Unansi pakati pa kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi anthu amene amatumikira umachititsa malo enieni a chisungiko cha anthu onse ndi dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Pamene kugwirizana kumeneku kuli kwamphamvu, malo okhala ali otetezereka, kukhulupirirana n’kwapamwamba, ndipo kugwirizana kumabwera mwachibadwa. Pamene kukuswa, kuvuta, upandu umamveka, ndipo dongosolo lachilungamo limavutika kugwira ntchito. Kumvetsetsa mbali yonse ya kayendedwe ka [1] Mbiri ya anthu, mavuto ake amene alipo, ndi njira zochitira umboni zimene zingakupindulitseni.

Mbiri Yakale

Kuti timvetsetse kumene kusungidwa kwa malamulo kuliri lerolino, choyamba tiyenera kupenda mphamvu za m'mbiri zimene zinawapanga. Ntchito yamakono mu United States inawonekera pakati pa zaka za zana la19, pamene kukhazikitsidwa kwa madipatimenti apolisi oyambirira m'mizinda monga Boston, New York, ndi Philadelphia. Magulu oyambirira ameneŵa anasumika kwambiri pa kusunga bata ndi kulamulira chisokonezo, kaŵirikaŵiri m'magulu ndi mafuko. Iwo anagwira ntchito popanda madongosolo a chitaganya omwe tsopano timawatenga kukhala oŵerengera mlandu.

Zaka za zana la 20 zinabweretsa kusintha kwa zivomezi. Kusintha kwa ufulu wa anthu kwa m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 kunavumbula nkhani zazikulu za dongosolo: nkhanza za apolisi, kusungitsa upandu, ndi ufuko wa anthu. Zochitika zapansinsi monga kuyendayenda kwa Selma mu 1965 ndi zipwirikiti za Newark zinakakamiza dzikolo kulimbana ndi mpata pakati pa kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi madera amene anatumikiramo anthu a Black ndi ena otsika. Bungwe la Kerner Commission linazindikira bwino lomwe kuti ntchito za apolisi ndizo zinathandizira kwambiri pa zipwirikiti za m'mizinda.

Posachedwapa, zochitika zapamwamba za apolisi zogwiritsira ntchito usilikali . adajambula pa makamera a vidiyo ndi thupi oimapo . Imfa za Michael Brown ku Ferguson (2014, Eric Garner mu New York City, George Floyd ku Minneapolis (2020), ndi zina zambiri zofuna kusintha dongosolo la zinthu. Zochitika zimenezi sizinachitike mwachisawawa; ndizo mitu yaposachedwapa ya kutsutsana kwa malamulo ndi midzi yomwe yakhala ikuyang'aniridwa ndi kusungidwa kwa malamulo, kusungidwa kwa malamulo, ndi chiwawa.

Mbiri imaphatikizaponso zochitika zabwino: kuyambitsidwa kwa ntchito yapolisi m’ma 1980, kukula kwa mabungwe oyang’anira anthu, ndi malamulo a boma olinganizidwa kukonzanso madipatimenti ovutika.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Pamgwirizano wa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti pakhala zaka zambiri anthu akuyesetsa kusintha zinthu, zinthu zambiri zikupitirizabe kusokoneza mgwirizano pakati pa apolisi ndi anthu.

Chinyengo Chokhulupirira

Kukhulupirira kuli ndalama ya apolisi ogwira ntchito. Pamene anthu sakhulupirira apolisi, sangakhale othekera kusimba za upandu, kugwirizana ndi kufufuza, kapena kutumikira monga mboni. Kupereŵera kwa chikhulupiriro kumeneku kuli kwakukulu makamaka m'midzi ya mitundu. Malinga ndi 2023 Gallup, 26 peresenti yokha ya Black America adadalira apolisi, poyerekezera ndi 56% ya azungu a ku America. Kusiyana kumeneku kumayambika m'mbiri ndi nthaŵi yopitirizabe ya kuchotsapo machiritso, kuphatikizapo kuima, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, ndi kuweruza kwankhanza.

