Table of Contents

Zosankha za zaumoyo sizili zopepuka. Zimafuna kulinganiza mapindu opikisana onga ngati kulinganiza, kuyendetsa bwino zinthu, ubwino, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha motsutsana ndi kutsenderezedwa kwa bajeti, ntchito, ndi chifuniro cha ndale zadziko. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ophunzira malamulo a anthu, kuzindikira mabizinesi achibadwa nkofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ngakhale kusintha kochitidwa bwino kumayambitsa mkangano ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Kupenda kowonjezerekaku kumafufuza mkhalidwe wa malonda a zaumoyo, zitsanzo zenizeni zapadziko, zopimira pamtengo, njira zopendera, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe amene amatsogolera kupanga chosankha.

Kufotokoza Malonda m’Malamulo a Zamankhwala

Kusintha kwa njira za zaumoyo ndi mkhalidwe umene mosapeŵeka kumaphatikizapo kudzimana mapindu amene akanapezedwa ndi ena. Zosankha zimenezi zimachitika pamlingo uliwonse(kuyambira pa malamulo a dziko ndi kugaŵira ndalama za chipatala. Vuto lalikulu nlakuti ndalama zimatha pamene zosoŵa za thanzi zili zosatha. Okonza malamulo ayenera kupanga zosankha zimene zimatulutsa opambana ndi olephera pakati pa anthu, maindasitale, ndi mibadwo.

Miyezo Yaikulu ya Malonda

  • Njanji ya mtengo: Kuwonjezera ndalama zowonongedwa kapena inshuwalansi, pamene kuli kwakuti njira zochepetsera mtengo kaŵirikaŵiri zimachepetsa kupezeka kwa magulu osavuta kugwidwa.
  • Ubwino v. Kulephera: Kukwera mtengo, chisamaliro chaumwini kaŵirikaŵiri chimafunikira nthaŵi yowonjezereka ndi ndalama, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dongosolo la zinthu.
  • Kusintha vs. Kutha kwa : Kukulitsa mankhwala atsopano ndi zipangizo kungawonjezere mitengo; ziyang'anizo za mtengo zingafooketse R& D zisonkhezero.
  • Zosankha zaumwini v. Unyinji wabwino: Madeti onga ngati ziyeneretso za katemera kapena malamulo a inshuwalansi amachepetsa ufulu wa munthu kaamba ka thanzi la anthu.
  • Kuteteza kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Madeko aatali: chisamaliro choletsa chimapereka ndalama zaka pambuyo pake, koma madesiki a ndale zadziko amayanja zotulukapo zamwamsanga.

Zochititsa Zofunika Zimene Zimasonkhezera Malonda

Makinawa amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo amapangidwa ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zoteteza thanzi la munthu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mabuku Moyenera Ndiponso Movutikira

Madongosolo a zaumoyo padziko lonse akuyang'anizana ndi kukwera kwa mitengo ya anthu okalamba, mitolo ya matenda yosatha, ndi maluso a zamankhwala odula. Malamulo aboma amapanga ndalama . Ngakhale mwa kulipira msonkho kapena inshuwalansi . Bungwe la Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) likunena kuti ndalama zowonongedwa za thanzi la 9% ya GDP m'maiko a ziŵalo, kusiya malo ochepa a zinthu zina zofunika. Okonza mapulogalamu ayenera kusankha kuti aperekere ndalama zingati ku zipatala, chisamaliro chachikulu, thanzi la anthu onse, kapena kufufuza, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kuchepetsa ndalama zochokera ku malo ena.

Zandale ndi Mabungwe

Malo andale amasankha kwambiri kuti ndi zinthu ziti zimene zingachitike. Ku United States, kawirikawiri, mapulogalamu ogaŵanitsa atsekereza zinthu kwambiri monga kukonza zinthu zovomerezeka kwa anthu onse kapena kufalitsa nkhani padziko lonse. M'malamulo monga United Kingdom, kusintha kungachitike mofulumira kwambiri, koma amatsutsidwabe ndi madokotala, magulu odwala, ndi oulutsa nkhani. Mabungwe a boma amafalitsanso ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi mayiko, kuyambitsa mipambo ya mapangano ndi kulolerana.

Zimene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza Ndiponso Mfundo Zabwino

Nzika zimayembekezera za chisamaliro cha zaumoyo . Kaya zimachiwona kukhala choyenera kapena chofunikira . Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi Kaiser Family Foundation kumasonyeza kuti Aamereka amaika chisamaliro cha thanzi patsogolo monga nkhani yaikulu koma sagwirizana ndi mbali ya boma. Lingaliro la anthu lingakakamize opanga malamulo kusungabe maprogramu otchuka koma osapindulitsa kapena kunyalanyaza njira zosungira ndalama zimene zimaonedwa kukhala zogawidwa.

