Kulingana kuli ngati chiyambi cha mademokrase amakono, komabe kutembenuza kwake m'njira yovuta. Malamulo ochepa amasonyeza bwino lomwe vutoli kuposa kuvomereza ntchito. Maprogramu olinganizidwa kuthetsa tsankho lapapitapo mwa kuwonjezera mipata ya magulu a m'mbiri opatuka. Nkhondo zalamulo zogwirizana ndi kuvomereza zakhala zikusintha osati chabe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ndandanda ya ntchito zaudindo komanso kumvetsa bwino zimene kulingana kumafuna. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza malamulo amene amalamulira kuvomereza m’United States ndi m’mayiko ena, ikuchotsa mfundo zazikulu za m’malamulo za malamulo ndi kutsutsana ndi malamulo oterowo, ndipo ikutulukira njira zina ndi malangizo a m’tsogolo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kulingana

Maziko a nthanthi zamakono za kulingana kwa malingaliro a kuyambika ku Chidziŵitso. Olingalira onga John Locke anatsutsa za zoyenera zachibadwa za anthu onse, pamene Jean-Jacques Rousseau adatsutsa kuti kusalingana kwa mayanjano kulungamitsidwa kokha pamene apindula onse. Chikalata cha American Declaration of Independent chinalengeza kuti "amuna onse alengedwa olingana," koma olembawo anachotsa kwakukulukulu akazi ndi anthu ogwidwa ukapolo ku lonjezo limenelo. Chinatenga zaka mazana ambiri a kulimbana ndi nkhondo, magulu a akazi opatula, ndi ufulu wa anthu kufalitsa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kufutukula mafotokozedwe alamulo a amene ayenera kupatsidwa machiritso ofanana.

Pakati pa zaka za zana la 6520 zinazindikiritsa kuletsedwa kwa ntchito. Board of Education (1954) inagonjetsa ufulu wa sukulu, kukana "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso. Chikalata cha Chiŵeniŵeni cha 1964 cha tsankho loletsedwa m'nyumba za anthu, ntchito, ndi maprogramu operekedwa ndi boma. Umutwe VII wa ntchito yoletsa tsankho la ntchito zozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, chisembwere, kapena mtundu. Chidakhala chowonekera kuti kuchotsa tsankho kwamwambo sikuli kokwanira kugonjetsa zaka mazana ambiri za dongosolo la zinthu. Pulezidenti Lydon B. Johnson analanda chidziŵitso chimenechi mu 1965 Howardwarden University, akulongosola kuti "sutola munthu amene, kwa zaka zambiri, wamangidwa ndi kumasulidwa, ndi kumasulidwa kwake kwa ndalensi, kumbweretsa iye ku chiyambi cha fuko la fuko ndi kunena kuti, inu mulibe ndi ena onse, ndipo mwakhala ndi kuvomereza kwabwino kwa andale.

Kusinthika kwa Ntchito Yolimbitsa Umboni mu United States

Liwu "Kutsimikizira" linawonekera choyamba mu Directive Order 11246, yosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Johnson mu 1965. Lamulolo linafuna kuti omanga a boma "achitepo kanthu ka kuvomereza" kutsimikizira kuti ofunsira ndi antchito achitiridwa popanda fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko. Maulamuliro a kukhazikitsa anagaŵiridwa ku Ofesi ya Federal Contract Compliance Programs. M’zaka makumi otsatira, kuvomereza ku kuwonjezereka kwa maphunziro apamwamba, kupatana kwa boma, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zigawo.