Zopinga za Kulankhulana

Kusokonekera kwa kulankhulana kungakulitse kuyanjana wamba kukhala kwa mkangano. Zipinga za zinenero, kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kusaphunzira kukhoza kuthandizira. Ngakhale maofesala odziŵa bwino ntchito angavutike kuŵerenga mayanjano kapena kuchitapo kanthu moyenerera pamene sanaphunzitsidwe njira zozikidwa pa kukambitsirana. Kusokonezeka kwa kulankhulana kumachitikanso pa mlingo wa gulu: madipatimenti a apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kufotokoza bwino malamulo awo, chidziŵitso, kapena kukambitsirana ndi anthu, kukayikira ndi kunama.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kusalongosoka

Kusiyana kwa mmene ndalama za apolisi zimagawidwira kungapangitse malingaliro a kuchuluka kwa anthu m'madera ena ndi kuposerapo kwa ena. Malo achuma angakhale ndi ofisala ambiri pa munthu aliyense, nthaŵi za kulabadira mofulumira, ndi kugaŵana kwa anthu ambiri. Kuchepa kwa ndalama ndi madera ochepa, kumakhala ndi kusungidwa kwankhanza kwa milandu yaing'ono . Kuphwanya malamulo kwachiwawa kumathetsa. Kusakhazikika kumeneku kumathetsa lamulo ndi kulimbitsa lingaliro lakuti apolisi ali mphamvu mmalo mwa utumiki.

Matenda a Maganizo

Akuluakulu osungitsa malamulo akufunikira mowonjezereka kuchitapo kanthu ku ngozi zamaganizo, kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zowononga maganizo, ndi kusoŵa pokhala. Komabe madipatimenti ambiri sanalandire maphunziro okwanira kapena zipangizo zosamalira mikhalidwe imeneyi. Chotulukapo chake chingakhale chomvetsa chisoni: anthu amene ali m'mavuto kaŵirikaŵiri amaponyedwa m'ndende kapena kuvulala mmalo mwa kuwagwirizanitsa ndi chisamaliro. Kusoŵa kwa zitsanzo zina za kuyankha kuli chitokoso chimene zonse ziŵiri kugwirizana kwa apolisi ndi dongosolo laumoyo la anthu onse likukulakula.

Zochita Zothandiza Kuti Zinthu Ziziyenda Bwino

Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna njira yokwanira, yozikidwa pa umboni. Palibe njira imodzi kapena programu imene ingakhale yokwanira, koma njira zotsatirazi zasonyeza kuti pali madera osiyanasiyana amene alonjezedwa.

Kuthandiza Anthu ndi Kupereka Chithandizo cha Ubwino wa Chitetezo

Kupita kutsogolo kwa maholo a tauni, madipatimenti a apolisi angalandire chitsanzo cha cha chitetezo cha anthu, kumene ziŵalo za mudzi ndi maofesala amatchula mavuto ndi kukulitsa zothetsera. Izi zimaphatikizapo macheza anthaŵi zonse, olinganizidwa monga a chitaganya, mabungwe a malo, ndi kulinganiza ndalama za kusungitsa ndalama za kutetezera. Maprogramu onga U.S. Dipatimenti ya Chigwirizano cha Chigwirizano cha Chigamuko (COPS) Oyang'anira ntchito za U.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Akatswiri

Kuphunzitsa kuyenera kupitirira malangizo oyambirira a sukulu kuti kuphatikizepo maphunziro okhazikika, ozikidwa pa zochitika. Madera aakulu amaphatikizapo kupikisana kwachikhalidwe, kuzindikira kotheratu, njira zopatsira chisoni, ndi kudziŵitsana kwamphamvu. Madipatimenti ena atengera chitsanzo cha Chiweruzo Cholungama, chimene chimagogomezera chilungamo, kuonekera, mawu, ndi kupanda tsankhu m'zochita zonse. Ofufuza asonyeza kuti ngakhale maphunziro achidule a chilungamo cha m'malemba olemba mawu angawongoletsere anthu ndi kuchepetsa kudandaula kwawo.

