezo, zilolezo, ndi kuima m'malamulo. Madandaulo ameneŵa anaikidwa m'zikulu m'malamulo, monga ngati kutetezera kwa Lachinayi kope Opatu kufufuza kopanda nzeru ndi kuletsa kwa Olamulira Olamulira Olamulira Olamulira.

Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ndi 1960 imasonyeza nkhondo yaposachedwapa ya kuwongolera ulamuliro wa boma. Activo adatsutsa zigomeko za ufulu wa maboma zimene zinalungamitsa kusankhana, kukakamiza boma kukakamiza zitsimikizo za lamulo za kulingana. Gululo linasonyeza kuti malire a ulamuliro samakhala achikhalire; amasintha mwa kukakamiza kwa anthu ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo.

Mfundo za Malamulo Zoletsa Mphamvu za Boma

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupenda kapena kulimbikitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe pa ntchito ya boma.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kwa boma kumagawa manthambi atatu a boma: malamulo, mabwana, ndi achiweruzo. Nthambi iliyonse imachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Nyumba za malamulo, Pulezidenti amaikakamiza, ndipo makhoti amamasulira. Magawo ameneŵa amaletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro umene unatsogolera ku ulamuliro wankhanza. Komabe, malire pakati pa nthambi sadziŵika nthaŵi zonse ndi malamulo a Prezidenti amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, ndipo nthaŵi zina makhoti amaswa malamulo pa maziko a malamulo. Mabwalo ameneŵa amayambitsa mikangano yosasintha, imene imapangidwa ndi cholinga. Monga momwe James Mavidieman Bederalist No. 51, "'kugalamuliridwa kuyenera kupangidwa kuti atsutse chikhumbo cha ulamuliro."

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Mayeso ndi malingana akupereka nthambi iliyonse ndi zida zopitira kuchenjera ndi zina. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma Congress angaike pambali ndi unyinji wa . Nyumba itsimikizira mamene ndi mapangano achiweruzo, pamene Nyumba iyambitsa ndalama. Nyumba ingalengeze malamulo osagwirizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi zigamulo, mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0] ndi . Mastenbory [1803]. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti nthambi siingakhale yolamulira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Pulezidenti Harry T Transman anayesa kutenga zitsulo mkati mwa nkhondo ya kutseka, Khoti Lapamwamba lolamulidwa mu [FL:]. [FT:]

Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Lamulo la lamulo limavomereza kuti palibe aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za udindo kapena malo, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kuchita mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro woperekedwa ndi lamulo ndipo sangagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zongofuna. Lingaliro limeneli likufuna kuti malamulo akhale apoyera, okhazikika, ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana. Khoti Lapamwamba ligamule kuti United States v. Nixon [[FL:1] [19774])) likhale lochitira chithunzi ichi: Pulezidenti Nixon anakakamizidwa kutembenuza matepiko ojambula monga umboni wa mlandu, ndi kunena kuti, "Si chiphunzitso cha kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro, kapena kusoŵa kwa kusungidwa kwa olankhulana kwapamwamba, kungachirikize kotheratu, mwaŵi wosakwanira wa kuchinjiriza pansi pa zochitika zonse zachiweruzo. Lamulo la Nixon ndi lolamulira la lamulo lochirikiza lamulo.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Federalism imagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma ladziko ndi maboma, iliyonse yokhala ndi mbali yakeyake ya ulamuliro. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amalola kuyesa kwa kumaloko ndi kuletsa gulu limodzi lapakati kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wonse. Kope la Tentith Amendment lasungidwa ku maboma (kapena anthu) Maulamuliro alionse osaperekedwa ku boma kapena oletsedwa ku maboma. Pakupita kwa nthaŵi, kulinganiza kwasintha. New Deal ndi Great Society yawonjezera maprogramumenti a boma m'madera ngati a malonda ndi ubwino. Posachedwapa, Khoti Lapamwamba lachepetsa chikhotichi, monga momwe kwaonekera mu National Federation of Independent Busity v. Sebelius . . (2011) Maprogramungwe a Mabungwe apamwamba a Classicscssion kukhazikitsanso lamulo la zaumoyo.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Malamulo a U.S. ndi lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kukhazikitsa maluso a boma ndi kutchula maulamuliro ake. Malamulo enieniwo amasonyeza kukayikira ulamuliro wapamwamba. Mfundo I imaika mphamvu zonse za malamulo m'Malamulo, Mfundo II imaikapo mphamvu zapamwamba mu Pulezidenti, ndi Article III zamphamvu zachiweruzo m'Khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba. Maulamuliro enieni operekedwa ku nthambi iliyonse ali ndi malire. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo, ikhoza kugwira ntchito pa nkhani zotchulidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 . Chigawo Chofanana ndi kuyang'anira zamalonda a chigawo, ndalama, ndi kulengeza nkhondo. Maulamuliro ena onse amakhalabe ndi mayiko kapena anthu.

