Kodi Kuimira Mafanizo N’kutani?

Kuimira kwa Propotioneal (PR) ndi banja la madongosolo a osankha olinganizidwa kutembenuza mbali yotchuka ya chipani kugawana mipando yofanana mu nyumba yogawira. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo onse opambana monga ngati woyamba woyamba-pambuyo (FPPP) . Kumene wosankha angapambane ndi kuchuluka kwa chabe [1] PR cholinga chake kutsimikizira kuti mkonzi wa nyumba ya malamulo akusonyeza zikondwerero za ndale zadziko za wosankha kukhala wogwirizana monga munthu yense. Lamulo lapamwamba limeneli la kupambana kwa PR limapangitsa PR kukhala chosankha chotchuka cha kufunafuna democracyism m'kulamulira kodzipatula, makamaka m'chitaganya ndi anthu okhala ndi mbali yaikulu kapena kugaŵikana.

Njira yaikulu njomveka: ovota amapanga malo oyenera kulowapo (kapena, m'mitundu ina, kwa osankhidwa), ndipo mipando imagaŵiridwa kwa zipani kapena magulu mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene amalandira. Zimenezi zimasiyana kwambiri ndi madongosolo apamwamba, kumene gulu limene limapata mavoti ambiri lingakhale ndi mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya mipando kuposa mavoti ake. Madongosolo a PR atengedwa m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi maiko oposa 80 padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo ambiri ku Ulaya, Latin America, ndi Oceania. Kumvetsetsa mmene PR imagwirira ntchito zambiri kungafikire pafupi ndi [1] Kufunika kwa ophunzira a sayansi yandale, maphunziro a boma, ndi aliyense wokondwerera ntchito za democracyism.

Mitundu Yaikulu ya Kuimira Kwake

Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo lakulinganiza limagwirizanitsa madongosolo onse a PR, malamulo otsimikizirika otembenuzira mavoti m’mipando amasiyana kwambiri. Mtundu uliwonse umabweretsa malonda ake ponena za kupepuka, kusankha, ndi mlingo wa kulinganiza. Mafomu ofala kwambiri ndi a PR, voti imodzi yokhoza kusamutsidwa (STV), ndi magawo osanganikirana (MMP).

Kuimira Ndandanda

Pansi pa mpambo wa PR, gulu lirilonse limapereka mpambo wa obatizidwa m'chigawo chilichonse cha votoral (kapena m'chigawo chimodzi chokha). Ofufuza amasankha chipani, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa kwa zigawano mogwirizana ndi mbali yawo ya voti. Maparera amadzaza mipandoyo kuchokera ku mpambo wawo wofunsira m'dongosolo. Madongosolo andandanda angagwiritse ntchito mpambo wotseka (pamene gulu limalamulira dongosololo, kupereka mphamvu zochepa zosankha pa ofunsirawo) kapena mindandanda yotsegulira (pamene osankha angasonyezere zofuna za ofunsirawo, mwakutero zimene amasankha anthu. Mayiko onga Spain, Israel, ndi Netherlands amagwiritsa ntchito ndandanda ya PR ndi njira zosiyanasiyana za ku chigawo ndi zipata.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV ndi njira yapamwamba yogwiritsira ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Ofunsira otsatizana pa maodawo potsatira zimene akufuna $1, 2, 3, ndi zina zotero. Kuti apambane mpando, wofunsira ayenera kufika pa chigawo (m’chitsanzo, Drooopquation). Ma Vote kupyola pa mpikisano wopambana amasamutsidwira ku gulu lachiŵiri losankhidwa pa maboloti, pamene ofooka kwambiri amachotsedwa ndi mavoti awo omwenso amasamulidwa. STV imafuna kupanga zipambano zazikulu pamene ikupatsa mphamvu zolamulira zimene ofunsirawonedwawo amasankhidwa . Ireland, Melita, ndi Koronalt, ndi kampani ya Australia imagwiritsira ntchito STE. Makampani akusankha ndi ovuta ndi ochepera m’machenjera.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

MMP imaphatikiza zigawo za chigawo chimodzi (kaŵirikaŵiri zosankhidwa ndi FPTP) ndi compala ya mipando m'dziko kapena mndandanda wa mipando yachigawo. Voters adapanga mavoti aŵiri: imodzi ya wofunsira ndi mmodzi wa ndandanda ya chipani. Mipando ya kumaloko imapatsidwa kwa opambana m’chigawo chilichonse, ndipo kenaka mipando ya gulu imagawiridwa kuti ipange magawo onse a gululo kuti asonyezere mbali yake ya gululo. Dongosololi limasunga kuimira kwa dzikolo pamene likutsimikizira kuti pali kugwirizana. Germany, Bolivia, ndi Scotland (chifukwa chake) ndi otsutsa kuti MMP ikhoza kupanga magulu aŵiri a oimira malo a dziko ndi oimira malo osiyanasiyana.

