Mfundo yoyang’anira milandu ndi maziko a malamulo a ku America. Imapatsa oweruza mphamvu yoona ngati malamulo a boma ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuletsa anthu amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti asunge malamulo, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi kusiyanitsa ndi boma motsutsana ndi olakwa. Popanda kupenda zachiweruzo, Konsichushoni ingakhale pepala longoyerekezera, zitsimikizo zake zogwirizana ndi mfundo zazikulu zandale. M’malo mwake, judiary imagwira ntchito monga womasulira malamulo a dzikolo, kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lililonse ndi malamulo alamulo agwirizana ndi malamulo oikidwa m'malamulo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza za chiyambi, zochitika, nkhani zofunika, nkhani zofunika, ndi kupenda za m'tsogolo kwa milandu ku United States.

Kumvetsetsa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya khoti kupenda ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, malamulo opeputsa kapena machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa Malamulo. Imagwira ntchito monga kufufuza pa nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuwaletsa kupitirira mphamvu zawo zotchulidwa kapena kuswa ufulu waukulu. Ku United States, mphamvu imeneyi njotchuka kwambiri ndi Khoti Lalikulu, koma imagwiritsiridwanso ntchito ndi makhoti a boma ang'onoang'ono ndi a boma pomasulira malamulo awo. Chiphunzitsocho chimatsata palamulo lakuti Malamulo alamulo ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko, ndi kuti lamulo lililonse lopalamula nlo nlo lopanda pake. Ulamuliro umenewu superekedwa momvekera bwino m'malemba la malamulo koma wakhazikitsidwa mwa njira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwalamulo.

Madison Anasankha Zochita

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kunaperekedwa modabwitsa m'nkhani ya [FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison (5 U.S. 137). Mlandu unabuka ndi kusamvana kwa ndale zadziko pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 1800, pamene ulamuliro wa John Adams wa John Adams unaika chiŵerengero cha zoweruza za mtendere, kuphatikizapo William Marbury . Marbury adakana kuyendetsa ntchito ya Tomas Jefferson, ndi Marbury adakana kupereka mapanganowonekedwe, ndi Marbury amene adasungabedi a Chigawo cha Boma pa Chilungamo cha Mandamu. Woweruza John Marshall, analemba chifukwa cha chigamu chimene chinavomereza ndi chigamulo cha lamulo lapamwambalo. Iye ananena kuti Marbury anali ndi lamulo loyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo ake, komanso kuti anali ndi njira yoperekanso yopereka njira ya Jciase. Iye analolanso kuti chigamuke chigamu chachikulu cha mlandu cha mlandu cha m'nkhani cha Supwish Rescipwish. Chipanganocho chikuwonjezera chakuwonjezera cha

Chigamulo cha Marbury [1] Marbury chinaikidwa pa miyambo yakale ya malamulo a Chingelezi ndi zitsanzo za atsamunda, koma chinali chochititsa chachikulu. Malingaliro a Marshall anazikidwa pa mpangidwe wolembedwa wa Malamulo: malamulo olembedwa oletsa mphamvu za boma, ndipo makhoti ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulowo. Iye motchuka ananena kuti, “Ndimo motsimikiza chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kuti anene zimene lamulolo liri. Nkhaniyo inakhazikitsa Khoti Lapamwamba monga nthambi ya boma yokhala ndi ulamuliro wopendanso malamulo a Commorvement. Kupitiriza chidziŵitso cha mlanduwo, onani chikalata cha Mar [FL:]. [12]

Maziko a Lamulo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ngakhale kuti malamulo samapatsa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, kumasonyezedwa ndi makonzedwe angapo. Mfundo ya VI ya Supremacy Claus imalengeza Malamulo “Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko,” kugwirizanitsa oweruza onse. Mfundo III imafutukula mphamvu yachiweruzo kwa “Makate onse, m'Chilamulo ndi Equity, kutuluka pansi pa Lamuloli, kutanthauza kuti makhoti ayenera kumasulira Malamulo m'nkhani za malamulo. Ndiponso, lumbiro limene oweruza amachirikiza malamulowo limalimbikitsanso udindo wawo kuchirikiza malamulo otsutsana ndi otsutsana ndi malamulo. Pamene kutetezera kopambana kwa chiweruzo kunachokera kwa Alexander Hamilton m'Fevist. [78], pamene anatsutsa kuti judia maofesi a boma ndi mphamvu zake zoletsa malamulo osakhala a boma. [I.Ii.Ili likhoza kuteteza ufulu wa anthu otsutsa malamulowo, “kulengeza m'malemba lake lotsutsa lamulo, m'matsutsa lamulolo, liyenera kulengeza kuti, m'malamulolo. [kutsutsa lamulo lachiganiridwa.]

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo sikumachitika popanda kanthu. Makhoti ku United States amatsatira njira yolongosoledwa bwino imene imaphatikizapo njira zingapo zosungira zipata kutsimikizira kuti iwo akungolingalira kokha milandu yoyenera:

  • Kuima: Mtsogoleri ayenera kukhala ndi konkire, kuvulala kwapadera kumene kuli kotsatiridwa ndi lamulo lokaikiridwa ndipo mwachiwonekere kudzabwezeredwa ndi chigamulo chabwino. Zimenezi zimaletsa makhoti kutulutsa malingaliro otsutsa kapena kugamula mafunso osatsimikizirika.
  • Umbombo ndi Kudziwonetsera: Mlandu uyenera kuyambitsa mkangano weniweni, wokhalitsa. Kupeputsa kumatsimikizira nkhanizo kukhala zowongoka mokwanira, pamene kuli kwakuti kutekeseka kumafuna kuti mkanganowo upitirizebe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mfundo za Pritical Question Doctrine: Zina zimaonedwa kukhala zosalungama chifukwa chakuti ziikidwa ku nthambi za ndale zadziko ndi Malamulo (m', malamulo achilendo, njira zosatsatirika) kapena zopanda miyezo yolamuliridwa mwachiweruzo.
  • Case kapena Tsankho Lamlandu: Mfundo III imaletsa mphamvu ya chigamulo cha boma ya “mitu” ndi“ mapangano,” amene amaletsa makhoti kupereka malamulo ozikidwa pa zochitika zoyerekezera.

Pamene mlandu wavomerezedwa, khoti limalandira mfundo zazifupi ndi kumva zonena za pakamwa kuchokera ku zigamulozo. Oweruzawo mwadala mwamseri, kaŵirikaŵiri akutsutsana tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo, cholinga cha olemba malamulo ake, ndi kufunika kwa chitsanzo. Chigamulo chomaliza chimaperekedwa monga lingaliro lolembedwa, limene lingaphatikizepo ndi kutsutsa. Lingaliro la ambiri limalongosola mfundo zalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa chitsanzo choyenera chimene chiyenera kutsatiridwa ndi makhoti ang’ono. Chigamulo chimatsimikizira kuti kupenda kwa chiweruzo kuchitidwa mosamala, moyenerera, ndi kulemekeza dongosolo la democracy.

Milandu Yosonyeza Chizindikiro Chimene Chinafotokoza Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupyola Marbury [1], milandu ingapo ya Khoti Lalikulu yasintha kwambiri mbali ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chiweruzo. Mlandu uliwonse umasonyeza mmene Khoti lamasulira malamulo kuti lithetse mavuto alamulo ndi a chikhalidwe cha dziko:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Khotilo linachirikiza kukhazikika kwa lamulo la Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States, kumasulira kufunika ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus kupatsa maulamuliro a Congress. Lingaliro la Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall linatsimikizira kuti “mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu ya kuwononga [1] ndipo mabomawo sangaletse ntchito zovomerezedwa ndi boma. Mlandu umenewu unachirikiza ukulu wa boma ndi kumasulira kokulira kwa ulamuliro wa bungwe lolamulira.
  • Dered Scott v. Sandford (1857): mu imodzi ya mafunsiro ofufuza achiweruzo oipitsitsa, Khoti linavomereza kuti Aafirika sanali nzika ndi kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siikanaletsa ukapolo m’magawo. Chigamulocho chinakula kwambiri ndipo pambuyo pake chinagwetsedwa ndi Mapempho a 13 ndi 14. Ilo limasonyeza zotsatira zatsoka pamene kupenda komiti kwach kunagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuletsa kupanda chilungamo.
  • Lochner v. New York (035): Khotilo linagonjetsa lamulo la New York loletsa ophika mikate maola ogwira ntchito, kutchula “pangano logwirizana" lotengedwa ku Century Procession Claus. Mlandu umenewu unali nyengo ya ntchito yachiweruzo imene inaika ufulu wa zachuma patsogolo pa malamulo a anthu, kuchititsa kusuliza kofala ndi kutha kwa nyengo ya New Decratic .
  • Korematsu v. United States (1944): Khotilo linachirikiza kuvomerezedwa kwa Ajapani a Amereka mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, kugwiritsira ntchito “kufufuza kwapadera” koma kulephera kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Chigamulocho tsopano chikutsutsidwa monga cholakwika pa mbiri ya Khoti, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale kupenda kwachiweruzo nthaŵi zina kungalephere kutetezera ufulu walamulo.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): [FLT ] Pachigamulo chimodzi, Khoti linalengeza kugaŵana mafuko m'masukulu a boma popanda kugamula, kupambana “kusiyana koma kulingana] ndi chiphunzitso cha Prevention v. Ferguson[FLT] [1896]. Mlanduwo unadalira pa umboni wa kuwonongeka kwa maganizo kwa Claus.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Khotilo linavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kubisa kumene kumatetezera chosankha cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba. Chigamulo chinazikidwa pa Cends Procession Claus ya Kukonzanso kwa Zaka 14 ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo lochepa la maboma kuletsa kutaya mimba. Ilo lidakali limodzi la mayeso otsutsa kwambiri ofufuza milandu.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti Khoti la Malamulo la 14 limafuna kuti malamulo a Ineth Amendment apereke ndi kuzindikira maukwati a kugonana kofanana, kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kukwatira. Chigamulocho chinafutukula malamulo a ufulu ndi kufanana kwa LGBTQ + anthu, kusonyeza mmene kupenda kwachiweruzo kumasinthira kusintha miyezo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Khotilo lingateteze ufulu wake waukulu ndi kukonza zinthu zopanda chilungamo zimene zingachititse kuti lamulo likhale loyera, koma lingalakwenso ngati lilephera kumvetsetsa mfundo za m’Bungwe la Malamulo kapena ngati oseŵera a boma achita zinthu mopitirira muyezo.

Kufunika kwa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kumatumikira ntchito zingapo zofunika m’dongosolo la malamulo a America.

  • Kuchinjirizidwa kwa Ufulu Waumwini: Mwakuphonya malamulo amene amaswa Bill of Rights ndi zitsimikizo zina za lamulo, kupenda kwachiweruzo monga chitetezero kwa anthu ang'onoang’ono ndi osakondedwa ndi nkhanza ya anthu ambiri. Imatsimikizira kuti ngakhale malamulo oikidwa mwademokrase sangaswe ufulu wapakati.
  • Kusintha kwa Macheke ndi Malinganizo: Dongosolo la maulamuliro opatukana nlosakwanira popanda bungwe limene lingakhoze kutsata malire a nthambi iliyonse. Kupenda kwa chiweruzo kumaletsa Congress kupitirira mphamvu zake zotchulidwa, kuletsa pulezidenti kupitirira ulamuliro wa mkulu, ndi kutsimikizira kuti nthambi zonse ziŵiri zikugwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo.
  • Creation of Corupy Precedent: Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa kumasulira kwa malamulo zimakhazikitsa kuyang'ana, kumene kumatsogolera makhoti ang'onoang'ono, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kusasinthasintha, kutsimikizirika, ndi kukhazikika kwa lamulo, kulola anthu kuzindikira zoyenera zawo ndi mathayo.
  • Legitacy ndi Chidaliro cha Anthu: Pamene khoti lichita kupenda kwachiweruzo motsatira lamulo, kulingalira, kumalimbitsa lamulo ndi chidaliro cha anthu mu jaji. Lingaliro lakuti malamulo amasungidwa ndi wodziimira yekha wochirikiza kuyenera kwa dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

John Marshall ananena zotchuka mu Marbury kuti “lamulo lonyansa ku malamulo limakhala lopanda pake” limatenga mfundo ya chifukwa chake kupenda nkhani zachiweruzo: imapereka njira yochititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu ku lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Kachitidweko katsatiridwa ndi maiko ena ambiri, monga ngati Germany, India, ndi South Africa, amene akhazikitsa makhoti alamulo okhala ndi mphamvu zofanana.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto

Mosasamala kanthu za mbali yake yofunika kwambiri, nthaŵi zonse kupenda chiweruzo kwayang’anizana ndi zitsutso zazikulu ndi zovuta.

  • . Komiti ya Majoritarian Marlity : Chifukwa chakuti oweruza a boma sasankhidwa ndi kutumikira malamulo a moyo, mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo a demokalase imadzutsa mafunso ponena za kuyenera kwa lamulo. Osuliza onga Alexander Bickel anatsutsa kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kuli “chigwirizano chachinyengo” mu demokrase. Otetezera amayankha kuti Konsichushoni yeniyeniyo iri chikalata cha democracy imene lamulo lapamwamba liyenera kutetezeredwa ku zinthu zazikulu.
  • .Judicial Activs vs. Judicial Bardect: Ena amaimba mlandu makhoti a “chivomerezo” pamene aswa malamulo mwamphamvu, pamene ena akusuliza “makhoti omvera mathawa andale pamene atsatira manthambi ngakhale poyang'anizana ndi kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Nkhaniyo kaŵirikaŵiri imaimbidwa mlandu, ndi osunga mwambo ndi opatsa onse aŵiriwo kuvomereza kachitidwe kapena kutsendereza pa chotulukapo chimene amayanja. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika za Lochner (chivomerezo kaamba ka ufulu wa zachuma) ndi Bwalo Larren (chivoti kaamba ka zoyenera za anthu).
  • M’nkhani zosiyana kwambiri, Khoti lingalinganize malamulo ake kuti lipeŵe kusokonezeka kapena kuteteza likulu lake. Chigamulocho chakhala chogwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo zandale, ndi kutsimikizira nkhondo zosonyeza magawano a zikhulupiriro.
  • Kufikira kosalingana ku Mabwalo: Kupenda kwachiweruzo kuli kothandiza kokha pamene anthu angabweretse milandu. Kukwera mtengo kwa kuperekedwa, kuchepa kwa zithandizo zalamulo, ndi zopinga (monga ngati zifuno zokhala) kutanthauza kuti kuswa malamulo ambiri sikumachitidwa. Chuma ndi magulu olinganizidwa ali ndi mphamvu yosatsimikizirika ya kugwiritsira ntchito makhoti kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero zawo.
  • Unyinji wa Chisinthiko v. Mgwirizano Woona: Nkhaŵa yaitali yokhudza mmene oweruza ayenera kumasulira Konsichushoni. Olemba mawu anena kuti lembalo liyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga momwe likudziŵikira panthaŵi ya kutengedwa kwake. Otsatira malamulo a malamulo a boma amatsutsa kuti malamulo a kulembera a m'chikalata ayenera kusinthika ndi chitaganya. Njira yomasulira chiweruzo imasintha kwambiri zotulukapo za kupenda kwachiweruzo, kuyambukira ufulu wa mfuti kufikira kuchotsa mimba.

Zitokoso zimenezi sizimatsutsa kufunika kwa kupendanso chiweruzo, koma zimagogomezera kufunika kwa oweruza kusonyeza mphamvu zawo modzichepetsa, mowona mtima, ndi kusamala kwambiri za kapangidwe ka malamulo.

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Pamene chitaganya cha America chikupitirizabe kusintha, kupenda kwachiweruzo kudzayang’anizana ndi malire atsopano ndi makambitsirano osatha.

  • Katswiri ndi chinsinsi: Apita patsogolo m'zopangapanga zamakono, kuphatikizapo luntha lopanga, kuyang'anira, ndi zolemba, amadzutsa mafunso achilendo a lamulo pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zachinayi ndi zogaŵira zina. Makhoti adzafunikira kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo achinsinsi ndi njira za maluso a maFramers sakhoza kuyembekezera. Maupandu onga Carpeent v. United States (2017]) ndi [FLT:] Ry v. California . (20] Kufuna kusintha, koma osasintha kwambiri.
  • . .C.C.Securial Justice Movements: Mabungwe onga Black Lives Confect, LGBTQ+ kuyenera, ndi chiweruzo cha zachuma zidzapitirizabe kubweretsa nkhani zimene zimatsutsa tsankho la dongosolo, kusaona bwino kwa apolisi, kusalingana kwa ndalama, ndi ziletso zosankha. Kupenda zachiweruzo kudzakhala kotsutsa kupititsa patsogolo malamulo alamulo, koma makhoti angayang'anenso milandu ya olakwa ngati ayesa kupambana maganizo a anthu onse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Kukonzanso kwalamulo pansi pa Mfundo V nkovuta, koma malingaliro okonza zigamulo zotsutsana (m., kuti asinthe [[FLT:] Roualione v. Wade [[FLT:]] kapena kukhazikitsa malire achiweruzo) nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Ngakhale popanda kukonzanso, kusintha kwa nzeru zachiweruzo chifukwa cha kugamula kwatsopano kungasinthe dziko. Kugwedezeka kwa posachedwapa [FLT:] v. [FLT:] ndi [FLT] [F:] Magulu a Akazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo: Khoti Lalikulu lamakono liri ndi oweruza ambiri amene amadzilongosola okha monga oyambirira kapena olemba. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kupendedwanso kwa zitsanzo zambiri, makamaka zija zoloŵetsamo njira zofunikira, chitetezo chofanana, ndi ukulu wa mphamvu ya boma. Kutsutsana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi kuchirikiza malamulo apamwamba kupitiriza kusonkhezera mmene oweruza amachitira kupenda komiti.
  • Models zapadziko lonse: Kupenda kwachiweruzo kwa ku America nkosiyana ndi machitachita a mademokrase ena, kumene kumalola malamulo kupambana zigamulo za khoti lalamulo (Mosasamala kanthu za mawu) kapena kudalira pa makhoti apadera alamulo (Germany, South Africa). Chitsanzo cha U.S., ndi dongosolo lake la moyo ndi ukulu wa komiti yalamulo, zikukambidwa mowonjezereka m'malamulo. Chimaonedwabe kaya U. S.

Pomaliza, kupenda kwachiweruzo kudakali njira yaikulu yochirikizira Malamulo ndi kutetezera zoyenera za anthu. Chifuno chake cha m'mbiri, kuchokera ku chigamulo champhamvu mu Mathbury v. Madison ku kuyang'anira malamulo atsopano a sayansi, kulingana, ndi democracy, imapanga kuti ikhale nkhani yofunika kwambiri kuti imvetsetse dongosolo la malamulo la Amereka. Zitokozo zimadalira pa kupenda kwaposachedwapa ndi kutulukira kwa akatswiri a zachiweruzo, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika mofanana. Pamene dziko liyang'ana mafunso atsopano ponena za luso la za sayansi, kulingana, ndi kulinganiza, judicariary, monga wosunga malamulo adzayesedwa, koma ntchito yake yaikulu. Kukhalabe ndi kupenda kwamakonokufufuza kwachiweruzo kwachiweruzo, kupenda kolamulira kwa chiwonero cha chiwonese . [OF.]