Chifukwa chakuti malamulo oyendetsera maprogramu ameneŵa apangidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu. Magawo ozikidwa pa fuko amachititsa kufufuza kosamalitsa pansi pa Aumelt Protection Clausse of the 14neth Amendment, kuvomereza malamulo kuyenera kusonkhezera boma ndipo kuyenera kukhala koyenerera kwenikweni kufikira chikondwerero chimenecho.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Milandu ingapo yochititsa chidwi yafotokoza ukulu wololedwa wa kachitidwe kovomereza mu United States:

  • Majereti a University of California v. Bakke[FLT : Pachigamulo chogaŵanika, khotilo linanena kuti kuchuluka kwa mafuko kunali kopanda lamulo koma kuti fuko likhoza kuonedwa kukhala chimodzi mwa zochititsa zambiri pakati pa ambiri m'zivomerezo. Lingaliro la Justice Lewis Powell linazindikiritsa mapindu a maphunziro a kusiyana kukhala chikondwerero chokakamiza.
  • United Selver . Weber [FLT ] [1997] : Khotilo linachirikiza makonzedwe a kuvomereza modzifunira kaamba ka malo auphunzitsi aluso, likupeza kuti Thetwet VII sinaletse mpikisano wa kusiyanitsa kwapapitapo pamene makonzedwewo anali a kanthaŵi ndipo silinadodometse ufulu wa antchito azungu mosafunikira.
  • Dolort of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co (1998): Khoti linagonjetsa programu ya m'boma ya makampani ochepa odzikongoletsa, kugwiritsa ntchito mosamalitsa ndi kufunafuna umboni wokwanira wa tsankho lapapitapo lisanagwiritsiridwe ntchito.
  • Utsi wa mawu v. Bollinger [1] (2003): Khotilo linatsimikiziranso kuti kusiyana kuli chikondwerero chosonkhezera m'maphunziro apamwamba. Linachirikiza njira ya kuvomereza kwa Michigan Law School kwa zigawo, kumene kunalingalira fuko kukhala "pluser" popanda kugwiritsira ntchito magawo [1] monga kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zosokezera.
  • Grazer v. Bollinger (2003): anasankha tsiku limodzimodzilo ndi . , Bwalo lamilandu linakantha yunivesite ya Michigan ya kulowa m'malo, imene inagaŵira ndandanda ya ofunsira kuchokera ku magulu a mafuko oimiridwa. Dongosolo lokhwima, loyendera, silinalinganizike mochepera.
  • Fisher v. Yunivesite ya Texas [1] (2013, 2016): Khoti loyamba linavomereza kuti makhoti aang'ono sanagwiritse ntchito mosamalitsa. Pambuyo pake, Nyengo Yachisanu inachirikiza kuvomereza kwa yunivesite ya Texas, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsimikiziranso kuti mapindu a kusiyanasinthasintha akhoza kulungamitsa fuko . [1] Ngati yunivesiteyo ikanasonyeza kuti kulibe masinthidwe ogwirira ntchito.
  • Masukulu a Fair Adgings v. Harvard & UNC[FLT:] (2023): Pachigamulo chimene chinasintha kwambiri malo, Khoti linagamula kuti fuko linkachirikiza kachitidwe kovomereza koyambirira m'koleji kumaswa Chitetezo cha Expligial Claus. Ambiri anakhulupirira kuti maprogramu a ku Harvard ndi Yunivesite ya North Carolina sanali oyenerera ndi zolinga zosumika maganizo, anagwiritsira ntchito fuko monga mbali yoipa m’nkhani zina, ndi kupititsa patsogolo malingaliro a mafuko. Chigamulo chimatha bwino pafupifupi zaka 50 za chitsanzo cholola mayunivesite kulingalira fuko monga mbali imodzi m’kuvomera.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kupenda kosintha kwa Khoti malamulo a fuko, ndi chigamulo cha 2023 chosonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa kusawona mitundu. Chigamulocho sichimaletsa mayunivesite kupenda mmene fuko layambukirira zokumana nazo za moyo wa wofunsirayo mwachitsanzo, mwa zolemba za kugonjetsa tsankho.