Ubwino wa Kuimira Malo

Ochirikiza PR amanena kuti dongosololi limapereka mapindu ambiri amene amalimbitsa demokrase, kuwonjezera chitokoso, ndi kutulutsa ziyambukiro zowonjezereka zoimira.

Kuwonjezedwa kwa Mawu Osiyanasiyana

PR imalola zipani zandale zambiri . ndi magulu a anthu amene amaimira . Izi sizimaphatikizapo malingaliro a anthu ochepa okha (m’chitsanzo, Greens, zipani za kumbuyo kapena zapamwamba) komanso mitundu, zinenero, ndi zipembedzo zina za anthu ochepa zimene mwina zingatsekedwe ndi mphamvu m'zigawo za chigawo chimodzi. Ku New Zealand, mwachitsanzo, kutengera MMP mu 1996 kunatsogolera ku kusankhidwa kwa zipani za Māori ndi kuwonjezereka kwa akazi, amene tsopano ali ndi zigawo pafupifupi theka la magawo a nyumba za nyumba za malamulo. Mofananamo, mayiko onga South Africa ndi Sweden aona kuti ndi akazi ndi anthu ochepa omwe ali oimira kwambiri poyerekezera ndi FTP.

Kuyamba ndi Kuchita Chipangano Kokulirapo

Pamene ovota akhulupirira kuti chisankho chawo chidzaŵerengera kusankha woimira amene amavomereza malingaliro awo . "rather" mmalo mwa kukhala“ wotayidwa" pa wobatizidwa . Maphunziro a Empirali, monga aja a International EA[[FLT]], amasonyeza nthaŵi zonse kuti wovota m'madongosolo a PR ali pa avareji yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa m'madongosolo aakulu. Ndiponso, PR amalimbikitsa nzika kukhala ndi phande m'magulu aang'ono, kukweza chigwirizano cha ndale ndi kugawanyazira kwa ndale. Chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi chivoti chirichonse chimapangitsa mpando womalizira, “wosachedwa wa makampani aŵiri-aiving'onong'onong'onong'ono, ndipo kuvotera kowona mtima kunganenere.

Kuimira Malamulo Otakata ndi Kulinganiza Malamulo

Mwa kukakamiza anthu kuti agwirizane ndi kupanga mgwirizano, PR imafuna kupanga maboma amene amaimira mbali yaikulu ya maganizo a anthu. Maboma a zaudindo ayenera kuvomereza malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchititsa malamulo oyenera ndi kugwirizanitsa kwanthaŵi yaitali. Zimenezi zingachepetse upandu wa kusinthasintha kwa malamulo kuyambira pa chisankho chimodzi mpaka pa chigamulo china ndi kulimbikitsa kugamula ndi kugonja. Pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa amatchula mapulogalamu a PR (monga aja a ku Germany ndi Netherlands) atsimikizira kukhala okhazikika kwambiri, ndi makabungwe ogwirizana omwe amaliza.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Kuimira Kwake

Palibe dongosolo la sankho limene lili lokwanira, ndipo PR imayang'anizana ndi mavuto olembedwa bwino. Chowopsa kwambiri ndicho kugawanika kwa zipani, kusakhazikika kwa mgwirizano, kucholoŵana, ndi kuthekera kwa magulu oukira boma kupambana. Kumvetsetsa mavuto ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri kuti apende bwino.

Kugaŵanika ndi Kulephera kwa Boma

Mwa kutsitsa chopinga cha zigaŵenga zazing'ono kuti zipambane mipando, PR ingatsogolere ku malo andale odzaza anthu. Kupanga gulu limodzi kungafunikire kukambirana pakati pa zipani zambiri, chimodzi ndi chinacho ndi cholinga chake. Zovuta kwambiri ndi [1] Israyeli, Italiya isanafike 1993, kapena Belgium panthaŵi yaitali imene anthu akupanga mipatuko. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku masankhoti ndi maboma achidule. Chiŵerengero chogwira ntchito m'malamulo chimakwera kwambiri pansi pa PR, ndipo ngati chitseko cha pulo lapamwamba ndi (e.g, Israel’s 3.% [[FLT:]] Mtsogoleri wa [FLD:1]), gulu laling'ono laling'ono lingatengere mphamvu. Komabe, ma PR ambiri mwa dongosolo lapamwambali, ndi malamulo a chigawo cha Germany (g.g.

