Mkangano wa lamulo suyamba ndi malo amilandu. M’malo mwake, umayamba monga pangano losweka la malamulo, kuvulala, mlandu waupandu . Kutsimikizira kuti gululo silingathetseretu. Ulendowu, kuchokera ku kutsutsana, kuphatikizana makhoti, kukambirana, ndi kumamatira ku malamulo alamulo. Kumvetsa magawo ameneŵa si kofunika kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, koma kwa nzika iliyonse imene ingatumikire pa khomo, kudziphana ndi munthu wina aliyense. Ulendowu, kuchokera ku nkhondo, kutsutsana ndi kukambirana, kukambirana ndi kuyang'anira malamulo alamulo. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa si kofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri a boma, koma kwa munthu aliyense amene angagwire ntchito yaudindo, kapena wodziŵa bwino mlandu, kudzipha. Chigamulo cha mlanducho chimakhala ndi mfundo ya lamulo (chigamuyene) (chithunzi chalamulo) ndipo chigamu chigamu cha lamulo la lamulolo) lomwe limapereka lamulo (chiganikiza chigamu) (chi)

Malamulo Othandiza Munthu Kupulumuka

Ngakhale kuti nkhani iliyonse imakhala yosiyana ndi ya wina aliyense, mlandu wa boma kapena wa apandu umatsatizana mwatsatanetsatane, uliwonse umakhala wongofuna kuchepetsa nkhaniyo, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso, ndipo potsirizira pake umatsimikizira kuti ndilo liŵongo kapena liŵongo.

Kutsogolera ndi Zolaula Zoyambirira

[FF:] Ndiyo mapepala ovomerezeka amene amatchula nkhani yokhudza kudandaula. M’njira yachiŵeniŵeni, zimenezi zimayamba ndi kukonza [[FFU:] ndi khoti loyenera. [FF:] Makalata ovomerezeka amene amatchula zonena zenizeni ndi mawu alamulo otsutsana ndi woimbidwa mlandu. [Izi zikhoza kuchitika ndi chigamulo cha munthu woimbidwa mlandu. [Njira] pamene pali: [FF:] [FU:] [I]] [I] izi zikhoza kuyankha [zinsinsizi], ndipo lamulo lokhwimalo limakhala ndi masiku ena [FFF:]. [FFFFF:gno.NU]

Kupeza: Kusinthana Chidziŵitso

Pamene kuchonderera kwakhazikitsa maziko oyambirira a mkanganowo, mlanduwo umaloŵa mu chigawo cha chofufuzira. Imeneyi ndi nthaŵi yaitali ndi yochuluka kwambiri ya zopereka. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yotulukira ndiyo kuonekera: palibe gulu limene liyenera kubindikiritsidwa poyesedwa. Mambali onse aŵiri ali ndi ufulu wopeza chidziŵitso chomveka kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi mbali zitatu.

  • Kudziwitsa: [[FL:1] Mafunso olembedwa amene ayenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro, kaŵirikaŵiri ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chenicheni ndi kuzindikiritsa mboni.
  • Mafunsinsi a Zotulutsira: [[FLT :1] Kufuna kuti mbali ina itulutse zikalata, ma email, mapangano, zithunzi, ndi magetsi osungidwa (ESI). Izi ndi maziko a chidziŵitso chamakono, chotchedwa chikundikiro cha [1].
  • Mayeso: Mayeso a Mawu a umboni kapena chipani cholumbira, ochitidwa pamaso pa mtolankhani wa khoti. Maloya amalola maloya kupenda kukhulupirika ndi chitseko cha umboni. Ndizo chiŵiya champhamvu koposa chotulukira.
  • Mapangano a Kuzenga: Mawu otumizidwa kwa munthu winayo kuwapempha kuvomereza kapena kukana mfundo zina. Ngati avomerezedwa, mfundozo nzotsimikiziridwa kotheratu kaamba ka kuzengedwa ndipo sizifunikira kutsimikiziridwa.
  • [[FULT:0] Subpoenas: malamulo alamulo amakakamiza osakhala mbali kupanga zikalata kapena kuwonekera kaamba ka kusungidwa.

