Kusungidwa kwa lamulo kuli maziko a chitaganya chosasunthika ndi cholungama, komabe siiri njira yopepuka, yapamwamba ya lamulo. Mmalomwake, imagwira ntchito monga mkhalidwe wamphamvu ndi wamasiku pamene magulu a maboma osiyana ayenera kugwirizana, kutokosana, ndipo kutsenderezana. Oimba aŵiri amphamvu kwambiri m'chilengedwe chimenechi ndiwo mabungwe alamulo oyang'anira ntchito yofufuza ndi kuopa, ndi kumvetsetsa, ndi oweruza okhala ndi thayo la kumasulira ndi kupikisana. Unansi pakati pa mizati imeneyi umasonyeza mkhalidwe wa chilungamo. Kuyang'ana kwabwino kwa dziko kubweretsa mphamvu ya kulamulira ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti wina angatsogolere ulamuliro pa dzanja limodzi kapena pa chiweruzo china. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zenizeni za kugwirizana, kugwirizana, ndi kutsutsana pakati pa mabungwe a akulu amilandu kumathandizana ndi kuyendetsa malamulo.

Lamulo Loyambirira: Kukakamiza ndi Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo apolisi akumachokera ku madipatimenti apolisi akumaloko kupita ku mabungwe a boma onga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ndi Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) . Amakhala monga osunga zipata a dongosolo la milandu. Ntchito yawo imaposa kungomanga; iwo ali ndi thayo la kusonkhanitsa umboni, kuchitira umboni zofunsa, ndi kugwirizanitsa koyambirira kwa lamulo kwa makhalidwe aupandu. Ntchito imeneyi imafufuzidwa mokulira ndi judiary, monga momwe kulephera kulikonse pa siteji ino kungagwedere mlandu wonse.

Malamulo a Boma, ndi Olamulira

United States amagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo locholoŵana, lotsutsa zinthu zambiri. Mabungwe a boma monga FBI, ATF, ndi DHS kwenikweni amayang'anira kuswa malamulo a boma, upandu wa mayiko, ndi ziwopsezo ku dziko. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, boma ndi malamulo a boma akugwira ntchito upandu wambiri wa pamsewu, kuyambira kuswa malamulo mpaka ku kuphedwa. Malamulo a bungwe la judicariary amasinthasintha kwambiri pa madera ena. Nkhani za chigawo zimakonzedwa kudzera mu U. S. Mabwalo achigawo, amalamulidwa ndi Federa Regal Ression of Criminal Procred , pamene nkhani za boma zikuchitika ndi malamulo awo apadera. Malamulowa angapange kuweruza koyenera kuletsa nkhani zalamulo kapena kuyendetsa nkhani zosayenera, zokambirana za .

Mbali Yofunika ya Nzeru ya Apolisi

Chimodzi cha zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo chosadziŵika bwino, mbali za kusungitsa lamulo ndizo kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru. Oyang'anira amasankha tsiku ndi tsiku kaya kuchenjeza, kumanga, kapena kufunafuna chilolezo. Kuchenjera kumeneku kuli mbali yofunikira ya ntchito zapolisi, koma kungakhalenso koyambitsa kutsutsana ndi judiary. Mwachitsanzo, kumangidwa kochitidwa popanda chifukwa chomveka kapena kufufuzidwa popanda lamulo lovomerezeka. Oweruza ayang'anira mwamphamvu kulakwa kwa ntchito zimenezi kupyolera ku kutsendereza, kumene khoti lingachotse umboni wopezeka poswa chidetso chachisanu. Malamulo amphamvu ameneŵa amasungidwa kuti apereke ntchito zawo zotsutsana ndi lamulo loweruza, monga ngati malamulo opanga malamulo mu [FL:]. [vPTryryry] [12] [12] [FT] ndi "FTrolet] (2]) (2])

M’gulu la Ogwira Ntchito ya Malamulo

Ngati lamulo likhazikitsa malamulo oyendera limodzi, khoti lachiweruzo limatumikira monga mabuleki. Makhoti saali chabe olandira ntchito ya apolisi; iwo ali openda okangalika ndi ntchito ya lamulo kutsimikizira kuti ntchito yosungitsa ikhale yogwirizana ndi njira yoyenerera ndi zoyenera zazikulu. Ntchito imeneyi imachitidwa makamaka mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo ndi kutsata mchitidwe wa kutsata.

Zimene Zimafuna Kuti Anthu Azimenya Nkhondo Ndiponso Zimene Zingawachititse Kupirira

Demendment Yachinayi ikufuna kuti zifunsidwe ndi chifukwa chothekera ndi kulongosola mwachindunji malo amene adzafufuzidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kutengedwa. Zimenezi zimapanga mfundo yovuta: asanachite kufunafuna kapena kugwidwa, apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kupereka umboni wawo kwa woweruza (woweruza). Kubwereza kumeneku kuli chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri. Kumakakamiza lamulo kulinganiza malingaliro awo ndi kugonjera ku ku kuyang'anitsitsa kwa kudziimira asanachitepo kanthu. . Komiti ya boma ya khoti ya boma ikugwira ntchito monga oweruza oyambirira a kaya chochititsa chi "mwiniikulu", kuyang'anira machitachita ntchito zapolisi a KHBEAI.

Lamulo la Kuthetsa: Kulemekeza Apolisi

Njira yoyamba yoperekera ufulu wa Kusintha kwa Fourcenter iri lamulo lopatula. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhazikitsa kaamba ka milandu ya boma mu Weeks v. United States ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maboma mu Mapp v. Ohio . , amalamula kuti umboni wopezeka mwa kufunafuna kapena kudwala kwa lamulo ukhale womveka m’khoti. Imeneyi ndi njira yachindunji ndi yamphamvu yoyang'anira malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena, lamulo silikhala monga mankhwala a wobwezera mlandu, koma monga choletsa khalidwe lophwanya lamulo. Oweruza amapangitsa chisonkhetso champhamvu cha mabungwe kuti aikire ayendetse oyendetsa malamulo ndi kutsatsa malamulo aungwe.

Kupereka Mlandu ndi Nzeru Yoweruza

Pamene chitsimikiziro chaperekedwa . Mwakuyesa kapena kuchonderera, chikalatacho chimachita mbali yake yaikulu m'nyengo ya kusungitsa: Kuweruza. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amakhazikitsa malamulo, oweruza amakhala ndi nzeru zazikulu popereka zigamulo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kungakhale kochititsa nkhondo. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza kuukira, zigamulo zokakamiza kuti athetse upandu, pamene kuli kwakuti otetezera ndi ochirikiza amasonkhezera kubwezera njira zina. Oweruza amakakamizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kugwidwa pakati pa . Kukwera kwa malamulo alamulo alamulo aang'ono kwambiri kunali, kuyesayesa kwa lamulo la kuchepetsa kuweruza. Komabe, kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwaona kubwerera kwa kuweruza, makamaka ponena za milandu yosakhala yachiwawa, kulola oweruza kukonza madandaulo a munthu payekha. Unansi wapakati pa ofesi, umene umakonzekera, ndi chigamulo china chalamulo.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri za Kupyoza ndi Kugwirizana

Kugwirizana pakati pa mabungwe a boma ndi a boma ndi koopsa kwambiri poweruza mlandu.

Chipangizo Chopanga Malo Okongola

Malamulo ambiri ku United States .Oposa 95% amathetsa kufunsira, osati ziyeso. Zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa kwambiri mgwirizano pakati pa osungitsa lamulo, oweruza (amene amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi apolisi), ndi a jaji . Dongosololi limadalira pa kuchuluka kwa milandu. Apolisi amasonkhanitsa umboni, oweruza amafufuza mphamvu zake ndi kupereka chikalata, ndipo amavomereza. Zimenezi zimapanga mgwirizano, pafupifupi ubale. Komabe, dongosololi limakwezanso mabendera ofiira. Otsutsa kuti limapatsa oimba mlandu (nditsatsa, lamulo) mphamvu zambiri, kuchonderera kwa oimba mlandu wopanda liwongo. Oweruzawo kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kutsimikizira kuti kuchonderera kwa "kudzifunira, ndi kuchititsa kuti mlanduwonedwa ndi kuchepa.

Miyezo Yapachikhalidwe ndi Udindo wa Kusunga Ana

Kuti mlandu upulumuke, umboni woperekedwa uyenera kukhala wopanda chiwongola dzanja. Kusintha kulikonse kwa malamulo kumaonekera kwambiri. N’kuthandizana ndi udindo wa munthu [1]. Makalata a mmene umboni unasonkhanidwira, kusungidwa, ndi kusungidwa ndi kusungidwa, ndi ndondomeko yaikulu ya kutetezera. Kusweka kulikonse m'chingwechi kungatsogolere woweruza kuona umboni wosadalirika ndi wosadalirika. Zimenezi zimafuna kugwirizana kwambiri: akatswiri a apolisi ayenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima, akatswiri a za upandu ayenera kukonza ntchito yawo, ndipo oimba mlandu ayenera kukhala okhoza kufotokoza ulendo wonse wa chionetsero. Kukwera kwa makompyuta kwa mapulogalamu ndi kukwera kwa mapulogalamu, kuchuluka kwa akatswiri a za malamulo onse aŵiri a malamulo ndi ku judikimeti.

Vuto la ‘ Kuyesa ’ ndi Kuswa Malamulo Audongo

Mwinamwake chinthu chachikulu chokhudzana ndi mayanjano ndicho kuchititsa apolisi, kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa kuti "kuyesa" m'malamulo. Zimenezi zimachitika pamene apolisi apereka umboni wosaona m'khoti kuti alungamitse kufunafuna kapena kumangidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchotsa mfundo zokhwima za Demendment Yachinayi. Kuvulaza kofananako ndiko [[FLT:] Brady kuswa [, kotchedwa ndi [FLT]. [BRAdy] v. Maryland . , kumene kumafuna kuti oimba mlandu agaŵane umboni wotetezera ndi chitetezo. Pamene apolisi amakana umboni umene ungatsimikizire wopanda kulakwa kwa wokwanidwa, ndi wolephera kuvumbula, njira yonseyo. [FTLT] Maprojective:[4] Mu Programmenti: [5]

Kuthandiza Anthu Kupeza Zinthu Zamakono

Malamulo onse aŵiriwo ndi kuletsa kwa apolisi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma kosalekeza. Pamene madipatimenti a apolisi achotsedwa ntchito, kufufuza kukuchitidwa mofulumira, ndipo maumboni akukaikiridwa. Pamene makhoti alephera, pali oweruza ndi oweruza ochepa kwambiri osamalira mlanduwo. Izi zimatsogolera ku chimene chimadziŵika monga "kulephera kuyendetsa zinthu," kumene kutsendereza kuti kusamukire nkhani za m'mabwalo kumaikidwa patsogolo pa kufunafuna choonadi. Mliri wa Chovid ndi 19 umalimbana kwambiri ndi milandu imeneyi, kupanga chitsime chachikulu cha milandu yotsala. Kusoŵa kumeneku kumachititsa anthu kukhala ndi dongosolo la malondalo lomwelo m'miyezi yapadera kwa miyezi ingapo (kuchotsa njira zofunikira) kapena kumasula popanda kuwatetezera koyenera. Malamulo a boma ndi kusungitsa malonda nthaŵi zambiri popanda ntchito yokwanira, ngakhale kukwaniritsa zinthu zokwanira.

Kusintha Chilungamo Chowonjezera

Ngakhale kuti dongosololi lili ndi mphamvu, pali njira zambiri zothandizira anthu amene akuvutika ndi oimbidwa mlandu kuti asinthe. Mapikicawa amadalira kuswa mawu amwambo pakati pa "us" (bumoli) ndi "iwo" (mabwalo).

Makhoti Othetsa Mavuto

Makhoti apadera, monga makhoti a mankhwala, makhoti odziŵa bwino za mankhwala, ndi makhoti a zamaganizo, amaimira kusintha kwakukulu m'mabungwe a bungwe la zaumoyo. M'zochitika zimenezi, woweruza saalinso woweruza koma mtsogoleri wogwira ntchito wa gulu la anthu amene amaphatikizapo loya, loya woteteza, woyang'anira milandu, ndi wothandiza. Malamulo amachita mbali yaikulu kwambiri m'chitsanzo chimenechi mwa kudziŵikitsa oyenerera ndi kuchirikiza kwawo. Kufufuza kuchokera ku National Institute of Justice kwasonyeza kuti makhoti ogwirizana ameneŵa angachepetse modabwitsa kukonzanso. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimaloŵa m’malo mwa kugwirizanitsa ndi wochirikiza wina, wothandiza ndi wochirikiza, wothandiza ndi wochirikiza.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chidziŵitso ndi Kuyamba Kuona Zinthu Moyenera

Chigamulo cha jadia chikufunanso kuonekera kwa malamulo. Izi zachititsa kuti pakhale makamera opanga makompyuta, amene akupereka mbiri yosatsutsika ya kukumana kwa apolisi. Pamene kuli kwakuti makamera a bungwe amachepetsa mikangano yokhudza zimene zinachitika panthaŵi ya kumangidwa, amapanganso katundu wambiri woyang'anira makampani ndi makhoti. Makhoti tsopano ayenera kulamulira potsatira njira zapansipansi, mavidiyo ovomerezeka kuti akhale obisika, ndi kuyang'anira kulephera kwawo. Mofananamo, kupita ku [[FLT: 0] kutsogolo kwa ntchito yokhudza ntchito yokhudza ntchito yotetezeka] ikufuna kuti mabungwe asunge mfundo zokhwima pa njira zawo, zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'makhoti polungamitsa kapena poteteza zinthu zolakwika.

Mfundo Zochititsa Chidwi pa Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano

Kuperekedwa kwa chilungamo sikuli kogwirizana, ndipo magulu amakono a kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi andale aika kugwirizana kwa magulu a atsankho ndi oweruza pansi pa microscope, kuvumbula mbali zazikulu za mavuto amene amafuna kusintha.

Kusintha Zinthu Mosasamala

Malamulo osungitsa lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti asungitse olakwa aupandu kuopa kukwera kwa mapepala. Komabe, oweruza amalamulidwa ndi lamulo kuti akhazikitse pa belo lokhudza kuopsa kwa ndege ndi chitetezo cha anthu, osati chuma. Oweruza akamamasula oimbidwa mlandu pamikhalidwe yawoyawo kapena kupyola pa milandu yosakhala yalamulo, amatsutsana ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wachita mlandu watsopano.

Kudziŵerengera Mlandu Woyenerera ndi Apolisi

Chiphunzitso chalamulo cha akuluakulu a boma oyenerera oteteza chitetezo, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma, ndi mlandu wa kuswa lamulo pokhapo ngati anaswa "lamulo lokhazikitsidwa bwino" chiphunzitso chimenechi chikutsutsana kwambiri m'zipinda za jaji ndi m'zipinda za boma. Kuchokera ku jajiya, kuli chitetezo chofunika kulola akuluakulu a boma kuchita ntchito zawo popanda kuopa kuti azikhala ndi mlandu wa kusasintha zinthu. Khoti lalikulu la Supreme linathandiza kwambiri kuti ayang'anire ndi oweruza ena (kaŵirikaŵiri otsutsana ndi lamulolo), limachititsa kuti asakhale ndi mlandu wochititsa kulakwa. Kugwirizanaku ndi madipatimenti a boma, ndi chikhalidwe cha boma. Khoti Lali lapamwamba lathandiza kwambiri ndi kuchotsa chiphunzitso chimenechi panthaŵi yake, kukhudza mmene makampani a zigamu awo a boma ndi mmene amachitira ndi ufulu wa boma.

Kumaliza: Kuipidwa Kofunika

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo sikuli kachitidwe kamodzi koma njira yogwirizana kwambiri ya kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza pakati pa mabungwe osungitsa lamulo ndi achiweruzo. Unansi umenewu umamangidwa pa maziko ovuta: apolisi amapatsidwa mphamvu zogwirizana kusungitsa dongosolo ndi kupenda upandu, pamene makhoti alinganizidwira kuchepetsa mphamvu yotetezera munthu aliyense payekha. Kulimbana kumeneku sikuli kachilombo m'dongosolo; ndiko mbali ya chitaganya cha democracy cholamulidwa ndi lamulo. Pamene magulu onse aŵiri akugwira ntchito bwino, mabungwe amatsatira mwanzeru yawo m'malamulo, ndipo makhoti amalemekeza mfundo zovuta za kutsogolo kwa bungwe lathu. Thanzi la dziko lathuli silidalira pa kusunga mphamvu imeneyi yosamalitsa kuti mphamvu yolamulira nthaŵi zonse ikhale yogwirizana ndi nzeru.