Raje Sabra, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Msonkhano wa ku United States, ndi imodzi ya nyumba ziŵiri za Nyumba ya Malamulo ya India ndipo maziko a nyumba ya malamulo ya dzikolo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lok Sabhaha amaimira anthu mwachindunji, Rajiya Sabhaha amatumikira monga chogwirira ntchito kaamba ka maboma ndi magawo a kugawa zigamulo za dziko. Ntchito yake yopenda malamulo, kuteteza zikondwerero za boma, ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro imapangitsa kuti likhale bungwe lokhala ndi maziko alamulo, kukonza, kupanga maufumu, ntchito, ndi kufunika kwa nthaŵi imodzi kwa Rajiya Sabbaha, kuthandizira kuzindikira bwino ntchito yake ya malamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale ndi Malamulo

Chiyambi cha Raje Sabba chingapezeke ku boma la India Act 1935, limene linapanga chipinda chachiŵiri pakati. Msonkhano wa Constituent unatsutsana kwambiri za kufunika kwa nyumba yapamwamba. Mamembala ena anatsutsa kuti chipinda chachiŵiri chikagwira ntchito monga chodulirapo pa malamulo a mwamsanga, pamene ena anaopa kuti chidzakhala chosungira anthu apamwamba. Potsirizira pake, msonkhanowo unasankha kumanga chipinda chachiŵiri cha boma chimene chikaimira mabomawo ndi kuteteza zofuna zawo mkati mwa Union. Nkhani 80 mpaka 88 za Lamulo la India zidzakhala zolemba, mphamvu, ndi njira za Rabya Sabba. Chigawo choyamba cha Rajiya Sabba chinachitidwa pa 13 May 1952, kupanga chigawo cha nyumba zapamwamba m’Chikomyunizimu cha Chikomyunizimu.

Malamulo akusonyeza kulinganiza kwabwino. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabha, amene amawonongeka zaka zisanu zilizonse, Rajeya Sabha ndi thupi lachikhalire. Kupitirizabe kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo akutsatidwa ndi ziŵalo zokhala ndi mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kutseguka kwa lamulo. Ziŵalo zimatumikira mogwedezeka, ndi kupuma kwa chitatu chimodzi pa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse.

Kusankha Ziŵalo

Raje Sabba ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya mamembala 250, amene 238 ali oimira maboma ndi magawo a mgwirizano, ndipo 12 amasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti wa India. Mphamvu yeniyeni iri pakali pano 245 ziŵalo, monga kuchotsapo. Oimira a maiko amasankhidwa mwapadera ndi mamembala osankhidwa a misonkhano ya boma ya boma yosankha pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yotumizira anthu apadera yoimira. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti magulu ochepa ndi maboma aang'ono amaimira bwino. Komiti ya Union monga Delphi, Puuchry, ndipo palibe ena amatumiza mamembala awo osankhidwa ndi misonkhano yawo ya boma kapena makoleji apadera.

Ziŵalo Zokhala ndi Mkono

Pulezidenti amasankha mamembala 12 amene ali ndi chidziŵitso chapadera kapena odziŵa zinthu monga mabukhu, sayansi, luso, ntchito za mayanjano, ndi chikhalidwe. Makonzedwe ameneŵa, olembedwa m'Chigawo 80 cha Malamulo, ali ndi cholinga chobweretsa anthu otchuka m'dongosolo la malamulo popanda kuwachititsa kukhala ovuta pa ndale zandale. M'zaka zambiri, anthu otchuka monga akatswiri a mafilimu, akatswiri a zachuma, asayansi, ndi akatswiri a zojambula agwira ntchito mu Rajiya Sabba. Komabe, otsutsa kuti mapangano asinthasinthasinthasintha kwa kamodzi, amachepetsa phindu lofuna kusankhidwa.

