Kumvetsetsa Mbali ya Kukopa m’Njira ya Chiweruzo

Kukhoza kutsutsa chigamulo cha khoti mwa kufunsira mlandu ndi mbali yaikulu ya malamulo amakono. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti milandu iyenera kupendedwa ndi kukonzedwa bwino. Kwa ophunzira a mbiri, boma, ndi lamulo, kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito yokopa ikuchitira ndi mmene makhoti aakulu amaperekera chidziŵitso chotsimikizirika cha kulinganizika kwa mphamvu, kusinthika kwa malamulo a malamulo, ndi kutsata chilungamo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kulongosola komvekera bwino kwa njira yopimira, kakonzedwe ka makhoti, ndi kalinga ka machitidwe a mabwalo a milandu olinganizidwa ndi othandiza amene akugwira ntchito.

Kodi Chikopa Nchiyani?

Pempho ndilo pempho lalamulo lopangidwa ku khoti lapamwamba likupempha kupenda ndi kusintha chigamulo choperekedwa ndi khoti laling'ono. Chipani chimene chikupereka apilocho chimatchedwa mkhalakwa, pamene kuli kwakuti wotsutsanayo ndi amene ali pulogalamu. Zipimelo sizili mipata ya kuzenganso mlandu; mmalo mwake, iwo amasumika maganizo pa kaya ngati zolakwa za lamulo kapena za m'malemba zinachitika mkati mwa nkhani zoyambirira zimene zingakhale zitayambukira zotulukapo zake.

Pali magulu aŵiri aakulu a zikalata zopimira. [FLT: 0] Appeals ngati ya kumanja imatsimikizira kuti amvedwe mokwanira pamaso pa khoti la audole pa nkhani zina, makamaka kuphatikizapo ziweruzo zomaliza. Kuchonderera kwachisawawa [[FLT: 3] kumafuna kuti munthu apeze chilolezo choyamba kuchokera ku khoti la audoma, limene lingavomereze kapena kukana mlanduwo. Makhoti apamwamba kwambiri, monga U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba, lolamulira kwaumboni, kusankha nkhani zofunika kwambiri pakati pa malamulo kapena milandu yapamwamba.

Maziko a kachitidwe ka apilo kanayamba ndi lamulo la Chingelezi ndi kuyambika kwa makhoti achifumu. Pazaka mazana ambiri, ufulu wa kufunsira wawonjezeka kuchokera ku mwaŵi wochepa kufika ku chitetezo cha procedwate chodziŵika kwambiri. Lerolino, njira ya apulonellate imagwira ntchito zambiri: kuwongolera zolakwa, kutsimikizira kufanana kwa mafotokozedwe a malamulo, ndi kulola kuyambika kwapang'onopang’ono kwa chiphunzitso cha lamulo kupyolera mwa malingaliro olingaliridwa.

Malamulo a Makhoti Apamwamba

Makhoti apamwamba anapangidwa motsatira malamulo, ndipo kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kameneka n’kofunika kwambiri poyendetsa zikalata zochonderera.

Kutsata Bwalo lamilandu la Maboma

Khoti la boma lili ndi mabwalo atatu aakulu. Pa mipambo yaing'ono kwambiri pali Mabwalo a Chigawo a United States , amene amagwira ntchito monga makhoti ozenga milandu ya boma. Pamwamba pawo pali Makhoti a United States a Zifuno , ogawidwa m'zigawo 13: 11 madera, District of Columbia County, ndi Federal , amene amasamalira nkhani zapadera monga kulinganiza ndi zamalonda a mitundu yonse. Pabwalo la Aupt . Pabwalo la Aupt: [FLT] [FLD] [FLD]] [FLD5:], zimene zimachitidwa zonsezokhudza ulamuliro wa United States [FLD]

Mabwalo Amilandu Aboma

Boma lililonse limasunga dongosolo lakelake la bwalo lamilandu, makamaka kutsanzira boma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi makhoti ozenga mlandu, khoti lapakati, ndi khoti la zigamulo zomalizira, kaŵirikaŵiri lotchedwa khoti lalikulu. Komabe, maboma ena aang'ono, alibe makhoti apakati, tanthauzo la apilo kuchokera ku makhoti ozenga mlandu amapita mwachindunji ku bwalo lapamwamba la boma. Maina odziŵika, maulamuliro, ndi malamulo a procedro amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma, kupangitsa ilo kukhala lofunika kwa oweruza kuti afufuze malamulo a m’dzikolo.