Kutulukira n’kochuluka, kolamulidwa ndi malamulo a kulinganiza ndi atanthauzo. Zotsutsa pamene atulukira, monga ngati kunena kuti ali ndi mwayi kapena kulephera kupanga zikalata zopemphedwa, zimaperekedwa kwa woweruza kudzera mwa malingaliro akukakamiza . Woweruza amachita monga wosunga zipata, akulamulira pa mikangano imeneyi ndi kulamula kuti apezedwe mwankhanza.

Kuyenda Kwapasadakhale ndi Chigamulo cha Chidule

Pambuyo pa kuzengedwa, aliyense angapange kutsutsana kwachindunji kumene, ngati chipambano, chingathetse nkhaniyo popanda kufunikira kwa chiyeso. Chapadera kwambiri cha izi ndicho [[FLT: 0]] kudzimva kwa chiweruzo chachidule [. Mmodzi wa agulu ali ndi ufulu wa kufotokoza mwachidule chiweruzo pamene angasonyeze kuti kulibe "kutsutsana kwenikweni kwa zinthu zakuthupi" ndi kuti ali oyenerera kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale kuyang'ana umboni wa kuunika kwa gulu losakhala lotsalira, palibe upo woyenerera kukhoza kupeza m’chiyanjo chawo. Chiŵeruzo chiri chiŵiya chosulitsa chakutsutsa ponena za zonena zopanda pake ndi kupeŵa ziyeso zosayenerera.

Kuwonjezera pa kuchotsapo njira zotsimikizira, mamembalawo amalemba zinthu zina zotsatizana. mawu mu limine [1] amapempha khoti kulamulira pa umboni wotsimikizirika asanaweruzidwe, kuletsa oweruza kumva chidziŵitso chothekera. Khoti lidzakhalanso ndi misonkhano yapatsogolo yokakambitsirana malangizo a aujuli, ndandanda ya umboni, ndandanda ya chionetsero, ndi programu ya kuzenga mlandu.

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Pambali zosiyanasiyana kuzenga mlandu kusanadze, bwalo lamilandu kaŵirikaŵiri lidzafuna kapena kulimbikitsa mwamphamvu oloŵerapo kufunafuna chigamulo cha kutsutsana kosiyana. Izi zimasonkhezeredwa ndi mtengo wapamwamba ndi kukayikira kwa kuyesa. Mitundu iŵiri yofala ya ADR ndi [[FLT: 0] kuyankha [1] ndi [FLT :] ndi [FLT ] kugwirizanitsa.

  • Kugwirizana: [[FLT :1] Imodzi ya mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera (mkhalapakati) imatheketsa kulankhulana ndi kukambirana pakati pa zipani zotsutsana. Mkhalapakati sapanga chosankha; mmalo mwake, amathandiza maphwandowo kufikira chigwirizano chawo chaufulu, chovomerezeka. Kuvomereza kuli kusagwirizanitsa ndi chinsinsi.
  • Arbitation: A chigawo chachitatu chosaloŵerera (Arbitrotor) akumva umboni ndi zigomeko kuchokera kumbali zonse ziŵiri ndi kugamula. Kusintha kukhoza kukhala kogwirizana (chosankha nchomalizira ndi chofunikira pa maziko ochepa kwambiri) kapena kuletsa (mabungwewo angakane chosankha ndi kupitiriza kuzenga). Mapangano ambiri amaphatikizapo malamulo ovomerezeka.

Mapangano okhazikitsidwa kupyolera m’kukambitsirana kapena kukambitsirana kwachindunji amathetsa kuchuluka kwa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni asanafikire ku bungwe la oweruza.

Mlandu: Kufufuza Mfundo Zoona

Ngati mlandu upulumuka kuchonderera, kutulukira, ndi kuyendayenda kwa pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya kampaniyi, umapitiriza kuzenga mlandu. Kuzenga mlanduko ndi kupambana kwa njira ya ma adversari, kumene mbali iliyonse ikusonyeza vuto lake kwa munthu wosatenga mbali.

