Dispute Resolution (ADR) yosiyana ndi malo apamwamba osungira nkhondo zamakono. M'nyengo imene makhoti a ADR amavutika ndi kukwera, ADR amapereka mamembala oyenerera kwambiri , ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaposapo kugamulapo. Kaya m'mapangano amalonda, makangano a banja, nkhani zantchito, kapena malonda apadziko lonse, mfundo za ADR zikusintha mmene timaonera chilungamo ndi chipambano. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kozama kwa ADR, kuyang'ana maluso ake osiyanasiyana, mavuto ake ogwirizana, ndi ntchito yothandiza. Mwa kumvetsa bwino malo a malamulo ogwirizana, anthu onse aŵiri ndi mabungwe angapange zosankha zopindulitsa kuti athe kuteteza, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kupanga zotsatirapo zotsatirapo.

Kumvetsetsa Kutsutsana Kotsatira: Ntchito Yosakaniza

Dispute Resolution yachiŵiri imatchula njira iliyonse yothetsera mkangano kunja kwa bwalo lamilandu. Mawuwo amaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya ntchito . "ADR ikhoza kupezedwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuchokera ku kutembenuza kwa anthu, ndi kutsatsatsa. Chomwe chimagwirizanitsa izo ndi cholinga chimodzi: kuthandiza anthu kukwaniritsa chigamulo popanda kuchedwa, ndalama, ndi kuwonongetsa mtima kwa kukambirana. Mizu ya ADR ingathe kupezedwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuchokera ku ku kutsata chikhalidwe cha anthu mpaka kutsata malonda m'masitolo a m'zaka zapakati. Ku United States, gulu lamakono la ADR linapeza chitukuko cha bungwe la Federa Arbitation Act mu 1925 ndi Chikalata cha React of 1990, chimene chinalimbikitsa makhoti a bungwe la United Nations AD, lerolino, malamulo a kampani a kampani a kampani a kampani a za kampani a kampani ya kampani ya kampani ya AD, ndi malamulo a kampani.

Kukongola kwa Njira za ADR

ADR si njira imodzi koma njira yopitirizira. Pambali ina pali kukambitsirana kosalakwika, kumene maphwando amalankhulirana mwachindunji popanda mbali yachitatu. Kumbali ina kuli kugwirizanitsa, kumene kumafanana kwambiri ndi kuyesa kwaumwini. Pakati pa mitengo imeneyi pali kuulutsa, kugwirizanitsa, kupenda koyamba, ndi zithunzi zopangidwa mosiyanasiyana monga ngati meseji. Kumvetsa magawo ameneŵa kumatheketsa anthu kusankha njira yogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna.

