Kuyang'anira kusankhidwa kuli maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy, kupereka kuyang'anitsitsa kofunikira kutsimikizira kuti njira zosankhira zisonyeza chifuno chowona cha anthu. Kuzungulira dziko lonse, nzika ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse amapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti achite zisankho, osati monga mwambo wongopanga koma monga kupenda kwakukulu pa mphamvu. Pamene masankho ayang'aniridwa mogwira mtima, amakulitsa chidaliro cha anthu, amaletsa kusasamala, ndi kuchititsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu. Popanda kuyang'anira, masankhoti akupototo kupotototototoledwa ndi chinyengo, kuopseza, kapena kulephera kwa ulamuliro, kuchititsa kupenda koyenera kwenikweni kwa mabungwe a democrase. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kwa kuyang'anira, mafotokozedwe ake, matanthauzo ake, machitidwe, zitsutso, ndi mbali zina za ndale zamakono.

Kodi Kusankha Chisankho Kukutsimikizira za Chiyani?

Kuyang'anira kwa pulogalamu ya kusanthula ndi kusanthula kwa dongosolo la opanga masankho odziimira okha, osakondera. Openyererawa ndi "apanyumba kapena apadziko lonse" amasankha mbali iliyonse ya chisankho, kuchokera ku makonzedwe a chisankho (kulembetsa kwa chisankho, kupikisana) kupyolera m'zochitika za tsiku lofufuza ku chigawo chapambuyo pa kusankhidwa (kuŵerengera, kuŵerengera, ndi kutsutsana). Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kugamula kaya masankhotiwo amagwirizana ndi miyezo ya dziko lonse ya chilungamo, kuwonana, ndi kuwonana kwalamulo. Kuyang'anira kumasiyana ndi kuyang'anira kochitidwa ndi mabungwe a voti; kuli kwa kunja, kwaumwini, ndipo kutuluka kwaposera kwapo pamaso pa anthu ofufuza umphumphu a masankho.

Kuyang'anira kwa chisankho sikuyenera kusokonezedwa ndi kuyang'anira masankho kapena kuyang'anira. Oyang'anira sayendetsa chisankho kapena kuchirikiza munthu aliyense wobatizidwa; ntchito yawo njofunika kusanthula. Iwo amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a makhalidwe amene amagogomezera kusayanjana, kulinganiza, ndi kulondola. Kuyang'ana kungachitidwe ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse (monga ngati United Nations, European Union, kapena Bungwe la Security and Coccobacoeration ku Ulaya), mabungwe (Union of America, United States), kapena magulu a anthu a m'dziko. Nthaŵi zonse amabweretsa mapindu owonekera bwino: ntchito zamitundu yonse kaŵirikaŵiri imapereka luso ndi kuyenerera, pamene makompyuta a m’banja ali ndi chidziŵitso chakuya ndi chimene chimagwira ntchito m’kuwonekera bwino.

Kufufuza Zosankha N’kofunika

Phindu la kuyang'anira masankho limaposa kuyang'anira. Kumathandiza kulimba kwa demokrase ndi kuyang'anira. Pansipa pali mbali zazikulu za kufunika kwake, iliyonse yofotokozedwa bwino ndi zotsatirapo zenizeni za dziko.

Kutsimikizira Kuti Munthu Ali ndi Chidziŵitso Choyera ndi Kulimbikitsa Kudalira Anthu

Kuona padera ndiko maziko a kusanthula koyenera. Pamene nzika ziwona kuti masankho akuyang'aniridwa ndi openyerera okhulupirika, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kukhulupirira kuti zotulukapo zake nzachilungamo. Kuyang'ana kuvumbula njira zosawoneka bwino . Zonga ngati ndalama za mkupiti, kuyang'anira chinsinsi, kapena ndandanda yosafikirika imafuna kuti akuluakulu apereke zolembera zomvekera bwino, zoŵerengedwa. M'nkhani zimene anthu amakhulupirira kuti mabungwe ali otsika, kupezeka kwamphamvu kungachepetse kutsutsana ndi chizindikiro chakuti kachitidweko kali kotsegulidwa kuti kafufuzidwe.

