Chiphunzitso cha democracy ya ku America chimadalira pa mfundo yakuti anthu onse amalengedwa mofanana ndi oyenerera chilungamo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Malamulo a United States amatumikira monga maziko a mawu a mfundo imeneyi, koma tanthauzo lake silinakhalepo ndi chikhalire. Ndi maziko a chitaganya cha anthu ochuluka, kufuna kumasulira kosalekeza, kusintha, ndi kusagwirizana koyenera kutsimikizira malonjezo ake. Kufufuza kumeneku kumafufuza mfundo za malamulo a kulingana ndi chilungamo, kutsanzira chisinthiko chawo kupyolera m'malamulo, malamulo a bwalo lalikulu lamilandu, zigamulo za makhalidwe a anthu, ndi zitsutso zosonkhezera zimene zimalongosola malo alamulo amakono.

Maziko a Lamulo

Malamulo oyambirira, olembedwa mu 1787, anali chikalata chalamulo chimene mphamvu za boma zolinganizika ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti sichinagwiritsire ntchito molunjika liwu lakuti "kulingana," malamulo ake anazikidwa pa zolinga za Kupenyeka. Zolinga za Pregage' za "Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo" ndi "kukonza za Chilungamo chachisawawa" ndi "kukhazikitsa maziko a makhalidwe abwino ndi alamulo a maziko a kufutukula kwa ufulu wa boma. Komabe, malemba oyambirirawo anawonjezeranso kulemera kwakukulu, makamaka malingana ndi kupitirizabe kwa malonda a akapolo. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu ndi ukapolo kunali tchimo loyamba la malamulo, kutsutsana kumene kungafunikire nkhondo yachiŵeruko kuti iyambire.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu ndi Maufulu a Munthu Mmodzi

Mu 1791, kukonzanso khumi koyamba kumaika malire alamulo a boma otetezera ufulu wa munthu. Mpando woyamba wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi pempho. Mpando wachinayi umateteza ku kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi khunyu. Malamulo achisanu ndi chisanu amakhazikitsa ufulu woyenerera pa milandu ya upandu, kuphatikizapo ufulu wodziyesa ndi kutetezera ku kulakwa. Malamulo a Eighth Amendment amaletsa nkhanza ndi chilango chachilendo. Poyamba, ufulu umenewu unagwiritsidwa ntchito ku boma lolamulira dziko lonse. Unalibe kufikira zaka za zana la 20 Create Reformation Classivedment, kupyola 14 Claus, kuti Khoti Lapamwamba liyambe njira ya "kudzitetezera ndi kudziteteza kwambiri ku maboma ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu.

Makonzedwe Okonzanso: Kukhazikitsidwa Kwachiŵiri

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, 14th, 14th Amendments, ndi 15 adavomerezedwa pa nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, amaimira kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa malemba a kufanana ndi chilungamo m'mbiri ya America. Mpando wa 13 wa Kusintha kwa 15 unaletsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo . Mpando wa 15 unaletsa kukana ufulu wosankha pa fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wakale wa ukapolo. Kukonzanso kwa 14 ndiko maziko a kusintha kumeneku kwa malamulo a boma. Chigwirizano chake ndi Classiane chinachotsa Scottp v. Sandford ., kulengeza anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States ndi nzika za dziko. Kutetezera kwake kokhala ndi malamulo otsutsa ufulu.

Lonjezo la Reformation linatsutsidwa mwachiwawa. Kukwera kwa malamulo a Jim Crow, kugaŵa, ndi kutsutsa kwa dongosolo kwa Akuda a Amereka kunavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba m'zosankha zonga Malamulo a Civil Rights [1883], amene anawononga Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1875, ndi [[FLT:] Plettev. Ferguson[FL:3] [1866], zimene zinachirikiza kugawa kwa mafuko pansi pa "kulingana koma" chiphunzitso. Kwa zaka zana limodzi, ma Amereka opanga malamulo, kusanduka odetsedwa. [FLD] [FLD] [F:]