Ndale Zogwirizana ndi Zipembedzo Ndiponso Kulolera Zokha

Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu amagwirizana angakhale amphamvu, amayambitsanso kusakhazikika. Kugwirizana kwa mgwirizano kungatenge milungu kapena miyezi, kupanga zosankha zofooketsa. Pakapangidwa, mgwirizano ungagwere pa kusamvana kwa mkati, kukakamiza masankho atsopano. Ngakhale magulu ogwirizana okhazikika angakhoze ku “mabomba a blaymalmail” ndi magulu aang'ono ofunikira, amene angaletse kusintha kofunikira. Maiko onga Italy anakumana ndi kusakhazikika kosatha pansi pa PR mu 1970-19990s, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake kusintha kuyambitsa makhondero ndi maulamuliro aakulu oimira kuti akambirane zimenezi.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Magetsi

Madongosolo a PR STV ndi MMP . Kungakhale kosokoneza kwa osankha amene sakudziŵa bwino mpambo wa zipani kapena malo apamwamba. Izi zingachepetse kukhala ndi phande pakati pa magulu osaphunzira kapena ocheketsedwa ndi ndale. M'madongosolo ena a PR, ovota sangakhale ndi chidziŵitso chochepa kuti ofunsira pa mpambopowo ndi ndani, kuchepetsa kuŵerengera. Kuchuluka kwa mavoti pansi pa STV kumawonjezeranso upandu wa zolakwa za atsogoleri ndi kuchedwa. Maiko ena amatchula zimenezi ndi makampani a maphunziro ndi oyesa kujambula, koma katundu wa projective ndi woŵerengera.

Kulangiza ndi Kulangiza Ana

Modabwitsa, PR ingalimbikitsenso khalidwe loyenerera. M'madongosolo a ofufuza, osankha sangalange ofunsira oyenerera, chotero osankhidwa ndi gulu lapamwamba angachirikize kukhulupirika kwawo pa kulabadira kwa kumaloko. M'kusanthula kwa onse kapena ma STV, ovota angaloŵetsemo “kuvota " (kusankha wobatizidwa mmodzi yekha) kutsimikizira kuti wobatizidwayo ali ndi mwaŵi wochepa, kuchepetsa kulingana. Ndiponso, magulu aang'ono angasankhe kuthamanga m'madera ena kuti apeŵe kugawa, mtundu wa mgwirizano umene umasokoneza zotsatira zake zonse.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Mmene PR Imagwirira Ntchito

Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana imagwira ntchito m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana zandale ndiponso m’mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.

Germany: Kukhazikika Chifukwa cha MMMP

Bundestag ya Germany yasankhidwa kupyolera m'dongosolo la MMP limene limagwiritsira ntchito chitseko cha 5% (kapena zitatu zolamulira mwachindunji) kusunga zigawo zazing'ono kwambiri. Chipata chimenechi chaletsa kugawanika pamene chikulola Greens, Die Cone, ndi (kuyambira 2017) njira ina ya Jeremani (AfD) kupambana mipando. Maboma a kopenizo [“Adrojition") pakati pa Chigwirizano cha Akristu (CD/CSU) ndi Chigawo cha Social Democratic Republican (SD) ndi Free Democratic Party (FP) kapena Free Democratic Party ndi Greens , adakhala okhazikika, ndi mapangano ambiri otumikira m'malo ambiri. Komabe, kubwereranso: mamenti adzikolo.

New Zealand: Mpata Wotseguka

Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchoka ku FPTP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 . Pambuyo pake mapangano aŵiri a astendentum . Pambuyo pake, magulu aŵiri adalamulira; pambuyo pa MMP, zipani zazing'ono monga Green Party , New Zealand First, ndi Māori Party adapeza malo a palamente. Mapangano kapena chidaliro ndi kudalirana ndi zipangano zina ziŵiri zinakhala mwambo, kukakamiza magulu aakulu kuti agwirizane. Māori, amene anali ndi malire ake, anakwera kwambiri. Voter roout, yomwe inali itabwerera kumbuyo. Dongo lakhala lotchuka, ndi kubwereranso m'chaka cha 2012. Zomwe za New Zealand zimasonyeza kuti PR ikhoza kuvomerezedwa ndi dziko la Westminstern.

Sweden: Kupambana Kokhala ndi Malo Oloŵera

Sweden amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo losinthidwa la PR ndi 4% ya dzikolo (kapena 12% m'chigwirizano chimodzi). Cholowa chimenechi chimasunga magulu apakati kumanja, pakati, kumanzere, ndi zigawo zazing'ono monga Sweden Democrats ndi Centre Party kuti zikhale pamodzi. Nthaŵi zambiri maboma a Sweden amakhala magulu ochepa kapena maboma amodzi ochirikizidwa ndi magulu ena, ochirikiza kulolera. Dongosolo limatulutsa kuchuluka kwa anthu (pansi pa 95% malinga ndi kufufuza kochuluka) ndi chikhutiro champhamvu. Sweden amagwiritsiranso ntchito chiŵerengero chachikulu cha zigawo za anthu osiyanasiyana, kutsimikizira kuti madera akumidzi ndi mizinda akuimiridwa bwino.

Kuyerekezera PR ndi Njira Zina

Kumvetsa mphamvu za PR ndi kufooka kwake nkosavuta pamene kusiyanitsa ndi masinthidwe a ofufuza monga FPTP ndi voti ina (AV/iidwa m'zigawo chimodzi). Ochirikiza madongosolo apamwamba amanena kuti amatulutsa zotulukapo zomveka, zotsimikizirika [1] maboma amodzi okhala ndi malamulo amphamvu . ndi kuti amapanga kusankha moyenerera. FPP imakondanso kupanga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa woimira mmodzi ndi woimira dziko limodzi. Komabe, pansi pa madongosolo apamwamba kwambiri amapanga “mavoti ang'onoang'onoang'onoang'onoang'onoang'ono" kaamba ka mbali yachitatu. Mosiyana ndi zigamu za opambana.

Unansi wa PR ndi Maphunziro ndi Kuŵerenga

Polingalira za kucholoŵana kwa madongosolo a PR, maphunziro amphamvu a boma ngofunika kuwonjezera mapindu awo. Sukulu ndi mayunivesite ayenera kuphunzitsa opanga makompyuta osiyanasiyana, zifukwa zowalandira, ndi zotsalira za malonda. Pamene nzika zizindikira mmene mavoti awo amasinthira ku mipando, iwo amadalira kwambiri dongosolo ndi kutengamo mbali. M'mayiko amene asinthira ku PR, monga New Zealand ndi Germany, mkupiti wa maphunziro ndi sukulu kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mafotokozedwe a mmene kuvotera kugwirira ntchito. Ophunzitsa angagwiritsire ntchito zipangizo zosekera zonyazira, kulinganiza malo okhala, ndi kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale kuti apange zinthu zodziŵika. [FLD: 0] ElCEACrectoral . [MENE ndi Netwolet .]

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Malangizo a M’tsogolo

Madongosolo ambiri a PR akupitirizabe kusintha. Panthaŵi ino, mayiko amene amagwiritsira ntchito PR akutsatira PR apeza transmion , ndi ochirikiza kutchula malonjezo osakwaniritsidwa (m' lekuatiso, UK’AV's Arevenlum ya 2011) ndi nkhaŵa zopitirizabe za kutha kwa demokrase ndi demokrase. Mayiko amene amagwiritsira ntchito PR akusintha malamulo awo: kusintha masewero, kusintha ukulu wa chigawo, kapena kukonzanso mandandanda owonjezera kulingana kapena kutsimikizira kuimira dziko. Technology ikupitirizabe kuwonjezera kuŵerengera ndi kukwera kwa magetsi ndi kukhoza kuchepetsa kucholoŵa m'po ndi kuchititsa kulimba kwa STEV ndi MMP. Kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kukambirana pakati pa kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa, njira imene singathe kukwaniritsa bwino.

Mapeto ake: Kuona umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Tili ndi Moyo

Kuimira kwa maufumu oimira boma ladziko limodzi kuli ndi maziko amphamvu omanga maufumu ophatikizapo amene amasonyeza malingaliro onse a wovota. Mapindu ake akusonyeza kulinganiza kwa anthu ochepa, kuvomereza kokulira, ndi kulolera mogwirizana ndi (kuchirikiza ndi maphunziro ambiri. Komabe PR ilinso ndi mavuto: kugaŵikana, kusweka, ndi kucholoŵana. Umboni umasonyeza kuti ngozi zimenezi zingayendetsedwe mwa kulinganiza bwino, monga kukhazikitsa chitsekerero cha osankhoma, kusunga ukulu wa chigawo, ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro a voti. Dongosolo ndi mankhwala a , koma PR latsimikizira kukhazikika kwake ndi kulimba kwake kumaiko osiyanasiyana. Kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga, kumvetsetsa PR, kuli kofunika kwambiri kuweruza kwa PR, kuyang'anira bwino lomwe lachikhalidwe lapamwamba m’zaka za zana la 21