Kukulitsa Kuwoneka ndi Chidaliro cha Padziko Lonse

Openyerera a maiko onse kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza chisankho kukhala “chomasuka ndi cholungama,” chiweruzo chimene chimanyamula kulemera kwa maboma achilendo, oikizira ndalama, ndi mabungwe a mitundu yonse. Chisankho chodalirika chimakopa chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja, mapangano a malonda, ndi kutchuka kwa mayanjano. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chisankho chotsutsidwa kuti chingachititse ziletso, chithandizo, kapena kudzipatula kwa ndale zadziko. Motero kuyang'anira kumathandiza maiko kusunga kaimidwe kawo m'chitaganya cha dziko lonse lapansi ndi kulimbikitsa kumamatira ku miyezo ya maiko onse.

Zoletsa ndi Kupeza Chinyengo cha Maseŵera

Oonerera amachita ngati amaletsa. Chidziŵitso chakuti maso odziimira okha akuyang'ana chingaletse kuyesayesa kunyamula katundu wokayikitsa, kuwopseza wovota, kuvota kosiyanasiyana, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa makampani. Pamene chinyengo chichitika, makompyuta amaphunzitsidwa kusindikiza zinthu zosayenera, kujambula zidindo zosoŵeka, kulemba kusagwirizana m'ndandanda wa ovota, kapena kunyalanyaza khalidwe lokayikira.

Kulimbikitsa Kutengamo Mbali ndi Kuyanjana

Kuyang'anira kwa chisankho kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo mbali za maphunziro a ovota. Oyang'anira angapereke chidziŵitso chonena za zoyenera zovota, malo ofufuzira malo a maofesi, ndi mmene angasungire madandaulo. Zimenezi zimapatsa mphamvu magulu otsalira . Monga akazi, a mafuko aang'ono, kapena anthu opunduka ndi kukhala ndi phande mwachidaliro. Pamene nzika zidziŵa kuti mapulogalamu alipo, iwo sachita mantha kwambiri ndipo ali othekera kuponya pepala lawo, kulimbikitsa oimira a masankhoti.

Kuchirikiza Kuŵerengera ndi Kusintha kwa Zipani

Mwa kulemba zophophonya, kuyang'anira kumapereka mapu a njira ya kusintha. Mabungwe a oonerera angagwiritsire ntchito zopezedwa kuwongolera njira, kukonza malamulo, kapena antchito a sitima. M'mawu ena, kuyang'anira kosasintha maboma kusamalira zofooka za dongosolo la zinthu (*kupitira ku kulembetsa, kulembetsa, kapena kutsutsana ndi kulimbitsa kayendedwe ka voti kuchokera ku masankhoti amodzi kupita ku achiŵiri.

Mitundu ya Kufufuza Zosankha

Kumvetsetsa magulu ameneŵa kumamveketsa bwino mmene kupenda sikumathandizira kutsimikizira kwa chisankho chonse.

Kufufuza Zosankha Zapadziko Lonse

Mabungwe apadziko lonse oyendera magulu osiyanasiyana, maboma, kapena magulu a boma kuti achitire zisankho kunja kwa dziko lawo. Zitsanzo zodziŵika zimaphatikizapo Eupan Evolution Provation Missions , [[FLT:]] kulinganiza kwa chitetezo ndi Coveration ku Ulaya / ODHR , [[FLT] African Union Subrective Missions [FLT:], ndi kukonzanso kwa anthu ambiri. [FLT:] Mayeso ambiri amasintha. [FFFF:]

Kusamalira Ntchito Zapanyumba

Malo oyang'anira nyumba ndizo magulu a anthu akwawo, mayanjano aukatswiri, kapena magulu a chikhulupiriro amene amasunga zisankho m'dziko lawo. Iwo ali ndi maluso a chinenero, kuzindikira chikhalidwe, ndi kukhoza kugwira ntchito mochenjera m'madera ovuta. Zitsanzo zotchuka zimaphatikizapo Nigeria [[FLT: 0]] Tsantion Monitioning Group [, ya Kenya [FLT], [FLT] Acstation Acliption Grouption [[[FLT] [F:3] [IN] [I], ndi makampani a India a DROGUTS [FFFF:5] kaŵirikaŵiri amatumiza openyerera ambiri kuposa ntchito za mitundu yambiri, kubisa ndi kufufuza kwa kumidzikira kwakutali kwa kumidzikumiya. Maliri opangidwa mofulumira ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa a boma.

