Chiyambi

Kulamulira kwamakono, njira ya kupanga malamulo ndi imodzi ya ntchito zazikulu zimene chitaganya chimachita. Malamulo alionse operekedwa, malamulo alionse okhazikitsidwa, ndipo programu iliyonse ya anthu yochirikizidwa imakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa mamiliyoni. Mamtengo ndi okwera, ndipo mphesa za kuphophonya. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, opanga malamulo akhala akulimbana ndi funso la mmene angachitire zosankha zimene nthaŵi zonse zimatulutsa zotulukapo zabwino. Yankholo, mowonjezereka, lili m'pangano la kupereka umboni wozikidwa pa mfundo za malamulo ogwirizana ndi mfundo za malamulo, mfundo zotsatiritsa, chidziŵitso cha malamulo, ndi kapendedwe kaketseketseke m’malo mwa mfundo zachidziŵitso, Aecdote, kapena kulongosola bwino zandale.

Malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni sali lingaliro latsopano, koma kufunika kwake kwakula kwambiri m'nyengo ya mavuto ocholoŵana, yogwirizana ndi mavuto a nyengo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kukhala kusalingana kwa zachuma ndi mavuto aumoyo. Popanda maziko olimba aumboni, makhoma malamulo amaika malamulo amene amawononga zinthu, kuvulaza kosayembekezeredwa, kapena kulephera kuthetsa zochititsa zazikulu za mavuto. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali yofunika kwambiri ya umboni wokhudza kupanga malamulo, kulongosola mapindu ake, kupenda zopinga zake kuti akwanitsidwe, ndi kupereka njira zowathandizira kuwachititsa kukhala opanga malamulo mozama.

Kufotokoza Lamulo Lozikidwa pa Umboni

Mfundo yaikulu yozikidwa pa umboni ndi yakuti zosankha ponena za zimene zidzachita [1] ndi mmene mungachitire . Chidziŵitso chimenechi chingatulukire kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ziyeso zoyendetsedwa mwangozi, maphunziro a utali, masamu a zauyang'anira, kupenda kwadongosolo, ndi mapulogalamu. Cholinga n’kusintha ntchito yolota, kuyesa, ndi kuphunzira kuchokera ku zimene zagwira ntchito , ndi zimene sizinachitikepo.

Lingalirolo limachokera kwambiri ku mankhwala ozikidwa pa umboni, amene anasintha chisamaliro cha zaumoyo mwa kuumirira kuti zosankha zachipatala ziyenera kutsogozedwa ndi zopezedwa ndi kufufuza mmalo mwa mwambo kapena chidziŵitso chamwadzidzidzi. Mofananamo, lamulo lozikidwa pa umboni limafuna kubweretsa kulimba kwa sayansi ku luso la kulamulira. Sikutanthauza kuti mapindu, makhalidwe, kapena zoloŵetsedwa za anthu zimanyalanyazidwa; mmalomwake, kutanthauza kuti kukambitsiranako kumaikidwa pamwamba pa maziko enieni.

Mbiri Yakale

Maziko a njira zozikidwa pa umboni angapezedwe kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, pamene asayansi a zachikhalidwe anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito njira za mlingo za kupima maprogramu a boma. Nkhondo ya Umphaŵi ku United States m'ma 1960, mwachitsanzo, inaphatikiza zoyesayesa zazikulu monga Kuyesa kwa Pansipo Kopanda Magazi ndi Kufufuza kwa Palaŵa, kumene kunapereka zitsanzo zoyambirira za mmene kupenda kokhwima kungapange kapangidwe ka malamulo. Mu 1990 ndi 2000, magulu onga “zogwira ntchito” mu United Kingdom ndi“ kukonza malamulo ozikidwa pa [1] mu United States adapeza mphamvu, zimene zinatsogolera kulengedwa kwa mabungwe onga [FLT:] Controct1 [FF:] ndi [FFFOP]

Mfundo Zazikulu

Mfundo zothandiza kwambiri zogwirizana ndi umboni zilipo:

  • Kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wapamwamba kwambiri [[FT:1] , osati kokha chidziŵitso chilichonse, koma chidziŵitso chimene chiri chodalirika, chodalirika, ndi chogwirizana ndi nkhani yeniyeni.
  • Kupitira ku njira ndi magwero – kotero kuti umboni usankhidwe, kukopedwa, ndi kutsutsidwa ndi ena.
  • Maphunziro ndi kusintha kopitirizabe – malamulo ayenera kuonedwa monga ongoyerekezera kuti ayesedwe, ayengedwe, kapena alowedwe mmalo pamene umboni watsopano uwonekera.
  • Kusintha kwa mawu a m'malo akwanuko [1] – umboni wochokera ku malo ena uyenera kugwirizanitsidwa mosamalitsa ndi zenizeni za kakhalidwe, zachuma, ndi za chikhalidwe zina.