Bill of Rights, kukonzanso kwa zaka khumi, kumapereka chitetezo choonekeratu kwa boma. Mpando woyamba wowonjezera umakhazikitsa ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, zosindikiza, zosonkhanitsidwa, ndi pembedzero. Mpando wachiŵiri wa Amendment umateteza kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida. Mpando wachinayi umaletsa kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njiri, kufunikira zilolezo zozikidwa pa zochititsa zothekera. Kusintha kwachisanu kumatsimikizira njira yoyenera ndi kuletsa kudzisintha. Zotsatirazi zinalembedwa chifukwa cha mantha kuti boma lamphamvu lizipondereza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Iwo saali makhoti onse; makhoti akudziŵa kuti boma lingalamulire paziridwe m’mikhalidwe yopatutsa, kululuza, kululuza, kululuza. Komabe, khalidwe lodziyesa mofufuza motsutsana ndi kulakwa.

Kukonzansoko kumatanthauza malire a ulamuliro. Mfundo V imafuna kuti anthu aŵiri chitatu achuluke m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress (kapena msonkhano wotchedwa ndi maauntiat aŵiri triat a malamulo a boma) kuti apereke chikonzeko, ndi magawo atatu a maboma kuti aisinthe. Chigawo chapamwambachi chikutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa kakonzedwe ka boma sikungachitidwe ndi unyinji wa anthu. Kusintha kwa malamulo kwangokwanira makumi aŵiri ndi asanu ndi aŵiri kwavomerezedwa m’zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kusonyeza kusintha kwa dala kwa malamulo.

Zosankha Zachiweruzo Zodziŵika

Oweruza amachita mbali yaikulu m’kulongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti amamasulira Konsichushoni ndi kugamula machitidwe amene amaposa malire a lamulo. Milandu yapadera yambiri yasintha kamvedwe kamakono ka malamulo ameneŵa.

Marbury vesi. Madison (103)

M’nkhani ya maziko imeneyi, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anakhazikitsa lamulo la kupenda kwachiweruzo . Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu kulengeza machitidwe a Congress popanda boma. Mlandu unabuka kuchokera ku mkangano wa ndale zadziko wonena za kuikidwa kwa chiweruzo. Marshall analingalira kuti Komkishoni iri lamulo lalikulu, ndipo ndi thayo la a jajidicary kugamula chimene lamulo limatanthauza. Chigamulochi chinapatsa mabwalo chiŵiya champhamvu cha kuyang’anira lamulo ndi kulanda mlandu, ngakhale kuti kwa zaka makumi ambiri linagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosasamala.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Chigamulo chogwirizana chimenechi chinagonjetsa kugaŵana mafuko m'masukulu a boma, kugwetsa chiphunzitso cha "kugaŵana koma chofanana" kuchokera ku Pnegson . Ferguson (1866). Khoti linanena kuti sukulu zogawidwa zinaswa kutetezera kwa Akufalimeti ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa . Brown [B] [BY] [BY] [B] [B] [udindo] silingagwirizanitse ntchito kukweza tsankho, ngakhale ngati likhala ndi chitsanzo cha mbiri yakale. Chigamu chokhazikitsidwa pa kazembe wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu ndi kukakamiza boma kukakamiza kukhazikitsa lamulo, kuphatikizapo kutetezera ophunzira a Bladadale pasukulu zonse zoyera. National Archivesting Reikirectivesting (FFFF:])

Kuyenda m’mahema

Chigamulo chotsutsana chimenechi chinazindikira kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, kosonyezedwa ndi Demetrimenti ya 14th, kumafikira ku chosankha cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba. Khotilo linanena kuti zaka makumi ambiri sizingapereke mtolo wa kuchuluka kwa mwana asanabadwe, pafupifupi kumapeto kwa kufupi kwachiŵiri. Roe [] imachitira chithunzi malire pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense pa kulimba kwa thupi. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, Khoti mu . Dobs v. Jackson's Organization of Health Organization [FL:3] [202])] [FLT] [FLD:] [FLD] [FF:4] [FFFF:]