Kusankha Zochita za Jury (Kukonda Kudya Moŵa)

M'chigamulo cha oweruza, sitepe loyamba ndi kusankha oweruza. Njira imeneyi, yodziŵika monga [[FLT: 0] yoopsa kwambiri , imaphatikiza kufunsa oyembekezera kutulukira kukondera. Attorney a mbali zonse ziŵiri, limodzinso ndi woweruza, amayambitsa. Amatha kuchotsa chiŵerengero china cha ajuriste pa chifukwa chilichonse chosakhala adibulirimi ( kutsutsa mavuto ) ndi chiŵerengero chosatha cha chifukwa (m., kukondera kwenikweni, unansi ndi gulu). Nkhani zonga Bsonso. [FFT:]

Mawu Otsegulira ndi Umboni

Pamene oweruza aikidwa pa malo oyenera, mbali zonse ziŵiri zimapereka mawu otsegulira . Imeneyi si nkhani, koma mapu a juli, yosonyeza chimene chikasonyeza. Choperekacho (kapena mlandu waupandu) imayamba ndi [FLT:] kamutu-kakulu [ka] [kanthu ka], kuitanira mboni ndi kuyambitsa. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] katundu wa umboni [[FLT:] [FLT:] [5] [umboni wotsimikizirika wotsimikizirika ndi wotsimikizirika, wokayikiridwa ndi wokayikiridwa ndi wosonyeza. [umboni wopereka wopereka wotsatira.], wotsimikizira wotsimikizira woposa wotsimikizira. [umboni wotsimikizira wotsimikizira.]

Kumaliza Mawu ndi Mlandu

Pambuyo pa umboni wonse waperekedwa, mbali iliyonse imatulutsa mawu otsutsa, omwe ali chidule champhamvu cha umboni ndi kuyesa kukopa oweruza kuti abweze chigamulo chawo. Woweruzayo kenaka amaŵerenga malangizo [[FLT:] , amene amalongosola miyezo yalamulo iyenera kugwira ntchito. Oweruza amapuma pantchito kuti apereke chigamulo mwadala, ndipo akamaliza kugamula, amabwerera ku khoti kukalengeza [[FLT:] chigamulo . Khotilo kenaka limalowa m’chiweruzo chomaliza chozikidwa pa chigamulo.

Kuyenda Pambuyo pa Kulira

Kuzengedwa mlandu sikuli kwenikweni mapeto a msewu. Wolepherayo angalembe zinthu zotsutsana ndi zotsatira zake.

  • Kusintha Njira ya Kuweruza monga Nkhani ya Chilamulo (JMOL): [[[FL:1] Aguudo kuti chigamulo cha oweruza sichinavomerezedwe ndi umboni ndi kuti khoti liyenera kuweruza chigamulo cha chipani chotayikacho mmalo mwake.
  • [[MLT: 0] Kugawana kaamba ka Mlandu Watsopano: Malongosoledwe akuti zolakwa za tsankho zinachitika mkati mwa kuzenga mlandu (m’chitsanzo, kuvomereza kosayenera kwa umboni, kusamvera ) kumene kunaimitsa kuweruza kolungama.

Kachitidwe kameneka kayenera kuikidwa m’zenera laling’ono kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 28 pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa chiweruzo, ndipo woweruzayo amakhala wochenjera kwambiri pogamulapo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Ngati alephera kuyendera njira zoperekera mlandu pambuyo pa mlandu, njira yomalizira ndiyo kufunsira ku khoti lapamwamba. Nkofunika kwambiri kuzindikira kuti si mlandu watsopano . Khoti la appellate silimva mboni kapena kulandira umboni watsopano. Mmalomwake, limapenda mbiri ya khoti lozenga mlandulo kuti lione ngati linapangidwa kuti likhale ndi zolakwika zalamulo zimene zakhudza chotulukapo chake.