Ntchito ya Kudziŵa Zinthu ndi Kufufuza m’Zosankha Zoyenera

Malamulo amakono amayang'anizana ndi chidziŵitso chochuluka kwambiri. Mabuku, makalata, zikalata, zipangizo zokopa, ndi malipoti a opanga zigamulo tsiku ndi tsiku. Popanda njira yoyenerera yopezera umboni, zimakhala zosavuta kudalira pa mawu omveka bwino kwambiri kapena mitu yaposachedwapa. Kudziŵa zinthu ndi kufufuza kumapereka njira yosiyana ndi mlingo .

Umboni ungachotsedwe m’ntchito zosiyanasiyana:

  • Kuzindikiritsa kokhala ndi chiwonkhetso: Data imathandiza opanga malamulo kumvetsetsa chibadwa, muyeso, ndi kugaŵira vuto. Mwachitsanzo, chidziŵitso chauyang'anira kuchokera ku sukulu chingavumbule mipata yopitirizabe yokwaniritsa isanakhale miyambi ya kulankhulana kwa ndale zadziko.
  • Mbadwo wogwiritsa ntchito: kupenda maprogramu amene alipo kukhoza kupereka lingaliro la njira zimene zayesedwa kwina, kusungitsa nthaŵi ndi zipangizo kuyambitsa njira zatsopano.
  • Kusanthula kotsimikizirika: Kuwonetsa ndi kusanthula mtengo kungayerekezere ziyambukiro zothekera za lamulo lolingaliridwa lisanaperekedwe, kulola opanga malamulo kupima malonda.
  • Kuŵerengera ndi kutumiza: Atakhazikitsa lamulo, kusonkhanitsa kopitirizabe kwa chidziŵitso ndi kupenda zimatsimikizira ngati ikukwaniritsa zonulirapo zake, ndi ngati pafunikira kuwongolera kwa pakati pa nyukiliya.

Kusintha kumeneku sikumangochitika mwangozi; kumafuna mabungwe ofufuza, monga mabungwe odzipereka a nyumba zoyendetsera zinthu, kugwirizana ndi mayunivesite, ndi kupeza madongosolo a zolembalemba za boma.

Ubwino wa Lamulo Lozikidwa pa Umboni

Pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito bwino, lamulo lozikidwa pa maumboni limapatsa mapindu osiyanasiyana amene sakhutiritsa malingaliro.

Zotsatirapo Zake Zimakhala Zolongosoka

Phindu lachidziŵikire nlakuti malamulo odziŵitsidwa ndi umboni ali othekera kwambiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Kusintha kwa maphunziro kozikidwa pa ziyeso zongopeka kuti kuyesa kukweza mayeso kukhozadi kusintha kozikidwa pa nthanthi yotchuka koma yosafufuzidwa. Mofananamo, kuloŵerera kwa zaumoyo kwa anthu kumene kumatsatira chidziŵitso cha kufalitsa matenda [1] monga ngati ndawala zokatemera za katemera kumakhala ndi moyo wochuluka kuposa njira zopikitsa zongonyalanyaza umboni wa mapidemi.

Zotayitsa ndalama

Maboma amayendetsa ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Malamulo ogwirizana ndi umboni amatsimikizira kuti chuma chochepa n’chofunika kwambiri ku maprogramu amene amapereka phindu lalikulu kwambiri pa zoikizira. Mwachitsanzo, kupenda kosatsutsika kwa maprogramu a ana oyambirira asonyeza kuti dola iliyonse yowonongedwa pamtengo wokwera imatulutsa $7 m'mabanki anthaŵi yaitali mwa kuchepetsa upandu, malipiro, ndi zotulukapo zabwino za thanzi. Popanda umboni, ndalamazo zingakhoze ku maprogramu a ntchito popanda phindu lililonse.