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Monga momwe tanenera kale, mlanduwu unatsimikizira kuti Pulezidenti suli pamwamba pa lamulo. Khoti linakana mawu a Nixon a udindo waudindo wonse pokana umboni, kulamula kutulutsidwa kwa tepi yojambulidwa mogwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa Watergate. Chigamulocho chinatsimikiziranso ntchito ya jaji ya kulongosola malire a ulamuliro wa kazembe, ngakhale pankhani za chitetezo cha dziko ndi kulankhulana kwachinsinsi. Katswiri wa malamulo Akhilied Rear watcha kuti "nkhani yapamwamba kwambiri ya ulamuliro wa pulezidenti m'mbiri ya ku America" chifukwa chakuti chinasonyeza kuti palibe boma limene limasangalala ndi ulamuliro wosaŵerengeka.

Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Makambitsirano amakono onena za ulamuliro wa boma amazikidwa pa tekinoloji yatsopano, nkhaŵa za chisungiko cha dziko, ndi kulongosola malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kuphunzira ndi Kukhala Nokha

Maprogramu oyang’anira boma awonjezeka kwambiri kuyambira pa nkhondo ya September 11, 2001. Lamulo la USA PARITOTT linapatsa lamulo lowonjezereka loyang'anira zolankhulana, zolembedwa za malonda, ndi khalidwe "sneak ndi kuyang'ana". Mabungwe Ofufuza za Dziko Lonse Surveillance Act (FASIA) adapanga bwalo lapadera lolo lolozera alonda achilendo, koma kutulutsa kuvumbula kuti National Security Agement Agement (NSA) inali kusonkhanitsa mametam'ana mamiliyoni a matelefoni a anthu a ku America. ACLUU inatsutsa programu imeneyi mu [FLT: 0] ] . [FLT:] V. OFLT: 2 [FLT:] [FLD] , kutsutsa kukhazikitsa chikalata chachikulu cha kuyang'amba kwa anthu ozembe, ndi kumbuyo kwa polisi, kuti apitirize kutumiza foni.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti

First Amendment imaletsa boma kuletsa kulankhula mozikidwa pa zimene zili mkati, koma siiletsa makampani achinsinsi kufalitsa malo awo. Zimphona za manthano monga Facebook, Twitter, ndi YouTube zayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha mbali zonse ziŵiri: osuliza pamanja akuwaimba mlandu wa mawu otsalira, pamene otsutsa otsutsa akuyanjidwa kumanzere, ndipo amalola kuti mawu adani ndi kutsutsa ziganizo zigawenga zifatse. Ntchito ya boma njochepa; pamene andale zadziko ayesa kutsendereza mapulatifomu kuti achotse zophatikizidwa, makhoti aloŵerera. Mabwalo ayamba kuwatsutsa ndi macheza. [Trump: [Fl:] [FLD [F.FL.1] [F.1] [1] [zict. , khoti la Oyambirira la Olamulira kuti, ena atsutse otsutsa malamulo ake.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Manduna a maulamuliro onse aŵiri agwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma kunyalanyaza malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa masinthidwe popanda Nyumba ya Malamulo. Malamulo angasamalire kusamuka kwa anthu (Chichitidwe Chochitidwa kaamba ka Kufika kwa Mwana, DACA), malamulo a malo okhala (Develop Power Plan), ndi malamulo akunja (kuletsa). Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti akuluakulu a lua amanyalanyaza ntchito yawo yalamulo, kuchita monga opanga malamulo mmalo mwa oyang'anira. Makhoti abwerera kumbuyo pa zochitika zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba lichirikiza DACA mu Kuchotsa kwa Homeland Security v. Mafunso oyenera kukonzanso.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kusankha Kukhulupirika

Kuyenera kwa kuvota kuli kozikidwa pa kuyang'anira kwa democracy, komabe kwakhala kutsutsana kopitirizabe. Chikalata cha Courtistion chinaletsa tsankho la fuko mu kuvota ndipo chinafuna maulamuliro a kusankhana ndi mbiri yakale kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo a chisankho (precralance). [[FLL:0]] Shelby County v. Haller [2013]] Khoti Lali lapamwamba linaletsa njira yoletsa chinyengo; otsutsawo akutsutsa anapanga kachitidwe kaundula katchulidwe katsopano, kopambana kuchotsa malamulo otsekera. Chiyambire pamenepo, maboma ambiri aposa malamulo ofuna kuvota, ndi kuletsa mavoti achinyengo. Ogwirizanawo anatsutsa njira zimenezi; amati kuti iwo amakhudza kapangidwe kamodzi ndi kachitidwe kapotoko ka kutsutsa kutsutsa chivoti. Chivoti chivomerezo cha boma cha boma cha anthu cha kuchirikiza chivomerezo.