Kuyeneretsedwa ndi Kuipitsidwa

Wosankhidwa wa Raje Sabha ayenera kukhala nzika ya India, pafupifupi zaka 30, ndipo ali ndi ziyeneretso zina zonga zimene zingaperekedwe ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kuletsedwa kumaphatikizapo kukhala ndi udindo wa phindu pansi pa boma, kukhala ndi maganizo osalimba, kapena kukhala wosasinthika. Kuimira kwa People Act, 1951, kumakhazikitsa malamulo atsatanetsatane a kachitidwe ka masankho.

Aumperia ndi Ntchito za Raje Sabra

Raje Sabra amapanga malamulo, ndalama, mabwana, makampani, ndi mayeso.

Malamulo Achibadwa

Kuti lamulo lachibadwa likhale loti likhale loyang’anira, liyenera kuperekedwa ndi nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Palamente mofanana. Lamulolo lingatulukire m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri, kusiyapo ndalama ndi ndalama. Pambuyo potsegula, lamulolo limayamba kuŵerengedwa, lachiŵiri kuwerenga (kuyang'ana ndi kuyang'ana), komiti (ngati itatchulidwa), ndi lachitatu. Nyumba inayo imaganizira za lamulolo. Ngati Rapya Sabba Sabba akakana kapena kukonza chikalata choperekedwa ndi Lok Sabba, locklock , kutuluka. Pansi pa Mfundo 108, Pulezidenti angaitane kukhala ndi nyumba zonse ziŵirizo kukhazikitsa chigamu. Popeza kuti chigawo cha Sabba chimakhala pafupi ndi kaŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri chiŵalo chimakhala chachimodzi. Komabe, Sanha a Sanha achedwa kuchedwa kukhazikitsa lamulo ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lolamulira lamulo la boma.

Malipiro a Ndalama ndi Malamulo a Ndalama

Malamulo amapatsa Lok Sabba . Mfundo 109 imanena kuti Bill Wal Bill (amene afotokozedwa pansi pa Mfundo 110) angayambitsidwe ku Lok Sabba. Pambuyo pa Lok Sabhaha apereke ndalama, imatumizidwa ku Rajiya Sabba. Rajiya Sabba ayenera kubweza ndalamazo pamasiku 14 okha, ndi kuvomereza kapena popanda zikalata. Lok Sabha angalandire kapena kukana onse kapena kukana chilolezo chilichonse. Ngati Rajiya Sabbaha alephera kubweza chikalatacho m'nyengo yotchulidwa, chikalatacho chimaonedwa kuti chapatsiridwa ndi nyumba zonse ziŵiri.

Kusiyana kumeneku kwayambitsa mkangano waukulu. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma asankha ndalama monga Mapepala a Ndalama kuti apose Raje Sabba, makamaka Act ya Aadhaar, 2016, ndi Malamulo a Ndalama, 2017. Malamulo amenewa anatsutsidwa m’khoti Lapamwamba, ndipo anadzutsa mafunso okhudza mmene ndalama zimayendera. Malamulo a khotili ayesa kuchepetsa tanthauzo la nkhaniyi, koma vutolo likukhalabe.

Kusintha Malamulo

Nyumba zonse ziŵiri zili ndi mphamvu zofanana m'kuchotsa Malamulo, kusiyapo za makonzedwe ofuna kukonzedwa ndi malumbiro a boma. Chikalata cha lamulo chokonza pansi pa Mfundo 368 chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi unyinji wa mamembala onse a nyumba iriyonse ndi ndi unyinji wa mamembala osachepera pa zitatu ziŵiri zomwe ziripo ndi kusanthula. Ngati Rajya Sabba akaniza kukonzanso, sichingaperekedwe ngakhale ngati Lok Sabba aperekanso.

Kulamulira Bungwe Lolamulira

Raje Sabra amayang'anira Bungwe la Atumiki mwa mafunso, mwa njira, ndi zigamulo. Atumiki, kuphatikizapo a Rajeya Sabba, amayankha mafunso pa Hour ya Funso. Nyumbayi ingathenso kukambirana malamulo a boma mwa kutchula njira zotsatizana, makambitsirano achidule, ndi kutsata mwachidule (opanda mphamvu yotsutsa). Komabe, Rajeya Sabba sakhoza kupitirira njira yosavomereza boma chifukwa chakuti Bungwe la Atumiki lili ndi mlandu wa Lok Sabba (Atarle 75). Komabe, ikhoza kudutsa mchitidwe waudindo aliyense payekha kapena chigamulo chotsutsa lamulo. Zigamu za nyumba zovomerezedwa ndi Pulezidentiyo pamenenso sakuchita msonkhanowo.