Makhoti Apadera

Pambali pa makhoti alamulo a boma, njirayo imaphatikizapo makhoti apadera amene amasamalira magulu a lamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo United States Courts Truasus , United States Court of Appeals for Armaged Forces , ndi United States Courts of Veterans Intects . Mabwalo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza oweruza okhala ndi luso lakuya m’madera awo. Zilango zapadera zina zingapite ku bwalo lamilandu la chigawo kapena ku Bwalo Lapamwamba.

Kaamba ka tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka pa maungwe a khoti la boma, Ofesi ya U.S. imapereka chidule chodalirika .

Ntchito Yabwino Kwambiri ya Kampani Yopanga Masewera

Kumvetsa zolinga zimenezi kumatithandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake anthu amawononga ndalama zambiri popenda zinthu.

Kuwongolera ndi Kuchita Zinthu Mwachilungamo

Ntchito yowonekera bwino kwambiri ndiyo kuwongolera zolakwa zopangidwa ndi makhoti ozenga milandu. Palibe dongosolo lachiweruzo limene liri lolakwa. Oweruza ndi oweruza angalakwe m’kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo, kuvomereza umboni, kapena kulangiza ajuli. Kupezeka kwa apligellate kumapatsa oweruza chidaliro chakuti dongosolo limapereka chitetezo ku zolakwa zoterozo, mwakutero kulimbitsa chidaliro cha anthu onse m’zotsatira zachiweruzo.

Kufanana ndi Kuyerekezera

Makhoti ofunsira milandu, makamaka pa milingo ya dera ndi ya Supreme Court, nkhani ya malingaliro olembedwa omwe amakhala ogwirizana pa makhoti ang'onoang’ono m’manja mwawo. Kufanana kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti lamulo limagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosasintha m'dera lalikulu la dziko. Popanda ntchito imeneyi, funso lalamulo lingakhale lotsutsana m’makhoti osiyanasiyana, kuchititsa chisokonezo ndi kusayenera.

Kukula Mwalamulo ndi Kukulitsa

Kupyolera mwa malingaliro awo, makhoti opereka chilango amachita mbali yaikulu m'kuumba lamulo. Ngati lamulo lamakono silikumveka bwino kapena pamene umisiri watsopano utokosa malamulo amene alipo, zigamulo zoperekedwa ndi zigamulo zodalirika. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kusonkhanitsa malingaliro a mapangano kumachititsa mwambo wotchuka ndi wosinthasintha. Milandu ya malamulo yonga Brown v. Board of Education ndi Maranda v. Arizona [1] Inayamba monga kuchonderera kumene lamulo la ku America linasintha.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a malamulo amasiyanasiyana pakati pa mayiko, mfundo zazikulu pa kufunsirako zimatsatira njira yofanana.

Kudziŵa Chilengezo cha Kukopa

Chikalatachi chimalengeza cholinga chofunsira. Zikalata zakufa n’zosatsutsika ndi zolamulira; kuphonya windo lakutsalira kumatayitsa ufulu wa kukopa. M’khoti la boma, Lamulo 3 la Federal Regal of Applente Procedture zimafuna kuti zilengezedwe m’masiku 30 a kuloŵa kwa chiweruzo. Zina za interlocustory, zimene zimatsutsa chigamulo chomaliza, zili ndi malamulo achidule.

Kukonza Nkhaniyo pa Chikopa

Wopereka mlanduyo ayeneranso kutsimikizira kuti imaperekedwa pa apilo ndi kutumizidwa ku khoti lopereka mayeso. Cholembedwa chimenechi chimaphatikizapo kuchonderera, kuyendayenda, kuonetsa, umboni wovomerezedwa pa mlandu, ndi mawu olembedwa a milandu. Khoti la appellate limadalira pa cholembedwa chokha kuti lipende zosankha za khoti lapansi. Umboni watsopano sumalingaliridwa, kusiyapo m’mikhalidwe yochepera yokhudza zinthu zatsopano zimene sizinatulutsidwepo kale.

Kugonjera Mwachidule

Maguluwo amatumiza mabodza olembedwa omwe amalongosola mfundo zawo zalamulo. Kufotokoza kwachidule kwa mabodza onenedwa ndi kulongosola chifukwa chake chigamulo cha khoti laling'ono chiyenera kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa. Kuyankha kwachidule kwa apulonelupeku mwa kuteteza lamulo la khoti locheperalo. Makhoti ambiri amalola kapena kufuna kuyankha mwachidule. Mabungwe ambiri ayenera kumamatira ku ku kulinganiza, kutalika kwake, ndi malamulo owonjezera. Chigamuweruzo chachidule ndicho chida chofunika kwambiri choperekera chisankho cha bungwe lolamulira.