Umboni ndi Kusatsimikizirika

Malamulo a zaumoyo ayenera kukhala ozikidwa pa umboni, koma umboni kaŵirikaŵiri sumakwanira, sumawombana, kapena sumafika msanga. Mwachitsanzo, ziyambukiro za nthaŵi yaitali za lamulo la kutsegulidwa kwa mankhwala atsopano zingatenge zaka zambiri kuti zikhalepo. Opanga malamulo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mosatsimikizira, kupanga malonda pamaziko a chidziŵitso chosakwanira.

Zitsanzo Zapadziko Lonse za Malonda a Zaumoyo

Nkhani zodziŵiratu mmene malonda amagwirira ntchito.

Chitsanzo 1: Kukwaniritsa Zinthu Padziko Lonse ndi Kudikira

Maiko amene amakwaniritsa pafupifupi kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi . monga Canada, UK, ndi maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza nthaŵi yoyembekezera nthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka njira zosankhira monga malonda a kuchuluka kwa . Canadian Institute for Health Information ikusimba kuti oulutsa amayembekezera nthaŵi kaamba ka kubwezeretsa chiuno kwa masabata 20 mpaka 30 kudalira pa chigawo. Ku United States, kumene nthaŵi zambiri sikuli kwanthaŵi zonse koma nthaŵi zoyembekezera za kubwezera, malonda amasinthidwa: kupeza bwino anthu osagulitsidwa pamtengo wa 26 miliyoni (Cens Burealm). Opanga malamulo ayenera kusankha kuti ndi liti limene likulandira kupezeka kwa anthu okhoza.

Chitsanzo 2: Kusintha Madzi Osokoneza Bongo

Zoyesayesa za kuchepetsa mitengo ya mankhwala .Kukambitsirana, kutumiza, kapena kutumiza , zikuyang'ana malonda a kuchepetsa phindu la makampani opanga mankhwala ndi kuchepetsa phindu la makampani ndi mtsogolo R&D. Kufufuza kwa za Health Affairs kwa 2021 kunapeza kuti malamulo a zandalama ku Ulaya sanaletsetse kupangidwa kwa zinthu zatsopano, koma malonda a United States akukhalabe malo ofunika kwambiri. Opanga a zamankhwala ayenera kulinganiza ndalama zimene ali nazo kwa odwala ndi njira zatsopano zochiritsira.

Chitsanzo 3: Kufutukuka kwa Teleheyale ndi Ubwino wa Kusamalira

Mliri wa Covid-19 unaphulika. Costandoff imaphatikizapo kusavuta ndi kupezeka (makamaka kwa odwala akumidzi) ndi nkhaŵa za kulondola, kupitirizabe kusamala, ndi kugaŵikana kwa manambala. Medicare ndi eni inshuwalansi amafewekha amafeŵetsa malamulo operekera kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, koma pamene opanga malamulo akulingalira za kukula kwachikhalire, ayenera kupenda mapindu a maulendo opitira kuupandu wa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusoŵa.

Chitsanzo 4: Thanzi la Anthu Onse Limakumana ndi Maufulu Aumwini

Mliri wa COVID wa19, malamulo a kubisa, maoff, ndi ziyeneretso za katemera zinabutsa mkangano woopsa. Costandoff inamveka bwino: kuletsa kufalitsidwa kwa tizilombo (kutetezera zipatala ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo) komanso kuchititsa mavuto azachuma, matenda a maganizo, ndi kudodometsa ufulu wa munthu. Mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi maboma anajambula malire pambali zosiyanasiyana, kuvumbula kusagwirizana kwakukulu.

Ntchito ya Otenga Malo m’Kusintha Zinthu

Anthu amene amagulitsa mankhwalawo sachita zinthu zosafunika kwenikweni, ndipo aliyense amakhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Akuluakulu a Boma ndi Olamulira

Maboma, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma amapanga malamulo, mapulogalamu a ndalama, ndi malamulo. Iwo ayenera kuyankha ovota ndipo ayenera kupanga zosankha zandale, ngakhale ngati umboni ukusonyeza njira ina. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United States Congress latsutsa mobwerezabwereza dongosolo la opereka ndalama imodzi ngakhale kuti mayiko ena ali ndi umboni wotsika wa kuyendetsa zinthu ndi kufotokoza zinthu padziko lonse.

Azaumoyo Opatsa Thanzi (Madokotala, Madokotala, Anamwino)

Opereka zinthu amakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi zosankha za boma. Akhoza kupempha thandizo la ndalama zowonjezereka, kuchepa kwa maulamuliro, kapena kuwonjezera ndalama zimene zimapatsa odwala ndalama zambiri.

