Kupenda Kozama Kumene Kuyenera Kuchitidwa: Kuwononga Ufulu wa Kusonkhana ndi Kupempha

Kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere ndi kuchonderera boma kuti lithetse zidandaulo za boma si mawu alamulo chabe. Maufulu aŵiri ameneŵa, osungidwa pa First Amendment, amalola nzika kulinganiza, kusagwirizana, ndi kupempha mlandu. Komabe kutetezera kochuluka kwa mbiri ya Amereka, kochitidwa kokha ku boma. Chinali chiphunzitso cha kuloŵetsedwa, chozikidwa pa Demetric, chomwe chinasintha kwambiri dziko lino mwa kufutukula chitetezero cha Bill of Rights ku boma ndi maboma akuno. Kumvetsetsa kusinthika kumeneku nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa ndi kupempha walimbikizidwa, ndi kuchepa, ndi kutchulidwanso nthaŵi zonse ku America yamakono.

Kodi Mlatho wa Malamulo N’chiyani?

Kuyeretsa ndiko chiphunzitso cha lamulo chimene chimagwira ntchito kutetezera kwa kubwezeredwa kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira kwa ufulu . "kuimira Boma la Maboma kudzera mwa Chikalata cha Dongosolo cha Malamulo cha 144. Chiganizocho chimati palibe boma limene lidzachotsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira pang’onopang'ono kuti ufulu wina mu Bill of Rights ndi wofunika kwambiri kwakuti iwo ndi "ogwiritsidwa" motsutsana ndi maulamuliro. Kachitidwe kameneka kamadziŵika monga [[FLT:] kugawanyata [FLD:1], kumene kumagwiritsira ntchito ufulu weniweni ndi mmodzi, m’malo mwa Billll of Rights.

Mwachitsanzo, chivomerezo cha ndale zadziko chisanaloŵe, chikhoza kuletsa chitsutso kapena kulanga nzika chifukwa cha kufalitsa chikalata popanda kuswa Lamulo Loyamba, chifukwa chakuti kusinthako kunangokakamiza Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kulingalira kwa kugwirizanitsako kunasintha zimenezi mwa kulengeza kuti chitsimikiziro cha ufulu wa 144 Demendment chimaphatikizapo ufulu wa maziko ameneŵa, mwakutero kuletsa mphamvu za boma. Chiphunzitsocho chakhala chofunika kwambiri ku kulimbana kulikonse kwa ufulu wa anthu m’zaka za zana latha, kuchokera ku kulankhula ndi kusindikiza ndi kusonkhana ndi kupempha.

Kuyenera kwa Kusonkhana Mwamtendere: Kuchoka pa Kulamulira Kwamalowo Kufikira pa Chitsimikizo cha Dziko

Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kumachititsa anthu kukumana pamodzi kuti afotokoze zinthu zina ndi zina. Zilipobe kuti anthu atha kukumana paholo ya tauni, kukumana kwa antchito, kapena kutsatsa malonda. Maboma asanayambe, anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu woyang’anira misonkhano ya anthu onse, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kudzionetsera kuti akusunga dongosolo la anthu. Maboma akanatha kutseka magulu ena kuti asakumane m'malo a anthu onse, kukakamiza malamulo okwera mtengo oletsa misonkhano, kapena kukakamiza malamulo oletsa kutsutsana ndi mikangano.

Posinthira pake panakhala ndi . Jonge v. Oregon [[FLT :2] (137] , mlandu wochititsa chidwi umene Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti kusonkhana mwamtendere kuli kuyenera kwalamulo kotetezeredwa ku boma. Mlandu wokhudza msonkhano wa kom'dziko umene unali wololedwa koma woletsedwa ndi lamulo la Oregon'sbustism. Khoti linagamula kuti kupezeka pa msonkhano wamtendere sikungachitidwe upandu. Monga momwe Woweruza Hughes analembera, kuyenera kusonkhana ndiko "kuyenera kutetezeredwa ndi malamulo ena Oyambirira, ndipo ndi "kuyenerera kukwaniritsa ufulu wina wa kuyenera kukhazikitsa ufulu."