Ntchito ya khoti la apulote ndi yopangidwa kwambiri ndi [[FLT: 0] defasiti ya kubwereramo

  • Deve Novo : kaamba ka mafunso a lamulo (mt., kumasulira kwa lamulo kapena pangano), khoti la appellate silimavomereza chigamulo cha khoti lozenga mlandu ndi kugamula nkhaniyo mwatsopano.
  • Momvekera bwino: Kaamba ka mafunso a zenizeni ogamulidwa ndi woweruza (osati juli ya juli), khoti la appellate lidzangogwetsa kupezedwa ngati kuli kolakwika.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru: kaamba ka malamulo otsimikizirika ndi owonekera, khoti lopereka chilango limapereka chigonjetso chachikulu kwa woweruza wozenga mlandu, kugwetsa kokha ngati woweruzayo anachita mwadala kapena mopambanitsa.

Phwando losangalatsa ([[FLT: 0]]] ) limalemba [[FLT:] frief [[FLT:]] kufotokoza zolakwika zonenedwa ndi chifukwa chake zimavomereza kusinthidwa. Gulu loyankha ([[FLT:]4]] [FLT]] [[FLT:]] [5]]) limapanga masinthidwe achidule otsutsa chiweruzo. Nthaŵi zambiri amagamulidwa ndi gulu la oweruza atatu pambuyo pa [FLT:] [FLT:] [12]. Khoti likhoza [FLT] [FF:] [FLT:] [5] [9] [9] [9] [mawonjezera], [FFFFFF: [FT] [FFT] [ict.

Makhoti Onyenga ndi Amitundu Yosiyanasiyana

United States akuyendetsa khoti lamilandu iŵiri, kutanthauza kuti pali makhoti osiyana, a boma ndi a boma. Dongosolo lililonse lili ndi mphamvu yake, kakonzedwe, ndi malamulo ake. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo limene mlandu uli ndilo sitepe loyamba m’kusanthula kulikonse kwa lamulo.

Makhoti Aunyinji

Khoti lamilandu la boma ndilo gulu la akulu atatu. Makhoti ozenga milandu ndi [[FLT: 0] U.S. Makhoti achigawo , amene ali ndi zigawo 94 zachiweruzo. Makhoti ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro woyamba pa milandu ya boma, U.S., kapena mikangano pakati pa nzika zosiyanasiyana (maboma) (audindo osiyanasiyana) kumene ndalama za m'mabwalo zikupitirira $75,000. Makhoti a chigawo ndi [[FFOL:] U. Khoti lamilandu ya zikalata zopimira [FFOFOM]. [FFU:] [FU:] [FU.NUPU.] Imene imagawa pa khoti lonselo. [FU.]

Makhoti a Boma

Mabwalo amilandu a boma amasamalira mikangano yambiri ya lamulo, kuphatikizapo milandu ya pangano, zinenezo za kuvulala, nkhani za lamulo la banja, ndi milandu ya upandu pansi pa lamulo la boma.

  • Zigamulo za Jurisic Ilbustration: Awa ndi makhoti apadera ozenga milandu yaing’ono, monga khoti lapamsewu, makhoti aang'ono (mwa ndalama zochepa), ndi makhoti a m’makhoti. Zosankha za makhoti ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri zingaperekedwe ku khoti la milandu ya ulamuliro wa onse.
  • Makhoti a Chigamulo cha General Jurision: Awa ndi makhoti aakulu ozenga milandu yaikulu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya upandu. Nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa Makhoti Aakulu, Makhoti Adera, kapena Makhoti Achigawo, malinga ndi boma.
  • Makhoti a Apponderete: Maboma ambiri ali ndi khoti lapakati lopereka chilolezo ku makhoti ozenga mlandu monga nkhani ya ufulu.
  • Tsinja Lapamwamba lamilandu: Khoti la zotsegulira zomalizira m'boma. Lili ndi kupenda kwachindunji pa zifunsiro zambiri kuchokera ku khoti lapakati (kapena mwachindunji kuchokera ku khoti lozenga mlandu m'magawo aang'ono).

Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri ya Uphungu wa Malamulo

Kupereka umboni wocholoŵana wa malamulo wa dongosolo lamilandu n’kovuta kwambiri kwa munthu wamba, osati kokha chifukwa cha kukangana m’khoti; koma ndi kulinganiza bwino zinthu, kufufuza ngozi, ndi kuvomereza kuti zinthu zichitike.

Kupereka Uphungu Wanzeru ndi Kuyang’anira Milandu

Attorney amagwira ntchito monga akatswiri. Amathandiza ogula zinthu kusankha zimene anganene kuti abweretsa kapena kuti angateteze. Amayendetsa ntchito yotulukira, kudziŵikitsa umboni wachinsinsi ndi kuteteza kulankhulana kwachinsinsi kwa makasitomala awo kudzera mwa mwayi wa atnorney-cley [. Amayesa mphamvu ndi zofooka za mlanduwo kuti apange zosankha zodziŵira za kukonza zinthu ndi njira yoyesa. American Bar Association (AB) [FLT] amakhazikitsa miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino kaamba ka kuimira kumeneku, kuphatikizapo ntchito ya kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kukhulupirika.

Uchigawenga M’dongosolo Laudani

M’khoti, maloya amatumikira monga ochirikiza achangu. Ayenera kuyang'anira malamulo a umboni wopereka nkhani ya wowalemba ntchitoyo mogwira ntchito pamene akutsutsa umboni wosayenera kuchokera ku chitsutso. Amapanga nkhani zosonkhezera potsegulira ndi kutsekera mfundo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kuyang'ana mtanda kuvumbula zofooka m'mbali ina. Mlandu, ufulu wa kupereka uphungu ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu cha lamulo pansi pa Demendishoni ya Six, monga momwe zikuchirikizidwa ndi mlandu wodziŵika Gideon v. Wainright [FLT:] (acsblebleble kudzera kudzera mwa [FLT:] Project:] Project . [FFFF]]]) yosagwirizana ndi anthu ovomerezedwa ndi lamulo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti ngakhale amene sangathe kuimira anthu oimira milandu yachiŵere.

Vuto la Kufalitsa Mabuku Ophunzitsa Kufalitsa Mabodza

Anthu amene amasankha kudziimira okha ( pro ) amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu. Amasungidwa ku miyezo yofanana ndi yowonekera monga maloya ovomerezedwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kugwirizana ndi masiku oikidwiratu ocholoŵana, zofunika, ndi malamulo otulukiridwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga kutsimikizira kutsimikizira kwa chilungamo kwa ofufuza, kufufuza kosasintha kumasonyeza kuti magulu akuimira zinthu zabwino, makamaka m'nkhani zocholoŵa m’malo. Chigamulo cha kupitiriza chili ndi ngozi yaikulu.

Kumaliza

Njira ya mlandu kupyolera m'dongosolo la khoti ili ulendo wolinganizika bwino, womangidwa pa malamulo a kachitidwe koyenera, kuyesa koyenera, ndi kulinganiza kwachibadwa. Kuchokera pa kutsegulidwa koyamba kwa kudandaula kufikira ku mkhalidwe womalizira wa kuchonderera, sisiteji iriyonse imatumikira chifuno chenicheni m'kufunafuna chigamulo cholungama. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yake ingakhale yochedwa ndi yocholoŵana, imatsimikizira kuti mikangano yake imathetsedwa ndi opanga malamulo ndi ozikidwa pa umboni, osati mphamvu kapena chilakolako. Kwa nzika, kumvetsa masitepeto ameneŵa sikuli maziko a kuŵerengera kothandiza anthu kudziŵa ndi kutetezera lamulo. Khotilo sili njira yamphamvu, koma si ntchito yamphamvu, injini yamphamvu yopanga chilungamo yodziŵika bwino pamene limvetsetsa ntchito yake ndi kuweruza.