Makampani a Inshuwalansi ndi Zolinganiza Zosamala

Amalonda achinsinsi amakhudza zimene anthu asankha, mmene amapangira mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti, ndi malamulo oyendetsera ntchito yawo. Iwo angatsutse njira zimene zingasokoneze malonda awo. Komanso, ali ndi luso loyang’anira zinthu zimene zingawachititse kuti adziwe malamulo.

Odwala, Mabanja, ndi Magulu Olera

Wodwalayo angaperekenso kufulumira kwa makhalidwe abwino komanso angayanjane ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesayesa kwa mankhwala a ana amasiye otsika kungachititse kugula zinthu zambiri kwa anthu aang’ono, kuchotsa ndalama kuchokera ku njira zaumoyo za anthu.

Makampani Opanga Mankhwala ndi Mankhwala

Makampaniwa amachititsa kuti ndalama zimene amapeza zikhale zatsopano komanso kuti azichita malonda apamwamba.

Kuphunzira, Ofufuza, ndi Kuganiza

Anthu amenewa amayesetsa kuti adziwe ngati anthu akusiyana maganizo pa nkhani zandale, koma sachita zimenezi ngakhale kuti zimene anenazo sizikuchitika bwinobwino.

Mafaelo Ochotsa Malonda

Kuti afufuze mwadongosolo zinthu zogulitsa, opanga malamulo ndi openda zinthu amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kufufuza Zowononga Zinthu (CEA)

CEA amapima zotsatira za thanzi (m’chitsanzo, zaka zongosinthasintha moyo, QALYs) zimene zinapezedwa pa mtengo uliwonse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matupi monga National Institute for Health and CareExlencence (NICE) kusankha njira zothandizira anthu ofufuza za matenda. Otsutsa CEA angachepetse zosoŵa za anthu odwala matenda kapena kupunduka. Kugulitsako kuli pakati pa luso la zopangapanga ndi makhalidwe a anthu.

Kufufuza Mtengo wa Zowonongeka (CBA)

CBA imayesa kukonza ziyambukiro zonse, kuphatikizapo imfa ndi kupweteka, kuti idziŵe phindu la mayanjano. Nkomveka kwambiri koma kumatsutsana ndi malamulo. Madongosolo a zaumoyo oŵerengeka amadalira kwambiri CBA chifukwa chakuti kuika mtengo wa dola pa moyo kuli kotsutsana.

Kufufuza Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana (MCDA)

MCDA imaphatikizapo milinganiso yambiri , kuvomerezedwa, ndi kuyambukiridwa ndi ndale zadziko . Kupyola pa mtengo ndi QALY . Imalola osunga miyeso kupima mosiyana, kupendera molunjika.

Mafakitale a Utilitarian Frames

Mafikishoni a osamalira awonjezera phindu la thanzi, limene lingaletse awo okhala ndi thanzi loposerapo. Malingaliro a patsogolo amaika patsogolo kutha kwa zinthu, kuvomereza phindu locheperapo kaamba ka kulinganiza kwakukulu. Kutsutsana pa lamulo la zaumoyo kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza kaimidwe ka makhalidwe kopikisana kameneka.

Ntchito Zothandiza Zopanga Malonda

Opanga malamulo angagwiritsire ntchito njira zopangira malonda oonetsa zinthu mowonjezereka ndi odziŵa.

Kusankha koonekeratu

Kugwiritsa ntchito makomiti a maphunziro osiyanasiyana kungavumbule makhalidwe opikisana ndi kuwongolera kuyenera. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Health Evince Review Commission la Oregon limaphatikizapo madokotala, ogula, ndi opanga malamulo okhazikitsa Medicaid asanayambe kuikidwa.

Kuyesa ndi Kupenda Kochititsa Chidwi

Maprogramu a mahatchi ndi mapulogalamu oikidwapo alola kupima malamulo a kanthaŵi pang'ono asanakwaniritsidwe mokwanira. Mapangano a inshuwalansi a boma a Affordble Care Act adayambitsidwa zaka zingapo, kutheketsa kusintha malinga ndi zotsatirapo zoyambirira.

Kudziloŵetsa m’Chiŵalo cha Onse ndi Kuipitsa Kodzifunira

Kuloŵa m’maholo a m’tauni, mayeso, ndi mapulogalamu oletsa kutero kungagwirizane ndi makhalidwe abwino a anthu.

Kupanga Zipangizo Zogamulapo

Zida monga mitengo yogamula, kukonzekera, ndi "kuchiritsa kwa magetsi" zimathandiza kugamula zotsatirapo asanachite zimenezi. Izi ndi zothandiza kwambiri makamaka m'malo amene zinthu zina zolakwika n’zokwera mtengo.