Mabungwe Ogwirizana ndi Anthu

Apolisi sangathetsere okha mavuto. Mabungwe a mgwirizano ndi anthu osafuna phindu, mabungwe a chipembedzo, sukulu, ndi osamalira zaumoyo wa anthu angathetse mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, magulu oloŵerera (CIT) amene akuluakulu aŵiri ndi antchito a anthu achepetsa kumanga anthu ndi matenda a maganizo ndi zotsatirapo. Mofananamo, maprogramu a chilungamo amene amakhudza anthu ovutika, opalamula, ndi ziŵalo za m’chitaganya zokhala ndi nkhoswe angathetse mavuto popanda kukulitsa maunansi.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu kwa Nzika

Mabungwe oimira apolisi . Onga ngati mabungwe a apolisi, omvera, kapena oyang'anira makampani . angagwiritsire ntchito zochitika zamphamvu, madandaulo, ndi malamulo. Ngati achitidwa mowonereka, kuyang'anira kumawonjezera chidaliro cha anthu kuti apolisi amaŵerengeredwa. Matauni onga Denver ndi Seattle ayamba kuyang'anira anthu ndi kuwongolera kodalirika. Chidziŵitso cha National Institute of Justice chimasonyeza kuti njira zodziwirira zamphamvu za kuyang'anira zikugwirizana ndi kutsika kwa kusamvera.

Kufufuza Malonda a M’gulu la Ofisala

Ntchito ya apolisi imavutitsa maganizo mwachibadwa, ndipo maofesala opsinjika maganizo, satha kuchita zinthu moyenerera ndi anthu onse. Madipatimenti ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira apolisi, maprogramu ochirikiza ausinkhu wawo, ndi njira zabwino zogwirira ntchito. Antchito athanzi amakhala oleza mtima kwambiri, akhalidwe labwino, ndipo ali okonzeka bwino kumanga ubwenzi.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo

Lupanga lakulimba kwa kaŵiri m'malamulo osungitsa ubale. Limapereka zipangizo zothandizira kuonekera ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, komanso limabutsa nkhaŵa za kukhala kwaumwini, kukondera, ndi kuyang’anira.

Macamera a Thupi

Makamera a thupi atengedwa mofala monga njira yowonjezereka ya kuŵerengera ndi kupereka umboni watanthauzo. Kufufuza kumasonyeza ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana pa kuchepetsa mphamvu, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amawongolera zotulukapo zodandaula ndi kulimbikitsa khalidwe labwino kumbali zonse ziŵiri. A 2021 Meta-analysis ofalitsidwa mu Journal of Asting Criminology anapeza kuti kamera ya thupi imachepetsa pang'ono kudandaula kwa apolisi. Komabe, mphamvu yawo imadalira pa malamulo omveka bwino onena za nthaŵi imene mungasungidwe, mmene chidziŵitso chimasungidwira, ndi amene angachipeze.

Kulankhulana ndi Anthu pa Intaneti

Madipatimenti apolisi amagwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu a zaumoyo pogaŵana chidziŵitso, nkhani za tcheru, ndi kugwirizana ndi anthu. Kuchitidwa bwino, makompyuta a zaumoyo angachititse akuluakulu kukhala anthu, kukonza zinthu panthaŵi yangozi, ndi kufunsa malangizo. Koma angawonjezerenso mfundo zabodza kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku madera ena. Zitsogozo za manyuzipepala okhudzana ndi mapulogalamu a anthu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito [1] Makamakamaka ponena za ntchito Yoyamba Yokonzanso [1] Zotetezedwa.