Nkhani Zapakamwa

M'zifukwa zambiri, khoti likonza mfundo zomveka. Ma atteney a mbali iliyonse akuonekera pamaso pa gulu la oweruza kuti apereke mfundo zazikulu ndi kuyankha mafunso. Zigomeko zapakamwa zoyamba 15 mpaka 30 mphindi modzi, ngakhale kuti milandu ina imalandira nthaŵi yowonjezereka. Oweruza amagwiritsa ntchito mpata umenewu kupenda mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa gulu lililonse. M'nkhani zambiri zovuta, mfundo zambiri zolankhula zingakhudze kwambiri zotsatira zake. Komabe, zina zimagamulidwa pa machidule popanda kutsutsana ndi mawu, makamaka pamene nkhanizo zili zomveka bwino.

Kuyembekezera Chigamulo cha Khotilo

Pambuyo pa mikangano ya pakamwa, oweruza amakambirana ndi kuvota pa chotulukapo. Khoti pambuyo pake limatulutsa [[FLT: 0] chigamulo cholembedwa chimene chimafotokoza malingaliro ake. Malingaliro angakhale otsutsana kapena ogaŵanika, ndi malingaliro otsutsana ndi opereka malingaliro ena. Khoti lingapereke [FLT:] ndi [FLT] mlandu wowonjezereka wogwirizana ndi malingalirowo. M’zochitika zina, khotilo lingagamulenso [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] kutsutsa [FLT:], kapena [[FLT:] kutumiza mlandu wa kumbuyo kwa mlanduwo].

Zinthu Zimene Zimakopa Anthu

Kukopa sikuli kozikidwa pa kutsutsana chabe ndi chotulukapo chake, koma kuyenera kuzikidwa pa kupereŵera kwa lamulo kapena kwa malumbiro.

Kulakwa Mwalamulo

Kulakwa kwa lamulo kumachitika pamene khoti lozenga mlandu liphonya kapena kumasulira molakwa malamulo. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malangizo olakwika a ajuli, kumasulira kolakwika kwa malamulo, kapena chigamulo chimene chimatsutsana ndi chitsanzo chogwirizana. Zolakwa za lamulo ndizo maziko ofala kwambiri a kuchonderera kwachipambano chifukwa chakuti makhoti amasamala kwambiri za kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lagwiritsiridwa ntchito molondola.

Zolakwa za M’kati

Zophophonya zachibadwa zimaphatikizapo kulephera kutsatira malamulo okhazikitsidwa amene amalamulira khalidwe la kuzenga mlandu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kuvomereza kosayenera kapena kuchotsa umboni, kulephera kupitiriza, kapena kusamvera malamulo kwa woweruza kapena uphungu. Sizonse zolakwika za m'malemba zimene zimafuna kusintha. Kulakwa kuyenera kukhala koopsa , kutanthauza kuti kukhoza kukhudza zotsatira za mlanduwo. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito ziyeso zosiyanasiyana, monga muyezo wopanda vuto kapena muyezo wosalakwika, malinga ndi ngati muyezo wotsutsa wotsutsidwa pa nthawi yoyesa.

Umboni Wosakwanira

Munthu amene wapereka umboni wokhudza mlanduwo anganene kuti umboni woperekedwa pa mlanduwo sunali wokwanira kuchirikiza chigamulocho chifukwa chakuti makhoti amaona umboni wogwirizana ndi zimene gulu lotchukalo likuchita.

Umboni Watsopano

Kawirikawiri, anthu apeza umboni pambuyo pa mlanduwo umene sunatulukire ndi kulimbikira kwake. Ngati umboni watsopano umenewu uli wokhudza zinthu ndipo mwina ungakhale ndi zotsatira zosiyana, ungakhale maziko a apilo kapena njira yoperekera mlandu watsopano. Makhoti ambiri safuna kutsegulanso milandu yozikidwa pa umboni watsopano chifukwa cha chidwi champhamvu cha kutha kwa mlanduwo.

Kupenda ndi Kuyambukiridwa Kwake

Imodzi ya mfundo zofunika kwambiri m'zochita za apulotesitanti ndiyo muyezo wa kubwereramo. Izi zimatanthauza mlingo wa kuchepetsa zimene khoti lolamulira limapereka ku zigamulo za khoti laling'ono. Miyezo yosiyana imagwira ntchito ku nkhani zosiyanasiyana.