Kupeputsa sikunapereke lamulo laufulu la kunyalanyaza zoyenera za msonkhano. [[FLT] .Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham [1969] [1999], Khoti linagamula lamulo la Birmingham lomwe linapatsa akuluakulu a mzinda ufulu wosazengereza kukana zilolezo za msewu. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti dongosolo lililonse la chilolezo liyenera kuzikidwa pa cholinga, mfundo za m'chonde, za m'malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti boma ndi maboma a m’dzikolo sangagwiritse ntchito malamulo oletsa kutsutsa mwamtendere.

Kuphatikizanso, [FLT .1] madansi ku v. South Carolina [FLT :2] (1963) adatsimikizira kuti kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kumaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kufotokoza malingaliro a anthu pa nyumba za boma pafupi ndi nyumba za boma. Khotilo silikanathetsa zikhululukiro za mtendere za ziwanda za ufulu wa anthu za anthu za 187 zimene zinayenda pabwalo la boma, zikulengeza kuti Coption Yoyamba [1] Yotetezedwa kudzera ku 144 . Popanda kukhazikitsa msonkhano wawo wamtendere. Kutsutsa kumeneku sikukanagwirizana ndi lamulo la boma.

Kuyenera kwa Kupempha: Kuchinjiriza Kubwezera

Ufulu wopempha boma kuti lithetse zidandaulo ndi wakale kwambiri pa ufulu woyamba wa Owonjezera, wokhala ndi mizu ya Magna Carta ndi English Bill of Rights . Imateteza mphamvu ya nzika za kulankhulana ndi nthambi zonse za boma(legistive, bwanamkubwa, ndi judge . Kutetezera kumeneku kunaperekedwa ku boma ndi zochita za boma, kuphatikizapo mapempho operekedwa ku mabungwe a boma, makhoti, kapena ngakhale ku makhoti.

Imodzi ya nkhani zofunika kwambiri zosonyeza kuloŵerera kwa ufulu wopempha ndiyo [[FLT]] NAAP v. Alabamaex rel. Patterson (188). Boma la Alabama linafuna kukakamiza NaACP kuvumbula mamembala ake, kuchititsa kulephera kwa mamembala kupempha boma kaamba ka kulingana kwa mafuko. Khoti Lapamwamba linaona kuti kuvomereza ndandanda ya ziwalo kumaswa ufulu wa chigwirizano . kuti Khoti linali litaphatikizapo kale mfundo zomveka pa malamulo Oyamba. Chigamuchigamuchi chinateteza NaCPU ndi mame ake kuti apemphero a boma kuti abwezere.

Mu . Mlandu wokhudza apolisi amene anamanga mlandu wake ku Duryea v. Guarnieri [1] ((201) , Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira kuti Pempho Claus amagwira ntchito ku boma ndi mabwana a boma. Mlandu wokhudza wapolisi amene anazenga mlandu pa kutha kwake, ndi Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kuwonjezera mitundu yonse ya mapempho a boma, kuphatikizapo kupeputsa. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zinali zochepetsa malire a pempholo m’nkhani ya anthu a ntchito, mlanduwo unasonyeza kuti mlanduwo ukupitirizabe kulongosola mmene mabwalo akuchitira kutsutsa mkhalidwewo.

Kuwonjezerapo, Doroba la Lakewood v. Plain Dealeter Publiship Co. (1988) adalemba kuyenera kwa kupempha kupyolera m'manyuzipepala, kutsimikizira kuti boma ndi maboma akumaloko sangapereke kugaŵira manyuzipepala ndi mtundu wa mawu ochonderera ndi mawu . Zochitikazi zikusonyeza kuti kuvomereza kwapanga kuyenera kwa chiŵiya chothandiza kwa nzika kutsutsa malamulo ndi malamulo a boma.