Ntchito ya Kupangana Ukwati ndi Mtengo wa Chikwati

Pomalizira pake, malire a ulamuliro wa boma sasungidwa ndi mabungwe okha. pangano launyinji la boma nlofunika kuti likhalebe ndi mphamvu. Pamene nzika za chidziŵitso, zolinganizidwa, ndi zofunitsitsa kutengamo mbali, zimalimbitsa zitsulo za democracy zimene zimachinjiriza ochenjeredwa. Chipangano cha Covic chimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvota : [[FLT :1] Njira yachindunji kwambiri yosonkhezera chitsogozo cha boma. Wovota wa pansi amatembenuza ulamuliro ku zikondwerero zapadera ndi zitsutso. Akuluakulu ankhondo otengamo mbali akuvomereza ku chivomezi chachikulu.
  • Kukumana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa: Makalata, ma email, mafoni, ndi opezekapo a m'tauni amalola nzika kulongosola malingaliro awo pankhani zina. Kupitirizabe kukakamiza kwa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kwasintha lamulo, monga ngati m'gulu loletsa usilikali m’nyengo ya Vietnam.
  • Kutsutsa ndi kutsutsa: Mpambo woyamba umatetezera kuyenera kwa kusonkhana ndi kuchonderera. Kuyambira Boston Tea Party kufikira ku Ofesi ya Akazi, zitsutso zachititsa kuyang'ana ku zidandaulo ndi kusintha kokakamiza. Kusamvera kwamtendere kwa boma, pamene malamulo akuonedwa kukhala kosalungama, kumayesa malire a boma ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku kusintha kwa chiweruzo kapena kwa boma.
  • Kuthamanga pa ofesi kapena kutumikira pa ma pulatifomu: kutengamo mbali mwachindunji m'boma pa milingo yonse(makomiti a sukulu, msonkhano wa mzinda, nyumba ya malamulo ya boma , malo a nzika m'malo amene angapange malire a ulamuliro kuchokera mkati.
  • Magulu olonda onga American Civil Liberties Union, Electronic Foundation, ndi Brennan Center ya Chilungamo amayang'anira ntchito za boma ndi kugamula kuti apeŵe opotoza. Kudzipereka kapena kudzipereka ku mabungwe otero kumapangitsa kuti boma likhale loyang’anira.

Chipangano cha Councic chimafunanso maphunziro. Kumvetsetsa Malamulo, Bill of Rights, ndi zigamulo za khoti lapadera kukonzekeretsa nzika kuzindikira pamene boma latsata malire ake. Mabuku onga la Ufulu wa Dzikolo akupereka ziŵiya zothekera kaamba ka kudziphunzitsa. Sukulu ndi mabungwe a anthu angachirikize kulemba ndi kuŵerenga kwa boma kupyolera m'maseŵero ndi m'malo a anthu onse. Anthu odziŵa bwino kwambiri ndiwo chitetezo chabwino kwambiri choletsa kunyonyotsoka kwa ufulu wa anthu pang'onopang'ono.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma saikidwa kapena kudziikira malire. Iwo ali zinthu za nkhondo ya m'mbiri, malamulo alamulo, kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ndi kupitirizabe kwa anthu. Zolinga za Kuunikiridwa za boma lokhala ndi malire zayesedwa ndi nkhondo, mavuto azachuma, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi madongosolo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kutsimikiziranso malirewo, kuwasintha ku mikhalidwe yatsopano, kusungitsa lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lakuti mphamvu iyenera kukhalabe yoŵerengera kwa anthu. Monga nzika, thayolo limagwera kwa aliyense wa ife kukhalabe maso, wodziŵa, wodziŵa, ndi wokangalika. Kokha mwa kugawana ndi anthu. Ife tingatsimikizire kuti boma likhalebe mtumiki, osati mbuye wa anthu aufulu.