Mikangano m’Kutsutsana Kolimbitsa

Kutsutsana ponena za kuvomereza kaŵirikaŵiri kumapangidwa monga kuwombana pakati pa masomphenya aŵiri a kufanana: limodzi limagogomezera chilungamo cha m’nthano ndi kuyenerera, kulingana kwina kochepa kumene kumavomereza zopinga za dongosolo.

Ndemanga Zolimbikitsa

Ochirikiza amapereka zilungamo zazikulu zingapo:

  • Chiweruzo choikidwa: Kachitidwe kotsimikizira kake kakumasamalira ziyambukiro zopitirizabe za tsankho lapapitapo. Chifukwa chakuti tsankho linayambitsa mavuto ochulukitsitsa m'chuma, maphunziro, ndi mayanjano a anthu, kuletsa kokha tsankho la mtsogolo sikumawonjezera mbali yakuseŵera.
  • Kusiyanasiyana kwa maphunziro: m'makalasi osiyanasiyana amawongolera maganizo otsutsa, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu, ndi kukonzekeretsa ophunzira kuti apeze ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Khoti imavomereza kuti zimenezi ndizo zisonkhezero zosonkhezera.
  • Zitsanzo ndi likulu la chitaganya: Owonjezereka oimira magulu a ntchito ndi malo a utsogoleri akukhala zitsanzo kwa mibadwo ya achichepere ndi kufutukula mayanjano a akatswiri omwe angathandize kuthetsa mavuto.
  • Kuyenera: mabungwe a boma amene amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa anthu kwa chitaganya chimene amatumikira amasangalala ndi kudalirana ndi kuyenerera.

Nkhondo Zoletsa Kudwala

Otsutsa amakweza malo angapo olimbana:

  • Kubwezera tsankhu: malamulo osadziŵa kanthu angaletse anthu amene sali ziŵalo za magulu olasidwa, okhoza kuswa Chitetezo chofanana cha Claus.
  • Kupambana ndi chipambano: Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kuvomereza kumafooketsa kulakwa kwa kufunsira kochokera pa ziyeneretso za gulu mmalo mwa ziyeneretso za munthu mmodzi. Zimenezi zingapangitse kufanana pakati pa ophunzira ndi mabungwe, kuvulaza lamulo lofuna kuthandiza.
  • Stigma: Antchito otsimikizira kuti inde angakayikire kuti anzawo ndi olemba ntchito ali oyenerera, ndipo angapange kukayikira koteroko.
  • Kusintha kwa magulu aufuko: Osuliza ena amatsutsa kuti kuvomereza kumachirikiza magaŵano aufuko ndi kutsutsa cholinga cha chitaganya cha khungu losaoneka.
  • Zifunsi za Alternal: Otsutsa kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza kachitidwe ka kugonja kapena kakhalidwe ka chuma, akumanena kuti kusoŵa chuma kumafotokoza zambiri za kusiyana kuposa fuko lokha.

Njira Zina Zochirikizira Kulingana

Ngakhale chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba cha 2023 chisanachitike, mabungwe ena anayamba kufufuza njira zina zosaloŵera m’dziko ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

  • Zosankha zachikomyunizimu zachuma: Zosagwirizana monga Yunivesite ya California, imene inaletsedwa kupenda fuko ndi Prosition 209 mu 1996, yapanga maprogramu amene amapatsa ophunzira otsika 76ion homution, choyamba ophunzira a pa koleji, ndi ophunzira ochokera kumadera osauka.
  • Mapangano apamwamba: Maiko angapo, kuphatikizapo Texas, Florida, ndi California, atengera malamulo amene amatsimikizira kulowa m'mayunivesite a boma kaamba ka ophunzira opambana a sukulu yasekondale iriyonse [1] njira ya kuyendetsa sukulu [1]
  • Kupenda kwa Holism popanda fuko: Mabungwe ambiri tsopano amaphunzitsa maofesala oloŵa m'dziko kupenda mmene zokumana nazo za moyo wa ofunsirawo [1] kuphatikizapo zokumana nazo za tsankho / zasintha chipambano chawo ndi malingaliro, popanda kulingalira mwachindunji za fuko kukhala chochititsa.
  • Kufutukula ndi kulembetsa: [[FL:1] Kuwonjezera paipi mwa kuiika m'makampani m’masukulu ndi m'midzi yambiri ya ophunzira osapezeka bwino kungawonjezere mitundu yofunsira popanda kusankha mtundu.