Nkhani Zazikulu Zimene Zinafotokoza Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa Msonkhano ndi Mapempho

Kuwonjezera pa zinthu zimene anthu ambiri akudziwa, zosankha zina zakhudza mmene ufulu umenewu umagwirira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma:

  • [FLT .[FLT] Getlow v. New York [FLT :2] (1925): Ngakhale kuti inachirikiza chikhulupiriro cha Benjamin Gitlow cha kuchirikiza kusintha, mlandu unali wa m'mbiri chifukwa khoti lalikulu linalingalira kuti ndilo / popanda kusankha kuti Kukonzanso Koyamba kwa ufulu ndi kusindikiza zitetezero zimagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera mu Cestom Claus. Zimenezi zinatsegula khomo la pambuyo pake kaamba ka kugwirizanitsa msonkhano ndi kupempha.
  • Stromberg v. California[FLT :] (131) (1931) Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la boma loletsa kuonetsa mbendera yofiira monga chizindikiro chotsutsa boma lolinganizidwa. Chigamulocho chinaphatikizapo kutetezera kwa First Amendment ya mawu ophiphiritsira, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi msonkhano ndi pembedzero.
  • [FLT .[FLT] HAUE v. CIO[FLT :39] M'nkhani yokhudza olinganiza antchito akulankhula m’makwalala a mzinda, Bwalo lamilandu linakhazikitsa kuti misewu ya onse ndi mapaki amasungidwa kudalira kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito kwa anthu kaamba ka msonkhano ndi kulankhula, ndi kuti mabomawo sangaike zoletsa zapatsogolo pa awo popanda kulembedwa, malamulo osungidwa ndi olembedwapo.
  • Thomas v. Collins[FLT :] (1945) Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la Texas limene linafuna kuti olinganiza antchito apeze laisensi asanapemphe mamembala. Woweruza Rutledge analemba kuti ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa ndi kupempha umaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kulankhula ndi kulinganiza, ndipo chidodo cha bomacho chiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa.
  • Chigamulo chinatsimikiziranso kuti makampani ali ndi ufulu woyamba Kukonzanso [1] Kuphatikizapo ufulu wopempha kupyolera mwa zikhumbo zandale . Ndi kuti ufuluwo tsopano walembedwa motsutsana ndi maboma.

Kufufuza: Mmene Kugaŵana Kwachidemokrase Kunasinthidwira

Kuphatikiza ufulu wa kusonkhana ndi kupempha kwakhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa moyo wa anthu a ku America. Kwatheketsa madongosolo a kakhalidwe ka anthu . Kugwirizana kwa ufulu wa anthu kufikira ku ufulu wa anthu ku kulingana kwa ukwati . Kulinganiza mizera ya boma popanda kuyang'anizana ndi miyezo yalamulo yosiyana kwambiri. Chitsutso ku Alabama chimalandira chitetezo chofanana ndi chimodzi cha lamulo ku California, ngakhale mwa nthanthi. Kufanana kumeneku kumapanga malo adziko a ufulu, amene maboma pansipa sakhoza kutsika.

Kuvomereza kunapatsanso makhoti a boma mphamvu zopenda boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko amene amaletsa kupempha. Nzika zoletsedwa ndi kukana kwa bungwe la mzinda kumva kuchonderera kwawo kapena lamulo la boma limene limalanga opempha kuyang’anira kukhoza kubweretsa mlandu pansi pa U.S.C. . . . . . 1983 , limene limalola kuvulazidwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa ufulu wa lamulo. Kupereka kopereka chisankho kumeneku kungakhale kofooka kwambiri popanda kuloŵetsedwa kwa Claus Claus.

Zitokoso zamakono zikupitirizabe kuyesa malire a ufulu umenewu. Kukula kwa makompyuta kwabutsa mafunso ngati kuyenera kwa kupempha kuli kokhudza intaneti kwa boma kapena kolamulidwa ndi boma. Kodi malamulo a boma oletsa gulu la anthu ku Tutter amatsutsa Claus? Makhoti a pansi ayamba kulimbana ndi nkhani zimenezi, ndipo mayankho ake amadalira pa mmene malamulo a Oyamba agwirizanitsidwira ntchito pa makompyuta.