Mphamvu Zapadera pansi pa Nkhani 249

Raje Sabba ali ndi mphamvu yapadera imene Lok Sabha alibe. Pansi pa Mfundo 249, Rajeya Sabhaha angapereke chigamulo ndi anthu aŵiri atatu olemba malamulo a Palamente kukhazikitsa nkhani mu Chikalata cha Boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chimapatsa mphamvu pa Palamente kupanga malamulo pa nkhani imeneyi kwa chaka chimodzi, yovomerezeka. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola boma lalikulu kuloŵerera m’boma pamene chikondwerero cha dzikolo chikufuna, koma ndi chivomerezo cha nyumba yapamwamba yoimira mayiko. Momwemonso, pansi pa Ar Artic 312, Sabyaha ikhoza kuvomereza ndi chigamu cha ziwiya chimodzi kapena zambiri za ku India ndi mayiko ena. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Aunictiosertion, Aunice Service, ndi Auce Indice.

Kuimira Maboma ndi Kulinganiza

Monga Bungwe la ku United States, Raje Sabra amatsimikizira kuti maboma aang'ono ali ndi mawu ake pankhani za dziko. Mosiyana ndi Lok Sabba, kumene kuimira kumachokera kwa anthu, Rajiya Sabhaha imapatsa boma lililonse kulemera koyerekezeredwa pa anthu ake koma mkati mwa dongosolo limene limaletsa maboma aakulu kulamulira. Mwachitsanzo, Uttar Pradesh amatumiza mamembala 31, pamene maiko aang'ono onga Sikkim akutumiza mmodzi yekha. Kusiyana kumeneku n’kwadala: kumalola maboma a anthu osatchuka kwambiri kutseka kapena kuwasonkhezera kuti awononge.

Raje Sabra vs Lok Sabha: Kusiyana Kofunika

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa nyumba ziŵirizo kumamveketsa bwino ntchito yapadera ya Raje Sabba.

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rajiya Sabba.
  • . Raje Sabba Sabra ziwalo za boma amasankhidwa ndi misonkhano ya boma ya malamulo mwa kuimira ndandanda.
  • Katchulidwe: [[FLT] Mawu a Lok Sabba ndi zaka zisanu, pokhapo ngati kadamsana kadamsana. Raja Sabha amatumikira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo mmodzi wachitatu amapuma pa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse.
  • . . . . . . . . . Lok Sabha angafunikire zaka zosachepera 25; Rajiya Sabha amafunikira 30.
  • [[MLT:0] Malipi a Ndalama: Lok Sabha ndi kutchula ndalama ndi mawu omalizira pa Malipilo a Ndalama; Rajiya Sabha angangovomereza kusintha m'masiku 14.
  • Kuyenda kosadalirana: Lok Sabha yokha ndi imene ingapose chombo chosadalirana kuti achotse boma; Rajiya Sabha satha.
  • Mphamvu zapadera: Rajiya Sabba angapereke zigamulo pansi pa Mfundo 249 ndi 312 kutsegulira pa nkhani za boma kapena kupanga Mautumiki Onse a India, zimene Lok Sabha sangachite pa yekha.
  • Kuimira: Lok Sabha imaimira anthu; Rajiya Sabha akuimira maboma.

Mbali Yowopsa m’Mafuko

India ndi boma la quasi-federal lokhala ndi tsankho lalikulu. Rajiya Sabba wakonzedwa kuti aike boma m'nyumba ya malamulo ya dziko. Mwa kupereka malamulo apadera, amatsimikizira kuti zikondwerero za chigawo sizikutsekerezedwa ndi boma la Union. Mwachitsanzo, mafaindi amene amayambukira malire a boma, msonkho, kapena kugawidwa kwa chuma kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi kupendedwa kwakukulu mu Rajiya Sabba. Chofunika chakuti malamulo a malamulo ena a m'dziko asinthe (ofanana ndi amene amayambukira dongosolo la boma, kuimira, ndi makonzedwe a chiweruzo) ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi theka la malamulo a boma kuwonjezera lamulo. Chivomerezo cha Raja Sabba sichifunidwa kaamba ka kupangidwa kwa maaike, koma chiyambukiro chake.