Kusintha Kopita Patsogolo ndi Koipa

Demetrisement ya 16, ya 17, yachi 18, ndi ya 19 inasonyeza kukakamiza kwa Experity Erasting Centres kuti asinthe chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Mpando wa 17 unakhazikitsa chisankho cha Senator, kuchepetsa ziphuphu ndi kuwonjezera kuŵerengera kwa demokrase. Demendment ya 19th Amendment, yovomerezedwa mu 1920, inaletsa kukana ufulu wosankha pa kugonana, chilakiko chachikulu cha gulu la akazi limene linali litayamba kumangidwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Pambuyo pake kutha kwa kupitiriza kufutukula franka: Demendment ya 24 (1964) yoletsa kuyang'anira msonkho wopatula, umene unagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsapo Blansiko anthu osauka, ndi kuchepetsa zaka 26 za kutulutsa mapangano mpaka zaka 18, zomwe anthu achikulire oyenerera kuvomereza nkhondo.

Mafotokozedwe Osonyeza Chiweruzo

Khoti Lalikulu limagwira ntchito monga chochititsa chachikulu cha tanthauzo la lamulo, ndipo zigamulo zake pa kulingana ndi chilungamo zimapanga lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Amereka. Khoti la bwalo lamilandu limasonyeza mafunso otsutsana kwambiri a dziko ponena za kulingana. Pamene kuli kwakuti zosankha zina zakulitsa ufulu, zina zalimbikitsa tsankhu, zikumasonyeza mphamvu zazikulu za Khoti ndi kufunika kokulira kwa nzeru zachiweruzo.

Kutsutsa Chiphunzitso Chosiyana Koma Cholingana

NAACP Legal Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Thirmall Marshall, inayambitsa njira yalamulo yotokosa kugaŵa. Iwo analinganiza maphunziro oyamba, kupambana nkhani zonga Missouri ex. Magees v. Canada [[FFF:] [BH] [BHN] [BH] ndi [[FFFF:]] [FLT]] . [FFFF:5] [194]. [Ichosankhachosankhachonde] [-kailo. [194], polemba cha Malamulo, "CUP], chimene chimalengeza kuti chikhaledi cha "makediactive " chifukwa cha "active" chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake kwa .[FFFFF].[10]

Kukhala Wekha, Ufulu, ndi Kudzifunira

Khotilo lazindikiranso kuyenera kwa lamulo lakubisira, lozikidwa pa "penumbras" ndi "kusintha" kwa Bill of Rights. Gerold v. Connecticut (65]), Khoti linagamula lamulo loletsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa okwatira kulera. Kuyenera kwa kukhazikitsa maziko a Reov. Wade v [[FLT]] [[12] [73]), limene limavomereza lamulo la mkazi kuchotsa mimba pansi pa 14 malamulo opitidwa. [FLT] [FF:] [F:] [FLT] [chigalamu chaku

Kukulitsa Kulingana kwa Zinthu

Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Khoti la Kutetezera Classione kwafutukulidwa pang'onopang'ono kutetezera magulu kupyola malire oyamba a Chisinthiko cha 14. [[FLT:] Reed v. , Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo loletsa akazi kuyang'anira malo, losonyeza nthaŵi yoyamba Khoti linkafufuza za amuna ndi akazi. Mfundo imeneyi inalimbikitsidwa [[FFFF:] ndi maufumu ake omwe amakopana. [FFFFF:]. [FFFFF:]. [FFFFFF:].N]

Kukopa Ufulu ndi Bwalo lamilandu la Rehnquist / Roberts

Khotilo lachitanso mbali yovuta kwambiri pa ufulu wosankha. Limeneli lateteza lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" ( Reynolds v. Sims, 1964, lachepetsanso kwambiri lamulo la kusankhana kumene kunachitika kale. [[FLT:]] Shelby County v. Raker (2013), Khoti linawononga njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kugamula kuti aone kuti ndi malamulo a tsankho adasintha kalelo kusanthula malamulo awo a boma. Khoti linatsutsa kuti njirayo inali yotha ntchito. Podzutsa [FLT:]

Magulu a Anthu Monga Masinthidwe a Malamulo

Malamulo samachita zinthu modzikakamiza. Kupita patsogolo m'kulingana ndi chilungamo kumasonkhezeredwa ndi magulu audzu ndi kulinganiza ulamuliro umene umakakamiza kachitidwe ka lamulo ndi kaweruzidwe. Magulu ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pakati pa malonjezo osadziŵika a Konsichushoni ndi zenizeni za tsankho. Amatembenuza zofuna za kakhalidwe m'ziganizo za lamulo, kukakamiza makhoti ndi malamulo a malamulo kuyankha.