Kukhulupirirana kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuphwanya Malamulo

Nzika zimadalira kwambiri zosankha za boma pamene ziwona kuti zosankha zimenezo nzozikidwa pa kupenda kosamalitsa mmalo mwa chiyanjo cha ndale zadziko kapena malingaliro. Kuwona umboni wa lamulo kukhoza kuchepetsa kugaŵanitsidwa ndi kukulitsa chichilikizo cha bipartisan. Mwachitsanzo, pamene opanga malamulo a mbali zonse ziŵiri angaloze ku chidziŵitso chimodzimodzicho chosonyeza kuti chigamulo chachigamulo china chaupandu chimachepetsa kusinthika, kumakhala kosavuta kukhazikitsa malamulo amene mwina angaletsedwe ndi chiwiri.

Kusinthasintha

Njira yozikidwa pa umboni si yokhazikika. Chifukwa chakuti imadalira pa chidziŵitso, chingasinthe pamene chidziŵitso chatsopano chikhalapo. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAD-19, zitsogozo zaumoyo za anthu zinasinthidwa nthaŵi zonse chifukwa cha kufufuza kwatsopano ponena za kuyambukira, chitetezo, ndi katemera wogwira ntchito. Kusintha kumeneku kunalola maboma kuchitapo kanthu mogwira mtima kwambiri ku mkhalidwe wosintha mofulumira. Kusintha maganizo kwa munthu kukanakhala kolimba kwambiri ndi kothandiza kwambiri.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza Potsatira Mfundo Zoona

Ngakhale kuti pali mapindu ake oonekeratu, mfundo yozikidwa pa umboni imakumana ndi mavuto aakulu.

Kutsutsa Ndale Zadziko

Mwinamwake chopinga chachikulu koposa ndicho chigamulo chandale zadziko. Umboni umene umatsutsa chikhulupiriro chozikidwa kwambiri kapena gulu lamphamvu lachidwi unganyalanyazidwe, kutsekerezedwa, kapena ngakhale kutsutsidwa. Opanga malamulo angayambitse phindu lachidule la nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, maprogramu a ndalama zimene zili zotchuka koma zosathandiza pamene zikudula zimene zimagwira ntchito koma zosawoneka bwino. Kulaka zimenezi kumafuna masinthidwe a chikhalidwe ndi madongosolo a kayendetsedwe a zinthu. Otero monga ngati kupenda kwaumwini kwa matupikiyo .

Kulephera Kulemba Zinthu

Umboni wapamwamba wa kulemera sulipo nthaŵi zonse. Mafunso ambiri ofunika a lamulo sanafufuzidwepo mopambanitsa. Asayansi angakhale osakwanira, osagwira ntchito, kapena osonkhanitsidwa m’njira zimene zimayambitsa tsankho. M'maiko omatukuka, madongosolo a makompyuta a makompyuta kaŵirikaŵiri amafooka, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kulondola zotsatirapo. Ngakhale kumene kuli chidziŵitso, chingalekanitse mabungwe ndi zovuta kugwirizanitsa. Kupanga madongosolo a madata osiyanasiyana amene amatsatira anthu pamaphunziro, thanzi, ndi ntchito chita kudalira pa mfundo zaumboni pamlingo.

Nthaŵi Yochepa

Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito pa mandandanda okhwima, ndi ngongole zoyenda m'makomiti ndi pansi m'milungu kapena ngakhale masiku angapo. Kupenda mosamalitsa kapena kupenda kwadongosolo kungatenge miyezi kapena zaka. Nthaŵi zina opanga malamulo ayenera kupanga zosankha asanapeze umboni. M'zochitika zotero, lamulo la umboni limatanthauza kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chabwino koposa chimene chilipo panthaŵi ino. Ngakhale ngati chili chopanda ungwiro, ndipo ngati chikufuna kubwerezanso chigamulocho chikadalipo umboni wamphamvu kwambiri, chikhoza kupezeka.