  • Kukambitsirana: [[FT:1] Mtundu waukulu wa kutsutsana, kukambitsirana kumaphatikizapo mwachindunji, kosagwirizana pakati pa mapwando. Kungakhale kwamwaŵi, monga m’kukambitsirana, monga m'nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokambirana ndi uphungu umene ulipo. Kupambana kumadalira pa kulankhulana kogwira mtima, chifundo, ndi kufunitsitsa kupenda zosankha zopindulitsa.
  • Kugwirizana: Muuniversation , mbali yachitatu yosaloŵerera , "mkhalapakati" ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi kuthandizira zipani kudziŵa zinthu zotsatirika, kupanga zosankha, ndi kupanga chigwirizano. Mkhalapakati samakhazikitsa chothetsera koma amapatsa mphamvu kuti apeze chimodzi. Mediation ndi chinsinsi ndi modzifunira; ngati palibe kugwirizana kumene kwafikiridwa, magulu amasunga ufulu wonse wa kulondola njira zina. Ilo nlonjezo makamaka limapindulitsa m'mikangano kumene imasunga maunansi, monga banja, ntchito, kapena mikangano.
  • Arbitation: Arbitation ndi njira yamwambo ya ADR imene oweruza akumva umboni ndi mfundo kuchokera kumbali zonse ziŵiri ndi kutulutsa chigamulo chokakamiza, chodziŵika monga mphoto. Ngakhale kuti siikuchitika kwenikweni kuposa kuzenga mlandu, kugwirizanitsako kumaphatikizabe malamulo a umboni, kutulukira, ndi ndandanda za pulogalamu. Nthaŵi zambiri amasankha kugwirizanitsa kumaliza kwake, luso la arbitrorator, ndi kusungidwa pansi pa bungwe la Frial Arbitation Act ndi New York Convention.
  • Kugwirizana: kufanana ndi kugwirizanitsa, kugwirizana kumaphatikizapo wosaloŵerera amene amathandiza zigaŵenga kuthetsa mkangano wawo. Komabe, wogwirizanitsayo angachite mbali yokangalika, yochititsa chidwi, yothandiza kugamulapo kapena kupenda ubwino wa malo a mbali iliyonse. Kugwirizanitsa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m'mikangano ya antchito ndi m'nkhani zamalonda zapadziko lonse.
  • M'njira imeneyi, katswiri wosaloŵerera amafufuza zinthu zimene munthu aliyense ali nazo bwino ndi zofooka zake. Kupendaku kungathandize anthu kupendanso malo awo ndi kulimbikitsa mtendere. ENE imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofotokoza nkhani za sayansi kapena zamalamulo.
  • Made-Arb : [1] Njira ya nyukiliya kumene zigaŵenga ziyesera choyamba; ngati zimenezo zalephera, nkhani zofanana kapena zosaloŵerera. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kungapereke zonse ziŵiri kusinthika ndi kutha kwa kusokonezeka, koma kumayambitsa nkhaŵa ponena za kukhoza kwa nkhoswe kukhalabe wosakondera ngati pambuyo pake atumikira monga woyang’anira.

Phindu Lochuluka la ADR

Chilengezo cha ADR chimadalira pa mapindu angapo olembedwa bwino kuposa pa kulembedwa kwa milandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mlandu uliwonse uli wapadera, kufufuza kosasintha kumasonyeza kuti ADR ingapereke zotulukapo zothamanga, zotsika mtengo, ndi zokhutiritsa. Kufufuza kwa American Arbitration Association kunapeza kuti milandu yokhudza malonda inathetsedwa, pa avareji, m'miyezi ya 12-14 poyerekezera ndi miyezi 24-30 ya milandu yofanana. Mediam imanyadira kukhudzika kwakukulu, ndi American Bar Association ikusimba kuti otengamo mbali 85% a opereka chisankho akusonyeza chikhutiro ndi zonse ziŵiri ndi chotulukapo.

Kuwononga Ndalama ndi Kukhutiritsa

Kugwiritsa ntchito malipigo kuli kodula. Kufufuza kokha kungawononge maola zikwi ndi mamiliyoni a madola. Njira za ADR zapangidwa kuti zikhale zopanda maziko. Mwachitsanzo, m'manyuzipepala, muli zinthu zochepa zomwe zapezedwa . Ngati njira iliyonse imatenga masiku osati miyezi. Kusinthako kumatenga masiku ambiri. Kusinthako kukhoza kuchititsa kusiyana pakati pa kukambirana ndi kukana mawu omveka bwino.

Kusunga Malo Achinsinsi ndi Kuwasunga

Mabungwe ndizo zolembedwa za anthu. Makampani, mlandu ungavumbule zinsinsi za malonda, chidziŵitso cha zachuma, ndi mikangano yapamkati kwa opikisana ndi ofalitsa nkhani. ADR, mosiyana ndi, ndi kubisa zinthu ndi mapangano ambiri amaphatikizapo makonzedwe achinsinsi amene amatetezera njira zonse (antimony, umboni, ndi mphotho yomalizira ya anthu. Kubisa chinsinsi kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri m'maindasitale monga zaumoyo, tekinoloji, ndi zachuma, kumene mbiri ndi chidziŵitso cha m'mafakitale zili zazikulu.

Gulu Limadziloŵetsamo ndi Zotulukapo Zosinthasintha

M’khoti, njira yokha yothetsera vuto la ndalama ndiyo kuwonongeka kwa lamulo kapena lamulo. ADR imatsegula khomo la kulenga, zothetsera zachiwongola dzanja. Kusintha kumeneku kungagwirizane ndi mawu osakhala achinsinsi monga kupepesa, kugwirizana kwa m'tsogolo, kapena kulipira kwa m'tsogolo. Pobweza malamulo, malo, ngakhale malamulo apamwamba. Kusintha kumeneku kungatheketse zinthu zimene zimayenderana kwambiri ndi zofunika zenizeni za mapwandowo kuposa zimene khoti lingalamulire.

Kusunga Maunansi

Kulankhulana ndi kugwirizanitsa mwachibadwa. Kukhoza kutentha maulalo pakati pa anthu a bizinesi, a m’banja, kapena antchito anzawo. ADR, makamaka kugwirizanitsa zinthu, kugogomezera kugwirizana ndi kumvetsetsana. Maluso a kulankhulana amene amaphunzitsidwa m'manyuzipepala kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenuza kukhala kugwirizana kwabwino m'tsogolo. Mapangano ambiri a malonda amaphatikizapo mfundo zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu azichita nawo malondawo agwirizane ndi anthu omwe akupitirizabe.

Mbali Zofunika za Osaloŵerera m’Zandale: Akhalapakati ndi Otsogolera

Kupambana kwa njira iliyonse ya ADR kumadalira kwambiri pa luso ndi umphumphu wa munthu wosaloŵerera m’zandale. Pamene oweruza amaikidwa kapena kusankhidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ndi malamulo achiweruzo, oimira ndi oweruza amachokera ku maluso osiyanasiyana. (alamulo, uinjiniya, zachuma, maphunziro a zamaganizo) ndi kutsata miyezo yawoyawo.

Luso la Nkhoswe

Mkhalapakati saali wopanga zosankha koma chosonkhezera. Otsogolera ogwira ntchito mogwira mtima ali ndi maluso aakulu a kumvetsera, nzeru zamaganizo, ndi kukhoza kukonzanso mikangano kukhala mipata yogwirizana. Iwo amakhalabe opanda tsankho m'zochitikazo, osatenga mbali kapena kupereka uphungu walamulo. Mmalomwake, amathandiza mamembalawo kutulutsa malingaliro, kulongosola zinthu, ndi kugamula maganizo. Ntchito ya nkhoswe imaphatikizaponso kuyendetsa mphamvu za mphamvu [1] kuyerekezera kuti gulu lachiwawa kapena lolankhula sililamulira kukambitsiranako. Maphunziro a Mediation, monga aja ophunzitsidwa ndi gulu la Conf Resolution, kuyang'ana mpikisano, nthaŵi zambiri, amafuna maola 40 a malangizo a m'kalasi limodzi ndi oyang'anira.

Ulamuliro wa Woyang’anira

Oweruza amagwira ntchito monga oweruza achinsinsi. Ayenera kukhala ndi lamulo lakuya la malamulo a m’dziko la chigawo cha ku America, malamulo a ku madera osiyanasiyana, ndi umboni. Mosiyana ndi aumboni, otsogolera amapanga zosankha zogwirizana zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’khoti. Chifukwa chake, ayenera kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso zolimba. Malo ambiri otetezera, monga aja operekedwa ndi JamS kapena American Arbitration Association, amafuna kuti akhale ndi otsogolera pazaka 10 za kuzoloŵera kwalamulo kapena maindasitale, maphunziro apadera m'malamulo, ndi kumamatira ku malamulo a Arabitator. Woyang'anira ayenera kulingaliridwa ndi kuzikidwa pa umboni; iwo ndiwo nkhani yongofunikira kupendedwa kwa kuweruza, kapena kuchenjera, chifukwa cha kulakwa, kapena kuchenjera kwa ulamuliro.