Kulosera za Kuchiritsa ndi Kufotokoza Zinthu

Kufufuza kumathandiza madipatimenti kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo mochenjera, kuneneratu za upandu, ndi kupenda mphamvu ya kuloŵerera. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti maarojeti oneneratu angachirikize kulakwika kwa mbiri yakale, kuchititsa kupotoza madera ena. Bungwe la RAND Corporation ndi mabungwe ena ofufuza apempha kuti ayese ndi kuonekera bwino m'ziŵiya za magetsi. Njira iliyonse ya apolisi yoyendera mfundo zachikhalidwe iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyang'anira chitaganya kuti apeŵe kuvutitsa anthu.

Malo a Upandu Anthaŵi Yenieni ndi 911

Mizinda yambiri ikumanga malo a upandu ogwirizana ndi nthaŵi yeniyeni amene amagwirizanitsa chidziŵitso cha makamera, kutulukira mfuti, kuwerenga laiseti, ndi zolembedwa za apolisi. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingafulumize nthaŵi za kuyankha, zimawonjezeranso nkhaŵa za ufulu wa anthu. Mfungulo ndiyo kulinganiza mapindu a anthu ndi malamulo a kutumiza ndi kusunga chidziŵitso.

Kufufuza za Malamulo Achipambano a M’chitaganya

Njira yabwino koposa yodziŵira ntchito imene iri kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumene apolisi ndi midzi yapanga kupita patsogolo kothekera.

Newark, New Jersey: Kukulitsanso Kudalirana mwa Kuphatikizana

Mu 2013, Newark Police Department inapanga lamulo lovomereza ndi Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya United States potsatira njira ya kuswa malamulo. Chiyambire pamenepo, dipatimentiyo yagwirizana ndi ntchito yapolisi ya polisi, kuphatikizapo “machitidwe aupost , madandaulo a boma, ndi maphunziro a procracy. 20222 ofufuza ndi bungwe la National Institute of Justice [1] adapeza kutsika kwakukulu m’madandaulo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zochitika za polisi, limodzi ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kudalirana kwa anthu m’madera kumene ntchito yofufuza ya boma inali yogwira ntchito kwambiri.

Los Angeles, California: LapD’s Community Safety Prineship

Lappd inayambitsa bungwe la Community Safety Pantership (CSP) mu 2011, kutumiza akuluakulu a boma kuti akhale ndi kugwira ntchito m’mafakitale a anthu onse osoŵa. Oyang'anira amagawiridwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali (zaka zitatu kapena zisanu) ndi kuika maganizo pa kumanga ubwenzi, osati kutsata anthu. Oyang'anira a CSP amapita ku zochitika za m'deralo, alangizi a achinyamata, ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu a m'dzikolo ndi ntchito za mautumiki a anthu. Kufufuza kwa Independeransi kumasonyeza kuti CSP imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu ochepa kwambiri, kusagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu, ndi kukhutira kwa nzika. Programutsoyi yawonjezeredwa ku maprojekiti ambiri omanga nyumba mumzinda wonse.

Seattle, Washington: Mavuto Oloŵerera ndi Zitsanzo za Co- Ressource

Seattle wakhala mtsogoleri wa kucheretsa thanzi la maganizo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ku polisi. Gulu la apandu la tauni ya Crisis Intervenotion (CIT) programu ya oyang'anira ntchito za sitima zapansi ndi zopereka maopera ku mautumiki. Posachedwapa, Seattle Police Department Intelligency Service Center inagwirizana ndi Down Memeters Center kukhazikitsa gulu la anthu ogwirizana: wantchito ya kakhalidwe ndi wapolisi pamodzi akuvomereza pamodzi kukumana ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Yunivesite ya Washington kunapeza kuti makampani a a a a kampani a kampani a kampani a zamwaŵi wa osoŵa wogulitsa zinthu, ndi kukhupuka kwapamwamba kwa ogula.

Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Njira yosungitsira malamulo ndi maunansi a anthu siiri yololeka, koma mikhalidwe ingapo ndi zinthu zofunika koposa zikuwonekera zimene zikupereka njira yopezera kuwongokera kopitirizabe.