Kucholoŵana ndi Malemba

Mavuto a kakhalidwe ka anthu si ovuta. Programu imene imachepetsa upandu mu mzinda wina ingalephere m'njira ina chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ntchito zapolisi, kapena mikhalidwe ya zachuma. Umboni wa kuyesera kolamuliridwa bwino sungatembenuze mwachindunji ku kusokonezeka kwa malamulo aakulu. “kulimba kwa lamulo” kutokosa kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti umboni uyenera kufotokozedwa mosamala, ndi kuti kuyendetsa ndi kusintha kwa kumaloko kuli kofunika kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kufufuza Zotsatira za Lamulo Lozikidwa pa Umboni

Zitsanzo zomveka bwino zimatithandiza kuona mphamvu ya malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni amene akugwira ntchito.

Thanzi la Onse: Kuletsa Fodya

Kutsika kwakukulu kwa ziŵerengero za kusuta m'maiko ambiri ndi nkhani ya chipambano ya buku lophunziridwa. Zaka makumi ambiri za kufufuza kwa matenda a kansa zinakhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa kusuta ndi kansa, matenda a mapapo, ndi nthenda ya mtima. Mayeso osasankha ndi kupenda zachuma zinasonyeza kufalikira kwa misonkho, mapepala ochenjeza, ndi malamulo autsi. Maboma amene anatsatira umboni wa kukweza misonkho ya ndudu, kuletsa kufalitsa kusuta, ndi kuchirikiza maprogramu oletsa kusuta fodya anatsika ndi 50% kapena kuposapo. Umboniwo unali wamphamvu kwambiri kwakuti pomalizira pake anagonjetsa chitsutso chauchi kwa makampani a fodya.

Maphunziro: Kuloŵerera Kwabwino m’Kuŵerenga

Ku United States, Institute of Education Sciences yapereka ndalama mazana ambiri a ziyeso zoyendetsedwa mosayembekezereka kuti adziŵe zimene zimagwira ntchito m'maphunziro. Chithandizo chimodzi chokhudza ntchito ndi pulogalamu ya kuwerenga yoyambirira, yophunzitsa ophunzira omwe akulimbana ndi kuŵerenga. Maprogramu ambiri apeza kuti programuyo inatulutsa maluso ofunika kwambiri komanso osatha. Magawo a sukulu amene anatengera kuŵerengedwa kozikidwa pa umboni umenewu anaona kuti kuwongolera koyenera m'kuŵerenga mitu ya makope, pamene zigawo zimene zinadalira pa makalasi osayesedwa kaŵirikaŵiri zinaona kupita patsogolo.

Chiweruzo Chaupandu: Kuchepetsa Kuthetsa Chipulumutso

Boma la Washington’s Risk-Needs-Responsact (RNR) limasonyeza mmene umboni ungasinthire ziwongolero. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zida zodziŵira zangozi kugawa andende motsatira kuthekera kwawo kwa kubwereranso, ndiyeno kuwagwirizanitsa ndi maprogramu othandizira kukonzanso zinthu. Monga ngati kuchiritsa kwa njira zamaganizo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo . Shahington anachepetsa ziŵerengero za Recifivdivism ndi 15% mpaka 20%. Kufufuza kumeneku kwachitikanso m'mayiko ena, kupulumutsa mabiliyoni m'mabomba pamene akuwongolera chitetezo chapo. [FLT:] National Institute of Justice [1]

Lamulo la Malo Okhala: Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni ndi ofunika kwambiri poyesa kuthetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Kujambula zanyengo, kutulutsa mpweya, ndi kupenda zachuma zapeza njira zothandizira [1]carbon prigency, kukonzanso mphamvu, kuteteza nkhalango, ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wotentha wa dziko pamtengo wotsika. Mayiko amene agwiritsa ntchito carbon primeting potengera umboni umenewu, monga Sweden ndi British Columbia, apeza kuchepa kwa mphamvu zotulutsa mphamvu zothandizira kukonzanso mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi kuteteza nkhalango.

Maluso Ochirikiza Lamulo Lozikidwa pa Umboni

Kuti munthu asiye kulakalaka kwake n’kuyamba kuchita zinthu, amafunika kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kusunga Mabuku

Popanda chidziŵitso chodalirika, chapanthaŵi yake, malamulo ogwirizana ndi umboni n’zosatheka. Maboma ayenera kupanga makompyuta ogwirizanitsa zolembedwa m’mabungwe osiyanasiyana poteteza zinthu zachinsinsi. Ayeneranso kuchirikiza kupenda maprogramu akuluakulu mopitirizabe, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopimira zoyendetsera ndi zongoyendera.