Partisan v. Non86Parisan Wosankhitsa

Kuyang'anira kodalirika kochuluka kwa masankho kulibe kulembera [1] , kutanthauza kuti oonerera sagwirizana ndi munthu aliyense wobatizidwa kapena chipani ndipo saloŵerera m'zandale. Parisan imayang'aniridwa, kumene nthumwi za chipani kapena oimira osankhidwa amayang'anira ntchito yoteteza zofuna zawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti makampani a gululo ali ndi ntchito yovomerezeka [1] Kutsimikizira mavoti a wobatizidwayo sabedwa. Nthaŵi zambiri amatsutsidwa. Miyezo yawo ya golidi yoyang'anira zinthu zosakhala zapartariya, imene imapereka ziganizo zodalirika ndi anthu onse osungidwa.

Kufufuza Zoulutsira Nkhani

Kuyang'anira wailesi ya kanema kumasumika pa mmene masankho amafalitsidwira ndi atolankhani, kuphatikizapo nkhani za tsankho, udani, ndi mawu osokonekera. Ofufuza amapenda nkhani, mapulogalamu a za makompyuta, ndi kusindikiza zofalitsa kutsimikizira kuti lipoti loyenera ndi nthaŵi yokwanira ya oyembekezera kubatizidwa. M'nyengo ya manambala, kuyang'anira nyuzi kwakula kufikira ku kuchotsa makampani a makampani a zamalonda ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena. Mabungwe onga ngati Media Moning Africa ndi Maloversi a mapepala apamwamba ofufuza mapepala ofufuza.

Njira Zopimira Kusankha

Masiku ano, anthu amasankha masankho osiyanasiyana kuti adziwe zinthu zodalirika komanso zimene zingathandize pa ntchito yawo.

KUYESA ZOSANKHA ZA PASANKHA

Ofufuza za nyengo yaitali asanayambe tsiku lofufuza. Amapenda malamulo, njira zovomerezeka zovota, njira zosankhira anthu, kuonekera kwa ndalama, ndi malo a chitetezo. Amakumana ndi akuluakulu a masankho, zipani za ndale, magulu a anthu, ndi magulu a zachitetezo. Kufufuza kumeneku kumadziŵikitsa malo amene angayambitse mavuto ndipo kumalola ofufuza zinthu kuyang'anira kumene akufunika kwambiri.

Kuwonongeka kwa Malo Oimapo Ndiponso Magalimoto Oyenda

Patsiku la kafukufuku, oonerera amaikidwa ku malo oonera. Oonerera malo amakhala pamalo amodzi tsiku lonse, pamene magulu a magalimoto akung'amba amayendera masiteshoni ambiri kuti aone zinthu zolakwika. Oonerera alemba zinthu zotsegula, kupezeka kwa nthumwi, kuvota, kupezeka kwa ovota opunduka, ndi kuyang'anira ovota. Iwo amawonanso zochitika zilizonse za mantha, chiwawa, kapena chinyengo. Masiku ano ntchito zambiri zimagwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ndi mathail printal kutumiza chidziŵitso cha zinthu m'nthaŵi yeniyeni.

Kuyenderana kwa Matumbo (PVT) ndi Kuŵerengera Kofulumira

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri ndicho Parallel Vote Tabial . [PT] , yotchedwanso “kuŵerengera kwa mafunso. [1] Malonda a Independent akusonkhanitsa mafiti kuchokera ku masiteshoni oimira ndi kuwayerekezera ndi zotsatira zake zolembedwa ndi bungwe losandutsa. ZVT zagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Filipines [FLT:] (209) ndi [FLT:] ZEBEB [20.]

Kuwona Kuŵerengera ndi Zotulukapo za Kusintha

Mamonitala ayenera kuyang'ana ntchito yoŵerengera pambuyo pa kumaliza kugamula, kutsimikizira kuti mavoti asankhidwa, kuŵerengedwa, ndi kulembedwa bwino. Amalembanso zotsatira kuchokera ku malo ofufuza kupita ku malo apakati. Inteferance pa siteji ino "monga kupeka pepala kapena kuulutsa kochedwa. Ofufuza amawononga masitepe onse. Mapepala a denderation àààà à cerrease and reconf.

Kufufuza Zodandaula ndi Zosemphana Maganizo

Chisankho chimakhudzanso njira yalamulo ndi yauyang’aniro yogamula milandu. Oonerera amapezeka pa milandu ya makhoti kapena makhoti, amayang’anira ntchito ya mabungwe odandaula, ndipo amafufuza ngati milandu yaperekedwa mwachilungamo ndiponso mwamsanga. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka pa masankho otsutsana ndi mayiko amene atsutsa angatsutse.

Kupereka Lipoti la Pambuyo pa Chisankho

Pambuyo pa chisankho, makompyuta olemba mfundo zoyambirira ndi malipoti omaliza. Makalatawa amafotokoza zimene zinachitidwa, zimene zinasonyezedwa, makhalidwe abwino, ndi zimene zingathandize pa masankho a m'tsogolo. Malipoti amagawiridwa ndi akuluakulu a voti, anthu, ndi mayiko ena. Kuonetsana ndi kusimba nkofunika: ntchito zawo zofalitsa pa Intaneti kuti atsimikizire kuti adziweruzitsa mlandu.

Mavuto Oona za Ntchito Yosankha

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, kuyang’anira masankho kumayang’anizana ndi zopinga zosatha zimene zingaletse kugwira kwake ntchito ndi kukhulupirika kwake.

Ziletso za Boma la Adani ndi Zoloŵerera m’Zandale

Maboma ena amayang'anira masankho mokayikira kapena modana kwambiri. Angachedwetse ma visa, kukhazikitsa ziletso zoyendera, kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa malo ofufuza, kapena kukana kuvomerezedwa kwa oonerera ena. M’nkhani zambiri, maboma amatulutsa makompyuta kapena kuwaimba mlandu wa usosholi. Mwachitsanzo, Russia analetsa oonerera maiko onse pa chisankho cha desidenti cha 2018, ndi Belarus kukana kuvomerezedwa kwa OSCE mu 2020.

Ngozi za Chitetezo

M'madera a nkhondo . Magulu ankhondo, zida zankhondo, zigaŵenga, kapena magulu a zandale angaukire mapulogalamu. M'madera apamwamba . Maseŵero ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chitetezo otsalira, nthaŵi zina kutuluka kotheratu. African Union ndi [FLT :2] United Nations yapanga zitsogozo za kugwira ntchito m'malo oopsa, koma ngoziyo imakhalabe yopinga, makamaka m'malo onga ngati Afghanistan, Somalia, kapena mbali za Nigeria.

Kupimidwa kwa Zinthu

Kuyang’anira bwino kumafuna ndalama zambiri. Makampani apadziko lonse amadalira zopereka za anthu, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zili zochepera ndi zampikisano. Magulu a m’nyumba, makamaka m’maiko otsika olandira, akuvutika ndi kupereŵera kwa antchito ophunzitsidwa, magalimoto, zipangizo zolankhulirana, ndi zipangizo zofufuzira. Kusoŵa kwa zipangizo kungakakamize kuchepetsa ukulu woyesera, kuphimba malo ofufuzira, kapena kuchepetsa nyengo zofufuzira, kuchepetsa kudalirika kwa zopezedwa.

Kusakondera ndi Bias

Kusungabe kupanda tsankho kuli chitokoso chosalekeza. Ofufuza angakhale ndi malingaliro osazindikira kwa zipani zina zandale. Openyerera a mitundu yonse angaimbidwe mlandu wa kunyada kapena kusazindikira kwa chikhalidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti mabwana a panyumba angayang'anizane ndi chitsenderezo cha olanda a boma. Kuyang'anira ndi maphunziro okhwima a makhalidwe abwino nkofunika kusungitsa kukhulupirika. Magulu onga FES (International Foundation for Electoral Systems) akupereka mapulogalamu aakulu ophunzitsa a kusaloŵerera ndi malamulo a makhalidwe [IFFFFOM Observetion Observation ).

Kuwononga Umisiri

Pamene masankho atenga zipangizo za magetsi , makina ovota a pa intaneti, kulembedwa kwa biomitric , kutsimikizira kwa biomitric , maupandu atsopano. Kuwononga ma pulojekiti opangira voti kapena kufalitsa zinthu zina, kumasokoneza kupenda. Ndiponso, kugawidwa kwa manambala kumatanthauza kuti malo akutali sangakhale opezeka pa Intaneti, kupangitsa kuti chidziŵitso chenicheni cha nthaŵi ya moyo chisathe. Kulinganiza luso la zopanga zinthu ndi kuŵerengera ndi vuto lomakulakula.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo Zopanga Masamu Masiku Ano

Luso la zopangapanga lasinthanso kuyang'anira masankho, kupereka ponse paŵiri mwaŵi ndi maupandu. Maminisi amene tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito ma apps a m'magalimoto, mamepu a GPS, ndi mapulatifomu osungidwa a chidziŵitso cha zinthu zopezeka ndi kupenda. Mwachitsanzo, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula malo ofufuza ndi kuyang'anira, kutsimikizira chitsanzo cha woimira. Kuyang'anira zipangizo zamakono zoyendera, mawu odana, ndi mawu olakwika. Magulu onga Democracy International ndi ndi [FLT] National Institute [Fodemocratic Institute [[FL:2]] National Institute [''imodzi] [''''''''''''''''''. Maluso a zamakono angachititse maluso, matanthauzo olakwika, ndi obisika, ndi osokonekera. Oyendera ayenera kutsimikizira kuti luso la zopangapanga zinthu zatsopano zamakono zikhale zolondola popanda kufotokoza bwino.

Ntchito Yofufuza za Chisankho ya Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Kuyang'anira chisankho sikumagwira ntchito m'malo alamulo. Kumatsogozedwa ndi miyezo yamitundu yonse ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Pangano la International of Civilism and Political Rights (ICCPR]) limatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuvota ndi kusankhidwa m'masankho enieni. Divoration of Principles for International Evolution Observation [, yovomerezedwa ndi United Nations mu 2005, imakhazikitsa miyezo ya malamulo amakhalidwe a maiko, kuphatikizapo osagwirizana ndi kugaŵana masankho, kusakondera, ndi kulemekeza malamulo a dziko.

Magulu oyang’anira nyumba kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatira malamulo ofananawo a khalidwe. Amayembekezeredwa kukhala osachita projekiti, kupeŵa kufotokoza zotulukapo za chisankho mwamsanga, ndi kutetezera chinsinsi cha chidziŵitso chawo. Maiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo amene mwachindunji amalamulira masankho, kutchula njira zovomerezera, zoyenera za openyerera, ndi zopereka. Kutsatira malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kuti ntchito za kuyang'anira zikhale zolondola.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Kufufuza Zosankha

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko 2016 kumatithandiza kuona mmene masankho amakhudzira anthu ndi kulephera.

Kenya 2017: Mphamvu ya Ofufuza Zinthu Zapanyumba

Mu chisankho chachisawawa cha ku Kenya 2017, mapulogalamu a nyumba kuchokera ku Evotion adaikidwa openyerera oposa 3,000 . Iwo anasimba kusagwirizana kwakukulu m'kutumiza zotulukapo zamagetsi, kutsogolera ku Bwalo Lapamwamba Loletsa chisankho cha pulezidenti [1] choyamba mu Afirika. Umboni watsatanetsatane wa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa unagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chigamulo cha khotilo. Komabe, kumbuyoku kunawonongedwa ndi zitsutso zotsutsa ndi kuchepetsa, kusonyeza kuti magalamu okhawo satha kuchotsa chigamulo chandale.