Kufufuza za kupambana kwa njira zoloŵa m’malo zimenezi kumapeza kuti maprogramu amafuko osiyana koma amalephera kuvomereza mwachikatikati mitundu yosiyana. Ena amati kukonda kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu ndi chuma kumangotenga mbali yochepa chabe ya mitundu ya malamulo a fuko imene imakhalapo mosazindikira.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Kulingana ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu

Maiko ambiri atengera matembenuzidwe awo, kusonyeza zochitika za m’mbiri ndi miyambo ya zamalamulo.

South Africa

Pambuyo pa kutha kwa tsankho, South Africa inakhazikitsa lamulo la ntchito Equity Act ya 1998, limene limafuna olemba ntchito kukhazikitsa njira zovomereza kaamba ka “magulu oikidwa [1] Aafirika Akuda, Alaŵi, Aindiya, Akazi, ndi anthu opunduka. Broad. Broad. Babyted Black Economic Malementmentmentment (BBEE) imawonjezera malamulo ofunikira kuti akhale ndi mwini, woyang'anira, luso, ndi kupatsidwa maluso. Khoti la South Africa la Malamulo achirikiza njira zimenezi, pozindikira kuti iwo amatchula za kuchotsa fuko kwachikale. Komabe, otsutsa kuti BbangaBE apindula kwambiri ndi kalasi lapamwamba ndipo sanafikire kwa anthu osauka.

India

Dongosolo la India losungidwa , loikidwa m'Malamulo a 1950, mipando yosungira zinthu m'masukulu a maphunziro ndi ntchito za boma za Shedyd Castes (kale “zosagwiridwa ntchito”), Sedyd Formation , ndi End Transfusions . Lamulo lakhala lokhudza kwambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba la India lakhazikitsa denga la denga, kusiya awo a m'magulu osungidwa omwe apeza chuma. Dongosololi limakhalabe ndi mlandu, ndi kunena kuti limachirikiza gulu lapadera la anthu ndi ena otsimikiza kuti likhalabe lofunikira kusankhidwa mopitirizabe.

Brazil

Mu 2012, Supreme Federal Court ya ku Brazil inagwirizana kuti anthu a mitundu ina azikhala m’dziko la yunivesite. Chaka chotsatira, Pulezidenti Dilma Rousseff anasaina lamulo lofuna mayunivesite a boma kuti asunge 50% a ophunzira ochokera ku sukulu za boma, ndi [1]ququas ya Black, yosanganiza, ndi ofunsira a dzikolo mogwirizana ndi anthu a m'dziko lawo. Kufuna kwa Brazil kugwiritsa ntchito bwino fuko ndi malo a zachuma pamodzi. Lamuloli lawonjezera kwambiri kupezeka kwa Afraoplacian Brazilian, ngakhale kuti mafunso okhudza kuchuluka kwa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zikuka akupitirizabe kutsutsana.

Canada

Act ya Canada ya Dood Equity ya 1995 ikufuna olemba ntchito oikidwa ndi boma kuwongolera kuimira magulu anayi osankhidwa: akazi, anthu okhala m’dzikolo, anthu opunduka, ndi ooneka ang'onoang'ono. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo la United States, Canada samagwiritsira ntchito mlingo; mmalo mwake, olemba ntchito amakhazikitsa zolinga ndi njira zonga ngati kulembedwa ndi maprogramu a kusungidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada lachirikiza maprogramu oterowo kukhala malire oyenerera a ufulu wolingana pansi pa Tchatar, kuzindikira kuti kulingana kwa chigawo chaling programme nthaŵi zinafunikira kupatsidwa machiritso osiyana.