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Federal ndi boma zimasintha malamulo . monga ngati kuletsa kutsekereza, kuchepetsa malamulo oletsa kulowa m’dziko, kufunikiritsa ntchito yomangitsa malamulo othandizira, ndi kusonkhanitsa zolemba pa kuima ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu . A George Floyd Justice mu Policing Act, ngakhale kuti sanapatsidwe ndi boma, atumikira monga woimira pa kusintha zinthu kwa boma. Malamulo ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo ozikidwa pa mfundo zimene zimatsogolera pa kusakhulupirirana.

Chilungamo Chobwezera ndi Zitsanzo Zotsatirapo

Tsogolo la ntchito yapolisi lingaphatikizepo maofesala ochepa a zida ovomereza ku mikhalidwe yopanda chiwawa. Matauni onga Eugene, Oregon (ndi programu ya CatoOTS) ndi Denver (ndi programu ya STAR) asonyeza kuti kutumiza antchito aupandu osakonzeka ku thanzi la maganizo ndi mafoni opanda pokhala kumakhala ndi zotulukapo zabwinopo. Kufutukula zitsanzo zimenezi kumizinda yambiri kungachepetse kukumana kwa apolisi ndi kuwongolera maunansi a anthu.

Kupitiriza Kuphunzitsa ndi Maphunziro

Kuphunzitsa sikungakhale chochitika cha panthaŵi imodzi. Kuyendera limodzi ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, masukulu a apolisi ndi maprogramu a ntchito ayenera kugogomezera kuphunzira kosalekeza m'mbali zonga ngati malamulo a tekinoloji, kufunsa kopeka maganizo, ndi mbiri ya chitaganya. Makampani ndi mayunivesite angapereke maphunziro ozikidwa pa kufufuza kwa nduna zonse.

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Kutumiza Chuma Kumalo Ena

Matsutsano onena za “kuthetsa apolisi” asintha kukhala kukambirana kosintha kwambiri ponena za zinthu zofunikira kuwonjezera ku mautumiki a boma. Ofufuza ku Urban Institute ndi kwina amatsutsa kuti kusinthasintha kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu odwala matenda a maganizo, nyumba, ndi maprogramu a achichepere kungachepetse kufunika kwa apolisi ndi kusunga chisungiko cha anthu. Kusamuka kwenikweni koteroko kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi kulinganiza bwino ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu kuti apeŵe zotsatira zosayembekezereka.

Kulandira Chilungamo Chachikhalidwe pa Zigawo Zonse

Chilungamo cha lamulo si pulogalamu yophunzitsa anthu ayi, ndi nzeru imene iyenera kutsogolera apolisi, kuwayang’anira, ndi kuwagwirizanitsa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene apolisi afotokoza zochita zawo, kumvetsera kwa anthu a m’dera lawo, kulemekeza aliyense, ndi kupanga zosankha zoyenera, amapanga kuyenera kumene kumachititsa kuti anthu azichita modzifunira. Kufufuza kwa 2024 ku University of Cambridge kunapeza kuti maphunziro a zachilungamo anachititsa kuti anthu 6% achepepo kumangidwa, ngakhale m’madera aupandu.

Kumaliza

Kugwirizanitsa malamulo ndi mayanjano a anthu kuli kuvuta, kosinthasintha kwa malo. Mbiri yasiya zipsera zazikulu, ndi mavuto amakono . Kudalirana ndi zopinga za kulankhulana ndi mavuto a maganizo . Koma umboni umasonyezanso kuti kuwongokera kwabwino kuli kotheka. Mwa kugwirizanitsa mgwirizano wa chitaganya, kugwiritsa ntchito luso la zopangapangapanga, ndi kuphunzira kwa akatswiri a chipambano, madipatimenti a apolisi ndi chitaganya kungapange njira yatsopano. Cholingacho si ungwiro, koma kupita patsogolo: unansi womangidwa pa kulemekezana, kudalirana, ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti aliyense ayenera kuchitiridwa ndi kuyenera ndi ulemu.