Ntchito ya Magulu

Kugwirizanitsa sikunapindulitse anthu okha. Mabungwe, kuphatikizapo makampani, agwiritsa ntchito mwachipambano ufulu wopempha kusonkhezera malamulo, malamulo otsutsa, ndi kuyesa kubwezeretsa makhoti. [FLT]] Pacific Gas & Genetic Co. v. Public Unitity Commission Com Commission] Commission [1986] [1986] , Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti kampani yachithandizo yachi yachi yachi yachiza kutumiza mapepala a makampani olemba nkhani za makampani ofunsira ufulu. Kuwonjezerakukambirana kumeneku kwa bungwe la makampani akuchititsa kutsutsana kwa za ufulu pakati pa anthu opempha ndi achuma amphamvu.

Komabe, lamulo lachinsinsi la lamulo lidakalipo: Kuphatikizapo chitsimikiziro chakuti palibe boma limene lingapeze ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa zikalata, kulankhula pa milandu ya anthu, kapena kudandaula ndi boma kuti lipereke thandizo. Kaya wopemphayo ndi gulu la eninyumba kapena gulu la anthu a m’dzikolo, Demendment ya 14 ikutsimikizira kuti chitseko cha boma sichitseke.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathu ndi Tsogolo la Msonkhano Wophatikizapo ndi Zoyenera

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuphatikizapo kwakhala ndi malire a chitetezo, maboma adakali ndi ufulu woika nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira pa misonkhano ndi kuvumbulidwa kwa mapempho. Mliri wa CHOVID , unayesa malire ameneŵa, monga momwe zikalata zinaikira malire pamene nzika zinafuna ufulu wotsutsa malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Makhoti a Boma kaŵirikaŵiri anachirikiza njira zaumoyo zoyenerera koma anakantha zija zimene zinatsutsa malingaliro oletsedwawo.

Malo ena amene akutuluka ndi kuyenera kupempha m'nkhani zapoyera . . Matal v. Tam (2017]] , Khoti Lalikulu linagwetsa mawu otsutsika a Lanham Act, amene adagwiritsidwa ntchito kukana chilolezo cha kutsutsa zizindikiro. Pamene kuli kwakuti silinalembe dandaulo pa , linagogomezera kuti boma silingakane mtundu wa chikalata cha kufunsira kwa boma. Mawu a kuwonjezera mfundozo omwe sangachite.

Kuwonjezerapo, kugwirizanitsa kwa Lamulo Lachiŵiri mu [[FLT:] McDonald v. Chicago (2010]) nthaŵi zina amatsutsidwa kuti agwirizane ndi ufulu wa msonkhano, popeza kuti ufulu wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida ukhoza kuyambukira kutetezeka kwa misonkhano ya onse. Komabe, Khoti silinagwirizanitse mwachindunji ziphunzitso ziŵiri. Kuimbidwa kopitirizabe pa malamulo a mfuti ya boma kungayese ngati msonkhano ndi ufulu wopempha kuti zifunikire mapangano okonzekera misonkhano.

Kumaliza: Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa cha Kudzisungira

Chiphunzitso cha kuphatikiza ndi kugwirizanitsa chasintha kwakukulukulu kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa ndi kuchonderera kuchokera ku zitsimikizo za boma kukhala chitetezo chosungika kwa boma ndi malo okhala ochenjeredwa. Popanda kuphatikiza, Civil Rights Movement ikanatsekedwa ndi makonzedwe olola boma, maukwati a antchito akanawonongeka ndi malamulo oletsa kukhazikitsa gulu, ndipo nzika wamba zikanalangidwa chifukwa cha kusaina mapempho. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera ku maboma, Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira kuti ufulu umenewu suli chabe zolinga zachimbulitsa koma ungakhale weniweni.

Komabe si kupambana kwachikhalire. Mbadwo uliwonse umayang'anizana ndi zitokoso zatsopano . . "kuchonderera kwa kampani, ziletso zaumoyo wa anthu, zimene zimafuna makhoti kusankha kuti ndi liti ufulu wophatikizapo. Choloŵa cha milandu yonga Jonge ndi [FLT] SHUTS"STERWORD [ akutikumbutsa kuti ufulu wakusonkhana ndi kupempha uli wofooka pokhapokhapokha ngati sutatetezeredwa. Chifukwa cha Comition, kutetezerako kukhoza kuchitikira ku khoti la boma, ndi kulemera kwa lamulo lonse kumbuyo kwa nzika yofuna kulankhula, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kupempha chilungamo.