United Kingdom

Malo a Mafuta a mu 2010 amalola “kachitidwe kabwino” koma amaletsa “kusankhana kwabwino.” Olemba ntchito ndi mayunivesite a Britain angatenge masitepe ogwirizana kulimbikitsa mafomu kuchokera ku magulu oimira, kapena kupereka maphunziro kapena malo kwa iwo, koma sangagwiritsire ntchito chigawo kapena kupanga zosankha pamaziko a mikhalidwe yotetezeka. Kusiyana pakati pa ntchito yabwino ndi tsankho labwino kumachitidwa mwachisawawa.

Tsogolo la Kulingana ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kotsimikizira

Chigamulo cha 2023 Court Supreme chasintha maziko a mphamvu yokoka m'kutsutsana kwa kuvomereza. Zotsutsa zayesayesa kukonzanso malamulo ovomerezeka, ndipo othirira ndemanga ena amaneneratu kukwera kwa njira zotsutsana zothetsa nzeru m'ntchito ndi kugwirira ntchito. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chigamulocho chabwezeretsanso chidwi m'njira zina: chithandizo cha ndalama, kuwonjezera mapaipi oikidwa m’gulu, ndi zoyesayesa za kuchotsa zopinga za dongosolo la zinthu poyamba m’dongosolo la maphunziro.

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zikuchitika n’zimene zingadzakhudze tsogolo la anthu:

  • Kugaŵikana: [[FLT: 1] Opanga malamulo amazindikira mowonjezereka kuti kulephera sikuli kwa mtundu umodzi. Fuko, gulu, mwamuna, chilema, ndi nkhwangwa zina kuti zipange njira zapadera zopatulira. Malamulo amtsogolo angakonzekere kuchititsa kusoŵa kokulirapo.
  • [[FLT :0] Njira zoyendera: ndi kuvomereza koonekeratu kwa fuko kochepetsedwa, mabungwe adzadalira kwambiri pa kufufuza chidziŵitso kuti adziŵe zopinga ndi kupima mphamvu ya mafuko [1]
  • Mayankho a chilolezo: Maboma ena angapereke malamulo ofuna kapena kuletsa mitundu ina ya kuvomereza. Pamlingo wa boma, Congress ingathe kutumiza Mtengo VII kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malingaliro a Chiputuks amasintha: Polls zimasonyeza kuti Aamereka ali ogaŵanika, ndi akuluakulu ochirikiza ntchito yovomereza koma kutsutsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa mtundu mwachindunji m'zipatala. Kusintha maganizo kwa anthu kumakhudza njira zandale ndi zamalamulo.
  • kugwirizana kwa padziko lonse? Zitsanzo zapadziko lonse zimasonyeza kuti palibe chitsanzo chimodzi chokha cha kuvomereza chimene chakhutiritsa kwambiri. Monga momwe maiko amaphunzirira pa chipambano ndi kulephera kwa wina ndi mnzake, tingaone kugwirizana kwa malamulo ophatikizapo mtundu wa anthu wildism wildism ndi ziŵiya za kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kulingana kudakali ntchito yosatha. Kachitidwe kotsimikiza, m'zonse, kamaimira chimodzi cha ziganizo zachindunji kwambiri , ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa kutembenuza lamulo la kulingana kukhala ntchito. Malamulo amene amalamulira malamulo ameneŵa adzapitirizabe kusinthika, kuumbidwa ndi makhoti, makhoti, ndi ochirikiza amene amaletsa malire a kufanana. Kumvetsetsa mbiri, lamulo, ndi mikangano kumbali zonse nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akuyesayesa kumanga anthu amene ali ndi mwayi woyenereradi.