Kuwonjezerapo, lamulo la kulingana kwa maboma m'nyumba yapamwamba likuwoneka m'makonzedwe akuti boma lililonse lisankhire chiŵerengero choikika cha ziŵalo, ngakhale kuti silikulingana ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya United States. Kulolerana mu Msonkhano wa Constituent kunatulukapo njira imene inapatsa maboma aakulupo kuposa aang'ono koma osalingana ndi kusiyana kwa anthu. Dongosololi limafuna kulinganiza chiŵerengero cha maiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri ndi kufunika kwa kutetezera aang'ono.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Nkhani Zotsutsana pa Kusintha Zaposachedwapa

Raje Sabra watsutsidwa pa zifukwa zingapo. Chisankho chake chosadziŵika chadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kusoŵa mlandu wa demokrase. Ziŵalo zimasankhidwa ndi opanga malamulo a boma, osati mwachindunji ndi nzika, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri pa zipani. Zimenezi zachititsa zinenezo za kutengeredwa kwa mahatchi ndi machitachita osayenera. Kuyambitsidwa kwa masankho a ‘ Voliti ya Rapya Sabba mu 2003 ndipo pambuyo pake njira zoletsa kuwoloka mtanda zinali zoyesa kuthetsa chiphuphu, koma milandu ya ndalama zoyendera pa chivote imapitirizabe.

Mkangano wina waukulu ukukhudza kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama (Justice Bill Sabba. Union of India). Kusankha kwa boma kwa Aadhaar Bill ndi ndalama zina monga Money Bills kunaletsa Rajiya Sabba kusanthula mokwanira. M'nkhani ya Aadhaar (Justice K.S. Putswamy v. Union ya India), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza njira ya Ndalama Bill ya Aadhaar, koma chigamulocho chinatsutsidwa kwambiri. Zoweruza zasonyeza kuti Speaker’s country of Money Bill iyenera kupenda, ndipo kukhoza kwa boma kugwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi kwapansi kwaikidwa.

Othirira ndemanga ena andale apempha kusintha Rajiya Sabba kuti aipereke kwa oimira ndi oŵerengera. Malamulo amaphatikizapo kusanthula mwachindunji ziŵalo, kukhazikitsa nthaŵi yoikika, ndi kupatsa nyumba mphamvu ya kuvota pa kusavomereza. Ena akutsutsa kuti kuletsa Rajiya Sabba kufooketsa ulamuliro ndi kuchotsa cheke chamtengo wapatali pa zisonkhezero zazikulu. Kutsutsanako kukupitiriza, popanda kugwirizana.

Kumaliza

Raje Sabba amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo la malamulo a India. Ilo limatsimikizira kusanthula kosamalitsa malamulo, kuimira zikondwerero za maboma, ndi kusunga kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro mkati mwa Nyumba Yachifumu. Mphamvu zake pa kukonzedwa kwa malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi kulengedwa kwa All India Services kumapanga bungwe lapadera m'malamulo a Indiya. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusuliza malamulo oyenera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ndalama ndi malamulo ndi kukhoza kwa Raja Sabba kufotokozanso za malamulo ndi nkhani za chigawo kudakali kofunika kaamba ka democracy yosiyanasiyana yonga Indiya. Kumvetsa ntchito kwake kumathandiza kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa democrase ndi makonzedwe aluso akuti malamulo otchuka ndi otetezera a boma a dzikolo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, funsani kwa akuluakulu a boma Sabra Sabha Salta , Constitution ya India , ndi kufufuza ndi [[FLT :] PRS Legiscitive Research [ pa pa palamenti.