Gulu la Chiŵeniŵeni la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (1950s - 1960)

Civil Rights Movement inali kusonkhanitsa anthu kuti atsutse kusankhana mitundu ndi kusankhana. Atsogoleri onga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, ndi John Lewis anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito popanda chiwawa / zigawenga, ufulu woyenda, ndi maulendo . Kuvumbula nkhanza za Jim Conrow. Gululo linayambitsa mphamvu ya ndale za Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu mu 1964, chimene chinaletsa tsankho m'malo a anthu onse ndi ntchito, ndi kuletsa ufulu wa fuko kutsekedwa kwa anthu mu 1965, zimene zinaletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha. Malamulowa ndi zitsanzo zamphamvu za mmene anthu amasinthira ku malamulo. la la la pa Chikalata cha ufulu wa Civilganic Rights Act ya 1964 [FLD:1] mfundo za nkhondo imene inalonjeza kuti ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu wa kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu mu 1965, zomwe zinagwirizana ndi pangano la ufulu wa anthu a m'dziko.

Gulu la Akazi la Kumasuka

Gulu la akazi linasungidwa pa Demetrition ya 19 . Kusintha kwamakono kwa akazi kwa 1960 ndi 1970 kunaloŵetsedwa kaamba ka Kulinganiza Koyenera kwa Ufulu wa Akazi (ERA), kumene, pamene kuli kwakuti sikunavomerezedwe ndi maboma okwanira isanafike nthaŵiyo, kunasonkhezera kwambiri mafotokozedwe achiweruzo a Secult Protection Claus. Gululo linapitirizanso lamulo lopatulika monga Ditut IX of the Education Amendments ya 1972, imene imaletsa tsankho la kugonana lozikidwa pa maphunziro, ndi Lamulo la Pathupi la 1978. # Magalamu a Komiti ya kutetezera apitirizabe ntchito imeneyi, yogogomezera kuvutitsa ndi kuukira kwa lamulo.

Gulu Lopanda Ufulu Wakuyenerera

Bungwe lomenyera ufulu wachilema la ku America lopatsidwa ndi Chilamulo cha Ulema (ADA) mu 1990, lamulo lachisawawa la ufulu wachibadwidwe limene limaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kupunduka pantchito, malo ogona anthu onse, zoyendera, ndi njira zolankhulirana ndi anthu. Gululo linalemba zofuna zake m’njira za malamulo, likutsutsa kuti kuchotsa anthu olumala kuswa bungwe la Exvilt Protection Clausle. ADA ndi njira yochititsa kayendetsedwe ka mayanjano, kusonyeza mmene magulu a malamulo a boma angagwiritsirire ntchito njira zotetezera makhobiri.

Magulu Amakono

Bungwe la Black Live Matter, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 2013 chifukwa cha chiwawa cha apolisi kwa anthu akuda, lathandiza kwambiri pa nkhani ya tsankho m’dongosolo la zigawenga. Gululi lachititsa kuti apolisi asinthe, achotsedwe ntchito, ndipo lathandiza kuti anthu ayambe kukambirana za chilungamo cha mtundu wawo. Bungwe la LGBTQ likupitiriza kumenya nkhondo yoteteza anthu odutsana ndi anthu amtundu wina, kupezeka kuti apeze chithandizo cha zaumoyo, ndiponso kuti asamasokonezedwe m’nyumba ndi ntchito. Mabungwewa akulemba mutu wina wa malamulo a ku America, ndipo akutokosa makhoti a ufulu woyendera mfundo za kulingana ndi chilungamo.

Malo Olamulira ndi Malonda Osatha

Nkhani monga kusiyana kwa chuma, kuletsa kuvota, kukondera dongosolo la zigaŵenga, ndiponso mavuto a luso la zopangapanga latsopano, zimasonyeza kusiyana kopitirizabe pakati pa mfundo za malamulo ndi zochitika pamoyo.

Chilungamo cha Zachuma ndi Lamulo

Malamulo amapereka chitetezo champhamvu kaamba ka ufulu wa chuma, koma samatsimikizira kulingana kwa chuma. Mu [San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] , Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti palibe kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kuchirikiza ndalama zofanana pa maphunziro a anthu onse, ndipo limalola kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa madera achuma ndi osauka. Khoti lachepetsanso mphamvu ya maboma ya kugwiritsira ntchito misonkho ndi malamulo a zachuma kudyetsera chuma. Mkangano wa zachuma umadzutsa mafunso ofunika ponena za unansi pakati pa Kosishoni ndi chitukuko, ndi kaya chikalatacho chingaŵerengedwe kuti chifunikire mlingo wa chisungiko chachuma kwa nzika zonse.

Chilungamo Chaupandu Chisintha

United States ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa kutsekeredwa kwa kuikidwa kwamphamvu kwa dziko lirilonse lotukuka. Kutsegulidwa kwa 4, 5th, 6, ndi kwa 8 kwa Malamulo amakhazikitsa maziko a ufulu wa chilungamo, kuphatikizapo zitetezero za kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa, kuyenera kwa kuperekedwa, ku kulakwa, ndi kutetezeredwa ku chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Kuyesayesa, kutsenderezedwa kwa mafuko, kutetezera, ndi nkhanza za apolisi zachititsa kutetezera zimenezi. Khoti Lali lalikulu lachepetsa chigamulo cha [FT: 0] Gedeon v. Wainright [[FLT:] [12] [12] [3])] Kuthandiza oyenera kulangiza onse okwiridwa, koma otetezera dongosolo la anthu ovutika, kuwonjezera mafunso operekedwa. [Flactive]

Kukopa Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kupeza Kotsatira Demokalase

Kuyenera kwa kuvota ndiko maziko a kugawana kwa democracy. Komabe, kukhoza kulowa m'bokosi la olati kukukhalabe nkhani yotsutsana. Malamulo a Voter, kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota, ziletso pa kuvota ndi kutumiza makalata, ndi kutsendereza zonse zodzutsa mafunso ofunika a lamulo. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Brnovich v. DNC[FL:1] (201) chinapangitsa kuvuta kutsutsa ziletso zovota pansi pa Chiletso cha Voilting. Kuvota kuli nkhondo yaikulu pa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa dziko la Amerekani, amene mawu ake akumvedwa m’ka m’zochita za ndale zadziko.

Chilungamo cha Zipangizo Zamakono, Kukhala Wekha, ndi Chilungamo cha Aligolitiliki

Kukula kwa luntha la kupeka, kuvomereza kwa pasadakhale, ndi kupanga zigamulo za ndandanda kumachititsa mavuto atsopano a kufanana kwa malamulo ndi chilungamo. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa maajensi m'ntchito zapolisi, kugamula, ndi kulembedwa ntchito kungayambitse mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho imene ilipo yolimbana nayo. Makhoti adzafunikira kumasulira malamulo a malamulo a Lamulo otetezera ku ku kusanthula kosalingalirika ndi kudwala kwa njiwa zamphamvu za boma ndi kuyesa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha makompyuta chambiri. Kuyenera kwa lamulo la kukhala kwachinsinsi kwachinsinsi kumatsutsidwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwa nyengo ya makono yofala.

Ntchito Yosatha ya Chiweruzo Cholungama

Malamulo a kulingana ndi chilungamo si chinthu chapadera koma kukambitsirana kwa moyo. Mbadwo uliwonse umaloŵa lemba, zitsanzo, ndi kusagwirizana kosathetsedwa. Kulondola mgwirizano wangwiro kwambiri kumafuna kufunitsitsa kumasulira mfundo zachikhalidwe zazikulu za Malamulo pankhani ya mavuto atsopano. Kuchokera ku kuikidwa kwa Malamulo a 14 Demendment mpaka nkhondo yopitirizabe ya kusankhidwa, ulemu wa zachuma, ndi kukonzanso chilungamo, nkhani ya chilungamo cha ku America ndi imodzi ya kukula ndi kupikisana. Kukwaniritsa madalitso a ufulu kwa onse a ntchito yosatha ya lamulo, kukakamiza kukwaniritsa pangano lamphamvu la nzika, ochirikiza, ndi mabungwe opatulidwa ku chikalata chimene onse anapangidwa.