Kupenda Novo

Mafunso a lamulo amapendedwa de novo , kutanthauza khoti lopereka chilangolo limalingalira nkhaniyo kukhala yatsopano popanda kutchula mathedwe a khoti lochepera. Muyezo umenewu umagwira ntchito ku kumasulira kwa malamulo, mafunso alamulo, ndi malamulo a boma. Chifukwa khoti la appellate likhoza kupenda bwino mafunso alamulo, limapereka chiweruzo palokha.

Kupenda Zolakwa

Kupeza zenizeni kwa woweruza wozenga mlandu kumapendedwa pansi pa chophophonya chowonekera bwino [1] muyezo wa khoti la appellate sudzasokoneza zopezedwa kusiyapo kokha ndi chitsimikizo chotsimikizirika ndi cholimba kuti cholakwa chapangidwa. Muyezo wapamwamba umenewu umatsimikizira kuti woweruza wa mlandu ali ndi mwaŵi wa kuwona umboni mwachindunji ndi kutsimikizira kudalirika.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nzeru Molakwika

Malamulo amene amaphatikizapo kuweruza kwa khoti, monga ngati zigamulo za kuvomereza umboni, kupitiriza kupitiriza, kapena ziletso zowopsa, amapendedwa kaamba ka kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru . Izi ndi muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri. Khoti la aumpelt lidzasintha kokha ngati chigamulo cha khotilo chinali chopanda lamulo, chosamveka, kapena chozikidwa pa mfundo yolakwika ya lamulo.

Kumvetsetsa miyezo imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kumakhudza mwachindunji kuthekera kwa chipambano pa apilo.

Kusamalira Kothandiza Pochita Chidwi

Kuimba apilo si chigamulo cha lamulo chabe; komanso ndi chosankha chanzeru ndi chothandiza.

Zotayika ndi Nthaŵi

Kupereka ndalama zolipirira ndalama kumakhala kokwera mtengo.

Ubwenzi wa Kupambana

Asanalembe, maloya odziŵa bwino ntchitoyo amapenda mphamvu ya maziko ofunikira a apilo, muyezo woyenerera wa kupenda, ndi malekodi. Kuchonderera popanda kulungamitsa kwa lamulo sikupambana. Kuimba apilo wamba kungatulutse ziletso zotsutsana ndi woimba mlanduyo kapena loya wawo.

Kukopa Komaliza

Kuchonderera kochuluka kumachokera ku zigamulo zomalizira, koma maiko ena amalola kufunsira kuchokera ku malamulo ena, monga ngati malamulo a lamulo kapena zikalata za kalasi. Kuchonderera kwa kagulu kumaletsedwa chifukwa chakuti kumachedwetsa kuzengezera milandu. Makhoti amalola kokha pamene nkhaniyo iri yofunika ndi kupenda mwamsanga mwakuthupi kukapititsa patsogolo kupenyetsa.

Uphungu Wofuna Kusintha Zinthu Umathandiza

Kuphunzitsa mayeso kumafuna maluso apadera osiyana ndi kuzenga mlandu. Uphungu wothandiza wopereka uphungu uyenera kukhala waluso pa kufufuza kwa lamulo, kulemba kokopa, ndi kutsutsana kwa pakamwa. Makampani ambiri alamulo adzipereka pa machitachita a kufunsira, ndipo maloya ena amasumika maganizo pa kuchonderera. Kwa awo amene sangathe kupereka uphungu waumwini, mabungwe alamulo kapena maprogramu a proono angathandize kuyenerera.

Kuyang'anitsitsa njira yothandiza, American Bar Association's Appellate Practice wild [[FLT: 1] imapereka chitsogozo chopindulitsa.

Kumaliza

Njira yopimira imaimira imodzi ya njira zofunika kwambiri za dongosolo lachiweruzo lolungama ndi logwira ntchito. Imapereka njira yolinganizidwira yowongolera zolakwa, kukonza malamulo, ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo limagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosalekeza pa nkhani zosaŵerengeka. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi omwe, kumvetsetsa dongosolo la makhoti aakulu, njira yapamwamba yokopa, ndi kupenda kwamphamvu kolamulira kachitidwe ka malamulo nkofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse bwino mmene chilungamo chimagwirira ntchito. Zikaonedwa ndi malens of versity, sayansi yandale, kapena maphunziro alamulo, dongosolo la aunellaste limakhalabe mbali yaikulu ndi yofunika ya malamulo.

Awo ofuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka chalamulo pa njira ya boma angaone Malamulo a Appellate Procediture osungidwa ndi Cornell's Legal Information Institute .