Malonda Oyerekezera Umoyo

Kupenda maiko osiyanasiyana kumasonyeza mmene kusagwirizana kumathetsedwera m’zochitika zosiyana za chikhalidwe ndi zandale.

Mphatso ya Mmodzi (Canada, Taiwan)

Tradoff: Kugula zinthu ndi ndalama zochepa za boma, koma nthaŵi yodikira chithandizo cha osankhidwa ndi kuloŵetsedwamo kwa anthu wamba. Odwala angafune chisamaliro kunja kapena kulipira ndalama zochokera ku mathirakiti kuti agwire ntchito mofulumira.

Chitsanzo cha Bismark (Germany, Japan)

Tradoff: Inshuwalansi ya ntchito yochokera kwa wolembedwa ntchito yomwe ili ndi malipo ambiri koma imakhala ndi njira zosavuta zolipirira. Zotayitsa zimayendetsedwa ndi mandandanda a malipiro oyendetsedwa bwino, komabe ndalama zimene anthu ogwira ntchito pa ntchito zotsika zingakwere.

Chitsanzo cha Beveridge (UK, Spain)

Tradoff: Kukhometsa msonkho, kuperekedwa kwapoyera kumatsimikizira kusakondera koma kuyang'anizana ndi ziletso za bajeti ndi kuchepetsa ndalama. Kuyembekezera mpambo wa njira zosawatengera kuli nkhani ya nthaŵi zonse.

Kuchokera ku Foketi Mode (maiko ambiri otsika ofika)

Tradeff: Anthu osauka savutika kupeza ndalama zambiri, koma anthu ongokhalira kugula zinthu savutika.

Mfundo Zofunika pa Nkhani za Malonda: Kusankha Zovuta pa Zaumoyo

Pomalizira pake, malonda amaphatikizapo kulingalira za makhalidwe abwino zimene sizimachitidwa ndi kupenda kwaukatswiri.

Kulinganiza Zinthu ndi Ndalama.

Mu UF, kugawa chakudya kumachitika kwakukulukulu ndi mtengo wa inshuwalansi kapena ndalama zopindulira ndalama za kampani, kusamalidwa; awo amene sangathe, kuchedwa kapena kutaya chithandizo. Ku Canada ndi UK, kugaŵidwa kumachitika mwa kudikira kwa nthaŵi [1] Aliyense angayembekezere, koma amayembekezera kwanthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka mautumiki ena. Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri choyenera? Kodi pali yankho la onse? Chidaliro pa miyezo yachikhalidwe ponena za kulingana ndi kudziimira kwa munthu ndi kudziimira.

Kulinganiza Ukalamba

Malamulo ena amachepetsa kwambiri chithandizo cha anthu okalamba chokwera mtengo (m’chitsanzo, msinkhu wa kuikidwa ziwalo kapena chisamaliro chachikulu). Kusintha kwa zaka za moyo n’komwe kumapulumutsa (odwala achinyamata) ndiponso kulemekeza kufunika kwa moyo wa munthu aliyense. Zosankha zimenezi sizichitika poyera chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa ndi ndale.

Kuika Zinthu Zofunika Patsogolo

Mkati mwa COVID-19, malamulo a zamakhalidwe a atatu anagawira mwachindunji zinthu zosoŵa monga mawindo ofera ndi mabedi. Malamulo ameneŵa anaikidwa patsogolo anayembekezera phindu la moyo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchotsa achikulire ndi awo amene ali ndi coorbibities . Lamulo lamakhalidwe lomasintha miyoyo yambiri. Kusamalira wodwala aliyense mofanana.

Kumaliza

Kumvetsetsa kutsatsa malonda m'kachitidwe ka zaumoyo sikuli kuyendetsa kwa maphunziro; ndiko maziko a kuyendetsa kwabwino, kwa makhalidwe. Njira iriyonse imatsekereza zothekera zina ndi kukakamiza kutayikiridwa kwa magulu ena pamene akupindulitsa ena. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kudziŵa chinenero ndi nzeru za kuyendetsa zinthu kumathandiza kusanthula kowonjezereka ndi kusiyanitsa kwaumunthu. Pamene njira za zaumoyo zikuyang'anizana ndi kusintha kwa anthu, kupambana kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi zitsenderezo, kukhoza kuzindikira, ndi kukambirana za malonda zidzakhalabe zofunika. Chonulirapo sichingachotse malonda . Chonulirapo sichikulephera kusiyanitsa zinthuzo. Koma kupangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka bwino kuti anenetsane moona mtima ndi motsimikiza.