United States 2020: Kuŵerenga ndi Kuŵerenga kwa Palatisan

Chisankho cha pulezidenti 2020 ku United States chinayang'aniridwa ndi onse aŵiri apanyumba ndi apadziko lonse, kuphatikizapo OSCE/ODIHR . Mosasamala kanthu za kufalitsa chinyengo chofalikira, openyerera a mbali zonse ziŵiri anavomereza kuti chisankhocho chinali chovomerezedwa ndi kusungidwa. OSCE inalemba za kulimba kwa dongosololo koma inatsutsa kulephera kupereka zinenezo zosatsimikizirika. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza chitokoso cha nkhani za Revelivsel Prience.

Nigeria 2019 ndi 2023: Zomera Zamakono

Chisankho cha Nigeria chagwiritsira ntchito kutsimikizira kwa chivoti ndi kuulutsa kwa magetsi. Mu 2019, makompyuta apanyumba anasonyeza kulephera kwa oŵerenga za mphamvu ya zinthu zathupi, kuchotsa osankha ambiri. Mu 2023, pamene kuli kwakuti luso la zopangapanga linawongoleredwa, openyerera anasimba kuchedwa, nkhani za m'sitima, ndi kutumiza zinthu zosagwirizana. Nkhaniyo ikusonyeza kufunika kwa kuyesa ndi kuchirikiza zinthu zamakono asanadalire pa ziŵiro zapamwamba za malo okhalako.

Tsogolo la Kufufuza Zosankha

Pamene mayanjano andale akusintha, kuyang'anira masankho kuyenera kusintha. Kukwera kwa apolisi opotoka kwachititsa kutsutsa kwambiri kuwonedwa kwa mitundu yonse, ndi maboma ena akuika makompyuta kukhala oloŵerera m'maiko ena. Mabungwe ofufuza akulabadira mwa kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi oseŵera a m’nyumba, kusumika maganizo pa nyumba yaitali ya mphamvu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zanzeru kwambiri, monga ngati kuyang'anira ndi kutsegula nzeru za 76sches.

Luntha lopanga lingapereke ziŵiya zatsopano . monga ngati kusanthula kwa mavoliyumu aakulu a makompyuta a makompyuta kapena kutulukira mopanda nzeru m'mavoti ! komanso kuchititsa ngozi za kukondera ndi kupotoza. Vuto la mtsogolo lidzakhala likusunga mapindu aakulu a kupanda tsankho ndi kuonekera pamene kuli kuyambika. Mgwirizano wa maiko onse, kuchirikiza ndalama zokwanira, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse akhalabe ofunika kusungitsa mayesoti a kusanthula monga chitetezo chofunika cha demokrase. Mabungwe onga [FLT: 0] ACECLEctoral Knote Networket akupitirizabe kupereka chuma ndi kuphunzitsa zinthu zimenezi padziko lonse lapansi [AC:]

Kumaliza

Kuyang'anira chisankho ndi njira yofunika kwambiri imene imachirikiza umphumphu wa demokrase padziko lonse. Mwa kutsimikizira kuonekera bwino kwa mlengalenga, kuzindikira chinyengo, ndi kuchirikiza kuŵerengera mlandu, openyerera amathandiza kuti anthu akhale ndi chidaliro m'zosankha. Malo akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto osatha andale, ziwopsezo zachitetezo, kusoŵa chuma, ndi luso la zasayansi . Koma kufunika kwake kwakukulu kukukhalabe kosatsutsika. Pamene demokrase ikuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano, ntchito ya mapulogalamu odalirika idzangowonjezereka. Chisankho cha pa masankho si ntchito wamba chabe; ndi umboni wa kukwaniritsa lamulo la anthu ndi chifuniro cha anthu ake.