Kumanga Mabungwe

Malamulo angapange maofesi ofufuza opanda apartishani, ofanana ndi Congregal Research Service (CRS) ku United States kapena pampando wa Malamulo Oyang’anira Sayensi ndi Technology (POST) ku UK, amene amapereka umboni wachidule, ziŵerengero za mtengo, ndi kupenda. Maofesi ameneŵa ayenera kuikidwa ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa ndi kutetezedwa ku kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko.

Ana Otsogolera ndi Ogwira Ntchito

Opanga malamulo ambiri alibe maphunziro oyenerera a kumasulira masamu kapena njira zofufuzira. Kupereka malo ochitira zinthu, mayanjano, ndi zipangizo za pa Intaneti pa mfundo zozikidwa pa umboni . Monga zotengera za J-PAL ku MIT [1] [1] - [1] angakonzekere kuwafunsa mafunso abwino ndi kuwafufuza mochenjera umboni.

Kugwirizana ndi Ofufuza

Mabungwe opanga malamulo agwirizana, mabungwe ofufuza zinthu, komanso makampani angathandize anthu kudziwa zinthu zimene zilibe. Malamulo a mgwirizano, monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira (RPS), amatsimikizira kuti kafukufuku ndi wogwirizana ndi malamulo ndiponso kuti zimene apeza zikugwirizana ndi zimene anthu akuzipeza.

Pemphani Umboni M’dongosolo la Malamulo

Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti malamulo aakulu aperekedwe ndi umboni wozikidwa. Mwachitsanzo, “lamulo lotsimikizira ” la Oregon limalamula kuti mabungwe a boma agwiritsire ntchito maprogramu amene atsimikizira kuti ndi othandiza mwa kufufuza kolimba. Zofunika zimenezi zimapanga “malamulo apamwamba" amene amalimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito umboni.

Zitsogozo Zamtsogolo kaamba ka Lamulo Lozikidwa pa Umboni

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likukula ndi kuchuluka kwa maluso, kuthekera kwa njira yozikidwa pa umboni kudzangokula. Luntha ndi maphunziro a makina angapende masamu aakulu odziŵikitsa ndi kuneneratu zotsatirapo, ngakhale kuti zida zimenezi ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosamala kupeŵa kuwonjezera. Mabodi enieni a data angapereke chidziŵitso chapamwamba cha kuyendetsa zinthu. Nzeru za sayansi za kachitidwe zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka kupanga malamulo amene amasonkhezera nzika kuti zipange zosankha zabwino, ndi kutsimikizira mwamphamvu kuti zithandiza.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mundawo uli wolimbana ndi magome ofunika. Ena amatsutsa kuti kudalira kwambiri pa maumboni a kuŵerengera kungapereke chidziŵitso chakumbali kuchokera ku madera oyambukiridwa ndi malamulo. Ena amanena kuti chimene chimadziŵika monga “kutsimikiza ” kaŵirikaŵiri chimagamulidwa ndi awo amene ali m’ulamuliro, ndipo kuti mawu apamwamba ayenera kuphatikizidwa m'kachitidwe. Mbadwo wotsatira wa mfundo zozikidwa pa mfundo zachidziŵitso ufunikira kukhala wodziwitsa, wooneka bwino, ndi wogwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu ndi mawu a mu mavesi ake.

Kumaliza

Nkhani ya lamulo lozikidwa pa umboni njokakamiza. Pamene opanga malamulo akhazikitsa zosankha zawo m'kufufuza kolimba ndi chidziŵitso, iwo amapanga malamulo amene amagwira ntchito bwinopo, otsika, ndi olamulira kudalira anthu. Komabe njira ya kulongosola njambiri ndi zopinga / zandale, zoikidwiratu, ndi zaluso. Kugonjetsa izo kumafuna kusungidwa kwa chidziŵitso, luso, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kumafunanso kudzichepetsa: kuzindikira kuti umboni nthaŵi zonse uli woikidwa, kuti malamulo ayenera kuyesedwa ndi kukonzedwa, ndi kukonzedwa, ndi kuti cholinga chachikulu sichili kuchotsa chiweruzo cha munthu, koma kudziŵitsa ndi chidziŵitso chabwino kwambiri chimene chilipo.

M’nyengo ya mavuto apadziko lonse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .