Chiyambukiro cha malamulo a chisankho pa milingo ya ovota chiri chodera nkhaŵa chachikulu m'kulamulira kwa demokrase kwamakono. Pamene maboma pa milingo yonse ndi malamulo osintha a mu pulogalamu yolamulira, kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo ameneŵa amayambukirira kaya nzika ziponya mavoti , kapena kukhala panyumba, chimakhala chofunika kutsimikizira woimira ndi dongosolo la ndale zadziko lovomereza. Nkhaniyi ikupenda malamulo osiyanasiyana a chisankho, ziyambukiro zawo zolembedwa pa kutsata, ndi malamulo amene angakulitse kapena kutsekereza chipangano cha boma.

Mbiri Yake: Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Chisankho ku United States

Lamulo la chisankho mu United States silinakhalepo ndi kamodzi. Kuchokera pamene dzikolo linakhazikitsa, pamene kukhala ndi katundu kunaletsa, kupyolera mwa kuikidwa kwa madeti khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiŵiri, ndi Madepressius makumi aŵiri ndi chitatu, dongosolo lalamulo lawonjezera kupezeka kwa makampani omwe anali asanatulukire. Komabe zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo zakhala ndi kugawidwa kwa gulu la masankhoti. Kutsatira kupikisana kwa pulezidenti 2000, Chikalata cha Athandizo cha America Vote cha 2002 chinayambitsa malamulo a boma kaamba ka malamulo a zopereka ndi kulembetsa kovomerezeka kwa boma la chivoti. Zaka zotsatira zake ziŵiri za kusintha masinthidwe onse aŵiriwo ndi kulembedwa kwa tsiku limodzi ndi kutsendedwa kwa tsiku limodzi, kuphatikizapo malamulo okhwima ndi kuchotsa mavotimenti. Kugwirizanaku kukuyambitsa kufalikira kwa malamulo a boma ndi kuvomereza mavoti.

Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyi nkofunika chifukwa malamulo amakono samagwira ntchito popanda kanthu. Iwo amasunga malamulo oyambirira ndi zigamulo za khoti, ndipo ziyambukiro zake zimasonyezedwa ndi njira za anthu, masinthidwe a tekinoloji, ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko. Kupenda mozama za mbiri yakale ya ufulu wovota mu U.S., Zountation Rights tsamba la Chikhoterero cha Malamulo kumapereka chilo chachidule cha malamulo aakulu ndi zochitika za komiti ya milandu.

Mitundu ya Malamulo a Chisankho ndi Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zake

Malamulo osankha angaikidwe m’magulu angapo a ntchito, amene aliyense amagwirizana mosiyana ndi khalidwe la wovota. Nkhani yoyambayo indandandalitsa magulu asanu; pano tikufutukula pa lirilonse ndi umboni wokulirapo ndi wochirikiza.

Malamulo Olemba

Kulembetsa kwa Votner kaŵirikaŵiri kuli chopinga choyamba chothekera wovota ayenera kuwonekera. Maboma amasiyana kwambiri m'njira imene amachitira kulembetsa: ena amapereka kulembetsa kodzifunira pamene nzika zikugwirizana ndi makampani a boma onga Dipatimenti ya Motor Vehicles; ena amafuna masiku kapena milungu isanasankhidwe. Kusiyanako nkwakale. Kwa 2024, pafupifupi theka la maboma limodzi ndi District of Columbia adakhazikitsa kulembetsa kodzilembetsa kodziwira kodziratu kwa masiku 30 kapena kuposa tsiku la chisankhotiko.

Kufufuza kochokera ku Kafukufuku womveka [[FLT :1] amasonyeza kuti ndi kulembetsa kwa AVR ndi tsiku limodzi (SDR) ipeza mlingo wa mavoti ambiri apamwamba kuposa aja okhala ndi njira zolowera, zakufa msanga. Njirayi ndi yomveka bwino: kuchepetsa khama ndi nthaŵi zofunikira kuti munthu alembetse chopinga chachikulu, makamaka chaching'ono, choyendera, ndi chochepa cha anthu amene alibe maadiresi okhazikika kapena ndandanda yogwirizana. Komanso, malamulo otsegulira zinthu amene amafunikira umboni wogwirizana wa unziko kapena wopitira kumbuyo kwa mabowo angagwirizane ndi kuyankha ndi kutsutsa kutsutsa zolakwika ndi kusokoneza.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu

Mapeto a zosankha zoponya pepala awonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. Pambuyo pa kuvota kwa mwambo kwa munthu wosankha pa tsiku la chisankho, mayiko ambiri tsopano amapereka nyengo zovota mwamsanga [1] kaŵirikaŵiri kuyambira pa mlungu umodzi mpaka milungu inayi / ndipo palibe kuphonya kopanda ntchito kapena kuvota. Mayiko ena, monga Colorado, Oregon, ndi Washington, asintha pa masankhoti onse a paposi, ndi wovota aliyense wovomerezeka kulandira pepala modzi.

Umboni umasonyeza kuti njira zambiri zovota zimalimbikitsa kutuluka. Magazini-analysis ofalitsidwa mu Journal of Politics anapeza kuti kuvota koyambirira kumawonjezeka ndi avareji ya 2-4 peresenti, pamene kusanthula makalata kwapadziko lonse kungatulutse mapindu ofanana kapena aakulu, makamaka pakati pa osankha amwambo. Komabe, chiyambukirocho sichili kufanana: Kufutukuka kwa kukhoza kupindulitsa kwenikweni awo amene kale akufuna kuvota, komanso kumachepetsa mtengo wa mapepala a papepala. Mfungulo ndikuti malamulo oletsa kusanthula mawindo kapena kufuna chikhululukiro cha munthu wochotsedwa ntchito, makolo osintha ntchito, antchito, ndi anthu akumidzi omwe alibe malo ofufuza.

Kuzindikira Zofunika

Malamulo a Chivoti ali pakati pa malamulo a chisankho otsutsana kwambiri. Monga mu 2024, 35 maboma ali ndi mtundu wina wa chiyeneretso cha wovota; za amenewo, 18, amafuna ID ya chithunzi. Mfundo zotchulidwazo . Kupeka chinyengo cha kupeka, kuli ndi chichirikizo chochepa kwambiri, monga momwe chinyengo choterocho nchosapezeka. Panthaŵiyi, kufufuza kumapeza kuti malamulo aakulu a maadi otsalira pakati pa anthu ochepa, okalamba, ndi olandira chivoti, amene ali ochepeka kwambiri kukhala ndi zithunzithunzi za boma.

Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kochitidwa mofala kwa lamulo la ID la ku Texas lofuna kujambula kopambanitsa kunayerekezeredwa kuti ilo likuvutika ndi 2-3 peresenti pakati pa oyenera Akuda ndi Aspanic. Chiyambukiro chimawonjezeredwa pamene mtengo wa kugula id [1] monga ulendo ku ofesi ya DMV, ndalama zolembera, ndi nthaŵi yopuma pantchito ilingaliridwa. Brennan Center ya Chilungamo imayang'anira mosalekeza mmene malamulo a maadiresi amayambukirira kutengamo mbali; [[FL:0] yofufuza pa kampani ya voti mapepala a zolembedwa za ntchito, ndi nthaŵi yosatsalirapo malamulo ameneŵa.

Kupereka Malamulo Oyenera ndi Kuloŵererapo

Federal ndi ufulu wovota zimapereka maziko alamulo oloŵera. Voting Rights Act ya 1965 (VRA) poyamba inafuna maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo a voti. Makonzedwe a Supreme Court a 2013 odziŵika monga preplacation. Chigamulo cha [Asalby County v. Horeter . adathetsa pulogalamu yolo, kumasula maboma ndi madera ambiri kuti apereke ziletso zatsopano popanda kupenda. Chiyambire pamenepo, malamulo ambiri aperekedwa kuti zifunsiro zapadera, kuchepetsa maola oyambirira a kuvota, kapena kujambula pafupi malo a ofufuzira m'dera laling'ono.

Kuyankha kwa lamulo ku Selby County sagwirizana. Mayiko ena apanga kulowa kowonjezereka, pamene kuli kwakuti ena achita mwamphamvu kuletsa. John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act, yoyambitsidwa mu Congress koma yosakhalabe lamulo, idzabwezeretsa ndi kukonzanso dongosolo lapamwamba. Chiyambukiro cha kusintha kwa malamulo kumeneku pa kugawana kwa ovota chiwonero chikuwonekerabe, koma chidziŵitso choyambirira kuchokera ku masankhoti 20222 chapakati chinapereka lingaliro lakuti pali malamulo oletsa ambiri amene akuona kutembenuka kwa magulu apamwamba a za mbiri yakale.

Zotsatira za Tsiku Losankha

Ngakhale ngati malamulo sagwirizana, panthaka angayambitse zopinga zoopsa. Malo osochera angatseke, kugwirizanitsa malo, ndi kuchepetsa antchito atsogozo kuyembekezera nthaŵi zambiri . . . . . . . . 2020 Boma loletsa kuŵerengera lipoti la Boma linapeza kuti maulamuliro a anthu ochepa kwambiri anali ndi malo ofufuzapo kwa munthu mmodzi ndi otalikirapo nthaŵi. Mofananamo, maola ochepa a ntchito (m.m., kutseka 6 p.m. m. m.)

Njira zopangira mavoti oikidwa ndi pulogalamu. Olemba ntchito amene amaonekera patsiku la chisankho koma amene sakudziŵa kuti ali ndi mbiri yabwino angapereke pepala lovomerezeka. Komabe, malamulo oŵerengera mavoti amenewo amasiyanasiyana kwambiri, ndipo makumi zikwi za mapepala amakanidwa m'liŵiro lililonse chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kapena zolakwa zolembedwa. Momvekera bwino, njira zoyenerera zimene zingachepetse njira yochiritsira.

Ziyambukiro za Malamulo a Chisankho pa Kutengamo Mbali: Lingaliro Lakuya Kwambiri

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yoyamba imapereka kugaŵikana kwa “kulondola” ndi“ ziyambukiro za nyuroni”, chenichenicho chimasintha. Malamulo amagwirizanitsa ndi zigawo ndi malo. Pansipa tipenda kugwirizana kwakukulu kumeneku.

Mmene Malamulo Ofikirika Amachotsera Kutembenuka

Policies amene amachepetsa mtengo wa chisankho [1] onse aŵiri mogwirizana ndi nthaŵi ndi chidziŵitso. Kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, mwachitsanzo, kwalola anthu kulembetsa ndi kuvota panthaŵi imodzi, kuchotsa kufunika kwa kulinganiza milungu isanafike. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Conference of State Legislatures [1] Malamulo kwasonyeza kuti avareji ya tsiku limodzi ya kulembetsa imasintha maperesenti 5 76 a maperesenti kuposa popanda iko, ngakhale pambuyo pa kuyang'anira ndalama, maphunziro, ndi nsonga zina.

Kulembetsa kodzifunira kumawonjezeranso gulu la ovota olembetsedwa, makamaka pakati pa nzika zachichepere zimene zingaphonyere ntchito. Ku California, AVR anawonjezera oposa 2.6 miliyoni kwa ovota m'zaka zawo ziŵiri zoyambirira. Si onse amene amavota atsopanowa, koma dziŵe lowonjezerekalo limapanga maziko aakulu kaamba ka zoyesayesa zosonkhanitsa.

Osankha makalata atsimikiziranso kukhala ogwira ntchito kuwonjezera ku kayendedwe, makamaka pa masankho otsika. M'kufalikira kwa CHOVAD-19, akunena kuti osankha onse olembetsedwa anatumiza mapepala olembedwa omwe anaphonya ntchito yolembedwa ndipo, nthaŵi zambiri, kutsegulidwa kumene kunali kophwatalala kapena kokwera pang'ono kuposa mlingo wa mlingo wa pasadakhale. Kufufuza kwa pa yunivesite ya Constantin kuyerekezera kuti kusanthula makalata kwapadziko lonse kunawonjezereka ndi pafupifupi mfundo ziŵiri pa avareji, pamene kulibe ndi chiyambukiro chokhoza kuyambukiridwa pamlingo wa mavoti a [1].

Mmene Malamulo Oletsa Kutengamo Mbali Amaletsera

Malamulo oletsa akugwira ntchito ku masiteshoni ambiri. Ziyeneretso za Voter zimapanga mtolo wa zolemba zimene zimavuta kwambiri kwa osauka, okalamba, ndi anthu a mitundu. 2022 American Political Science Review [ nkhani yopenda chidziŵitso cha chigawo chapamwamba cha North Carolina inapeza kuti lamulo la lamulo la ID la boma lokhwima linachepetsa ndi 1-12 peresenti ya ziŵerengero za anthu ochepa kwambiri ngakhale pambuyo pa kusiyanitsa kwa chuma.

Ziletso za malo ovota ndi otsalira otsalira oyambirira zimagwedezekanso, makamaka m'madera a m’mizinda ndi m’midzi kumene kumakhala kovuta. Ku Georgia, kuchotsedwa kwa mavoti a Lamlungu ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ambiri ofufuza pambuyo pa 2018 kubutsa mkangano. Kufufuza kwa Brennan Center kunayerekezera kuti masinthidwe ameneŵa akanaletsa mavoti oposa 10,000 m'kusankha kwa anthu 2020. Ngati kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi zofunika zazikulu za ma ID, zotsatirapo zake zingakhale zotsimikizirika.

Kusanthula ndandanda ya wovota [1] Kuchotsa kulembetsa kozikidwa pa kusintha kwa maadiresi, kuvota kwa kawirikawiri, kapena dzina lofanana ndi [1] kuchepetsa kutengamo mbali ngati kuchitidwa molakwika. Lamulo la Texas la 2021 linabweza zoyesayesa za kumaloko kuti alembetse ovota ndi kufuna kuti awo amene athandiza kuvota ena ayang'anena ndi zilango zaupandu. Mayeso otero amapanga chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha chimene chingapitirire kuposa ovota olembedwa mwachindunji.

Kusiyana kwa Malamulo a Chisankho

Palibe chokumana nacho chimodzi cha wovota chimene chiri chapadziko lonse. Nyengo, fuko, malipiro, ndi wailesi ya dziko mmene malamulo a masankho amayambukirira makhalidwe. Osankha achichepere (a zaka 18-29) amayambukiridwa mokulira ndi masiku olembetsa chifukwa chakuti amayendayenda kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo angakhale osazoloŵera ndi njira. Osankha ochepa amayang'anizana ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba za ma ID ogwirizana ndi anthu ndipo ali othekera kwambiri kuyang'anizana ndi mizera yaitali chifukwa cha kusanthula kokhala pansi pa zikole. Otembenuza achichepere angakhale ndi njira zovota mofulumira zochepera ndi ulendo wautali wopita ku madera ofunsira. Otsika-vota, amene ali othekera kwambiri kukhala ndi ndandanda yosintha ya ntchito, amapindula mokulira kuchokera ku ku kujambula koyamba ndi kutumiza.

Ngati anthu achikulire, olemera, ndi oyera achita nawo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti zimene akuluakulu a boma asankha n’zogwirizana ndi zimene anthu ena asankha. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa anthu onse si nkhani yongoganizira chabe, n’kofunika kutsimikizira kuti boma limaimira anthu osiyanasiyana.

Kufufuza za Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Chisankho

Nkhani yoyamba ikufotokoza za kafukufuku wa milandu itatu: AVR ya ku California, lamulo la ovota la Georgia, ndi kusalembetsa kwa North Dakota.

Kulemba Malo Opangira Malo ku California

AVR ya California, yokhazikitsidwa monga mbali ya lamulo la galimoto la 2015, imalembetsa mwadala nzika pamene zipeza kapena kukonzanso laisensi ya dalaivala kapena inte ya boma, pokhapokha ngati zisankha. Mu 2016, lamulo linawonjezera pa mavoti oposa 2.6 miliyoni pa ma roll pofika 2018. Kufufuza kuchokera ku California Voter Foundation kunasonyeza kuti ziŵerengero zolembetsa pakati pa 18 mpaka 24-chaka zinakwera kuchokera pa 49% mu 2014 kufika 61% mu 2018. Kutembenuka pakati pa AVRvote yolembedwa chatsopano kunali kotsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa mwambo wamwambo (40% v. 60% m'pakati pa 2018 ), koma unyinji wowonjezereka wa ndalama zinatanthauza kuti zinangowonjezereka ndi 1. Chipamba cha chipambanero cha kupambana m'maiko ena.

Lamulo la Chigawo cha Zopangapanga la Georgia: Kodi Kuponderezedwa Kunachitika?

Chiyeneretso cha Georgia chokhwima cha kuvomereza mafaniziro, chomwe chinaperekedwa mu 2005 ndi makhoti, chimafunikira onse ovota kuti apereke imodzi ya mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mapepala ovomerezedwa ndi boma. Bomalo linagwiritsiranso ntchito “malamulo ovomerezeka a kuvota” malamulo ovomerezeka ovomerezeka a kulembetsa mu 2017, amene amafuna kuti wovotayo achotse dzina lake pa kulembetsa kwawo kuti agwirizane ndi dzina lawo pa mafashoni a boma. Malamulo oletsa kulembetsa koyambirira kupitirira 50,000, 80% anali ovomerezeka kwa anthu ochepa. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo oletsawo anasinthadi pambuyo poti asudzulidwa, amasonyeza mmene malamulowo angapangirire ziyambukiro zogwirizana. Kusintha pakati pa anthu a ku Georgia kukanidwa ndi oyera mu 2018182201, kugawa kugawa kwa malamulo oletsa malamulo ena oletsa. Komabe, malamulo aunika kuti asinthanso malamulo ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana, kutsimikizira kuti, kukhoza kutsimikizira kuti, kutsimikizira koyenera kutsimikizira kwa malingana ndi kutsimikizira.

Chitsanzo Chosalembetsa cha ku North Dakota

North Dakota ndilo boma lokha lomwe silinalongedzedwe ndi ovota. Osankha okhoza kusankhidwa anangosonyeza tsiku la chisankho ndi dzina loyenera (limene liyenera kuphatikizapo malo okhala). Dongosolo limeneli limachotsa chopinga cholembera chonse, ndipo nthaŵi zonse boma limaika milingo yapamwamba ya ovota. Mu 2020, kutembenukira kwa osankhidwa a ku North Dakota kunali 66%, makamaka kuposa avareji ya dzikolo ya 62%. Njira yochititsa chidwi kwa anthu ambiri, komanso imayambitsa mavuto a anthu a m'dzikolo, monga momwe ophunzira a kukoleji ndi mafuko a ku Indauni American omwe amakhala ndi malo oletsedwa, amene safunikira kutumiza mafomu amakono. Pamene malamulo 2018 akufunikirabe kupereka maadiko a khwalala (kunja la P.) kuchotsapo lamulo la kumidzi kwa madera ambiri a kumidzi, ndi lamulo la kumadera akumidzikulu kwa madera ena 2020, chifukwa cha kuswa kwa lamulo lopangidwa ndi malamulo.

Malingaliro a Mitundu Yonse: Zimene Anthu Ena Otengeka ndi Malingaliro Aakulu Amachita

Kuyerekezera malamulo a chisankho cha U.S. ndi aja a mademokrase ena opita patsogolo kuvumbula mmene kupendedwa kwapadera ndi kugaŵidwa kwa dongosolo la Amereka kuliri. Mayiko onga Canada, Germany, ndi Sweden apeza ziŵerengero zopitira mosalekeza pa 70% m'masankho a dzikolo, makamaka chifukwa cha kulembetsa kwa onse (mwachibadwa kuchitidwa kupyolera m'mapepala a dzikolo), kuvota pamapeto a mlungu kapena masiku angapo, ndi zofunika zochepa za ADNS. Kuyendetsa mavoti, kumene kumafuna kuchotsa kuposa 90%. Pamene kuvota kokakamiza kuli kosayembekezereka mu U., zokumana nazo za mitundu ina zimapereka lingaliro kuti kupeputsa ndi kuvotera koyenera kungakweze kwenikweni. Chipangizo chothandiza kuyerekezera chopatsira cha dziko lonse ndi Elmetal Convices .

Mfundo Zolimbikitsa Kutenga Nazo Ntchito

Malinga ndi umboni umene waperekedwa, kusintha zinthu kosiyanasiyana kwasonyeza kuti n’kothandiza kwambiri pokweza ndalama:

  • Kulembetsa kwa voti modzifunira ndi osankhidwa kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lonselo, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa tsiku limodzi kuti agwire awo amene akuphonya nthaŵi yoikika.
  • nyengo zoyambirira za kuvota kwa milungu iŵiri , kuphatikizapo kutha kwa mlungu, ziyenera kukhala zoyenerera m'boma lirilonse.
  • Palibe kuphonya ndi kusanthula makalata kuyenera kupezeka kwa ovota onse olembetsedwa.
  • [[MLT:0] Ziyeneretso za ID za VT ziyenera kukhala zoyenera ndi zophatikizana ndi ndandanda yaulere, yofikirika ndi mikupiti ya maphunziro.
  • Malo osankhira okwanira zinthu [1] [1] makina, antchito, ndi kudikira nthaŵi yoikidwa, ziyenera kulamulidwa kuletsa mizera yaitali.
  • Kuikidwa kwa ufulu wa kuvota kwa nzika zimene kale zinali m’ndende ndiko kusintha kowonjezereka kumene kungawonjezere mamiliyoni ambiri m’mipukutu.

Malamulo amenewa sagawanitsa anthu; atengedwa m’mayiko ofiira ndi obiriŵira ndipo zotsatira zake n’zabwino.

Kumaliza: Mapangano a Demokrase

Chiyambukiro cha malamulo a voti pamlingo wa ovota sichikulingaliridwa kapena kuchepera. Lamulo lililonse la kusanthula, ola lililonse la kufutukula kapena kuchepetsa kuvota, chiyeneretso chatsopano chilichonse kapena kulembedwa kwa chikalata chili ndi chiyambukiro chothekera pa kaya nzikazo zigwiritsire ntchito kuyenera kwawo koyambirira. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya kutsogolo imafunikira kupanga kupita patsogolo kwapadera m'kufutukuko pa mbiri yake, zikhoterero zaposachedwapa za malamulo oletsa malamulo oletsedwa m'maiko ena zikuwopseza kubwezera phindu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kusintha kwatsopano monga kulembetsa koyambirira ndi kusanthula makalata kumapereka njira zolonjeza kutembenukira kutsogolo. Njira yapatsogolo imafunikira opanga malamulo apamwamba pa umboni wapadera mmalo mwa kujambula, ndi kuzindikira kuti thanzi la democracy kudalira pa njira zawo kukhoza kupangitsa kumveka mosavuta.