Kutsatira ADR: Kulingalira Kwabwino

Kuloŵetsa ADR m'kulinganiza njira yopangira chigamulo kumafuna kulinganiza mosamalitsa, osati kungolinganiza mawu otsegulira m'pangano. Mabungwe aŵiri ndi anthu ayenera kulinganiza kukwaniritsidwa ndi chitsutso chimodzimodzicho chimene amagwiritsira ntchito pokonzekera.

Kusintha A Claus Ogwira Mtima

Njira yovuta kwambiri ndiyo kulemba mawu omveka bwino, ovomerezeka ADR m'pangano lililonse. Mawu oikidwa bwino ayenera kutchula mtundu wa ADR (m’chitsanzo, kulengeza kotsatiridwa ndi arbitation), malamulo (monga ngati AA Commercial Regated kapena JaMS Comprehensived Arbitrationgation Regard ), malo, chiŵerengero cha anthu osaloŵerera, ndi njira yowasankha. Ayeneranso kutchula nkhani zazikulu monga kugawira, kugawira ndalama, ndi mapulogalamu a nthaŵi yomaliza ntchitoyo. Mapanganowa “adzayesa kuthetsa mikangano yopanda mtendere ", ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri adzachotsapo.

Kusankha Wopereka Zinthu Zofunika

Mabungwe ambiri amathetsa mikangano mwa bungwe la ADR limene limayang'anira ntchitoyi, kusunga mpambo wa oyenerera kuloŵerera m'zochitikazo, ndi kupereka malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Ku United States, opereka ndalama zotsogolera amaphatikizapo American Arbitamition Association (AAA), JAMS , ndi CPR Institute. International, International Chamber of Commercial (ICC) ndi London Court of International Arbitation (LCIA). Posankha wopereka katundu, lingalira zinthu monga ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za boma, kukwaniritsa malo, ukatswiri wopezeka wa indasitale, ndi mbiri ya wopereka chithandizo m'ka wa bungwelo.

Kukonzekera Ntchitoyi

Kukonzekera nkofunika. Mabungwe, ayenera kukonza ulamuliro wachidule, wachinsinsi, ndi mpambo wa zikondwerero ndi zotsatirapo zoyambirira. Kutumiza kudziko, kukonzekera kumafanana ndi kumene kulipo kaamba ka kuzengedwa kwa mlandu . Malamulo a mboni, mapepala, ndi malembo alamulo, koma m'ndandanda wopanikiza. Mabungwe ayeneranso kuvomereza oimira awo ndi magawo otsimikizirika kapena ulamuliro wopanga zosankha. Njira zambiri za ADR zimalephera chifukwa chakuti ma negotiers sunga ulamuliro wa kukhazikika, kutsogolera ku kuchedwa kapena kugwa.

Mavuto ndi Zolephera za ADR

Kuzindikira malire ake nkofunika kwambiri kuti apange zosankha zodziŵitsidwa bwino ndi kutsimikizira zotulukapo zake kukhala zabwino, zosungika, ndi zokhalitsa.

Mphamvu Zosayenera ndi Zodetsa Nkhaŵa

Njira za ADR zimadalira pa pangano laufulu ndi kutengamo mbali kwa chikhulupiriro chabwino. Pamene munthu ali ndi chuma chochuluka, chidziŵitso, kapena kulinganiza mphamvu . Monga ngati pa mkangano wa wolembedwa ntchito . Gulu lofooka lingamve kukhala lokakamizidwa kulandira zotulukapo zoipa. Akhala maso polankhula ndi kusakhazikika kumeneku, ndipo oweruza ali ndi ntchito yotsimikizira kuti ntchito yofunika. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo otetezera ogula ndi antchito ku malamulo oletsa kulowa m'makhoti. Cornell Legal Information Institute [1]

Kupeza Zinthu Zochepa Komanso Kukula Kwake

M'zochitika zonse ziŵiri za nyuzi ndi kusanthula, kutulukira kuli ndi malire ambiri kuposa m'mabwalo a milandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zimasunga nthaŵi ndi ndalama, zingaletsenso anthu kupenda mfundozo bwinobwino. M'nkhani zovuta zimene zimakhudza chinyengo, zolakwika za zinthu, kapena mikangano yokhazikitsa, kusapezeka kwa zinthu zambiri kungatsogolere ku mbiri yosakwanira ndi zotsatirapo zopanda chilungamo. Madanga ayenera kupenda malonda: chosankha cha mwamsanga chingakhale chosapindulitsa kwenikweni, chotsimikizirika bwino.

Kukakamiza ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Malo operekera mphotho za kukhazikitsa ndi kusungidwa pansi pa lamulo la boma . . . Federal Arbitration Act imapereka maziko ochepera kaamba ka mphotho, monga ngati ziphuphu, tsankho lowonekera, kapena mphamvu zamphamvu. Komabe, mapangano a nyuzi ali mapangano; ngati chipani chinacho chiswa malowo, chipani chinacho chiyenera kuizengedwa kuti chichirikize. Mpata umenewu ungaluluze kutha kwa anthu ambiri kumene akufunafuna. Kuwonjezerapo, “muyezo wochepa wa kupenda” kaamba ka kugamulako mphotho ya kutanthauza kuti ngakhale mphotho yozikidwa pa kulakwa koonekera bwino kwa lamulo iima, kusiyapo m'mikhalidwe wachilendo kumene maguluwo angavomerezane kupenda.

Sizingalungamitse Mikangano Yonse

Mikangano ina imafunikira kutchuka ndi kupangidwa kwa zinthu. Nkhani zophatikizapo mafunso alamulo, malamulo a boma, kapena kuipa kwa dongosolo la zinthu (m’chitsanzo, kunyenga kwa anthu, kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu) zingaikidwe pa kulakwa kwa ADR yaumwini . Mofananamo, mikangano imene chipani chimodzi chikufuna kulemekezedwa kwa anthu onse kapena lamulo la chiyambukiro chachikulu ingafunikire ulamuliro wa khoti. Potsirizira pake, pamene kuli kofunika kuchepetsa mwamsanga malamulo oletsa lamulo la mwamsanga.

Tsogolo la ADR: Zaluso, Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Zinthu

Pamene ADR akukula, ikupitiriza kusintha. Kukula kwa chigamulo cha pa Intaneti chotsutsana (ODR) kwawonjezera ADR kufika ku mikangano ya aumeric, zonena zazing'ono, ngakhalenso mikangano ya mabanja kumene kuletsa mtunda kapena mliri wa maderesi oletsedwa m'misonkhano ya ADR. Mapulaneti onga Modria ndi Maighorn amapereka zipangizo zolankhulirana ndi vidiyo zolankhulira. Mitundu yonse yadziko imayambitsanso: mabizinesi onga Singapore International Arbitation Center ndi Dubai International Arbitration Centre, kuyang'anirana kumene kumakhalako, kuyang'anizana ndi malire ndi miyambo yalamulo. Panthaŵiyi, njira za pulogalamu imapitiriza kutuluka ngati “bbbb ndi“ wodenting'" yomazungulira dziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe kugwirira ntchito kwa kuyendetsa bwino lamulo ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri kwa pulogalamu ya ADR, idzakhalabedition.

Pomaliza, Dispute Resolution ya Alternative si njira yachiŵiri yabwino kwambiri yopezera chinsinsi; ndi njira yapamwamba, yotsimikiziridwa imene ingapereke chilungamo mogwira mtima ndi mwachifundo kuposa khoti. Mwakumvetsa bwino lomwe njira zake, mapindu, ndi ziletso, maagulu angapange maluso opangira zosankha oyenerera, osadziŵa, ndi ogwirizana ndi zosoŵa zawo. Kaya mukupanga pangano, kuyang'anizana ndi mkangano, kapena kungofufuza, ADR iyenera kulingaliridwa mwamphamvu monga njira yoyamba yopezera chithandizo.