Chiyambi: Maziko a Ulamuliro Wademokalase

Dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulinganiza liri ngati maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy, wolinganizidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro mu nthambi iliyonse ya boma. Kuchokera ku malamulo osonyezedwa ndi anthanthi andale monga Montesquieu ndipo pambuyo pake osungidwa mu Constitution . Malamulo a United States , amatsimikizira kuti lamulo, mkulu, ndi mabungwe a milandu akugwira ntchito mogwirizana pamene akuyang'anirana. M'dziko la kupanga, machekesi ndi malingana ndi maulamuliro amagwira ntchito zonse ziŵiri zotetezera ulamuliro ndi njira yolinganiza, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsimikizira kuti malamulo akusonyeza kugwirizana kofala ndi umphumphu. Nkhaniyi imapenda kugwirizana kwa mayeso ndi kulinganiza, kupenda ndi kuyang'kambira m'mbiri, ndi kuyang'kambira ntchito kwa mbiri yakale, ndi kuyang'kambira m'nkhani za ndale zadziko.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Zovala Zopeka

Maulamuliro a boma asanayambe kukhazikitsidwa ku America. Kuunika kwa Malamulo kunachititsa Baron de Montesquieu, m'ntchito yake 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo , kutsutsa kuti ufulu umasungidwa bwino kwambiri pamene boma, mkulu, ndi machitidwe a chiweruzo asintha. Opanga malamulo a U.S. anakopa kwambiri mfundo zimenezi, kupanga njira imene nthambi iliyonse ingakhale ndi njira zotsutsira kuloŵererana ndi zina. Monga momwe James Mageni adalembera motchuka mu [FL:2] Fadrist. No. , “ kuyenera kupangidwa kuti atsutse. &rd; Chiphunzitsochi cha nzeru chapamwambachimenechinga cha kukhazikitsa chigwirizano cha Pristicence, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oikidwa ndi kuweruza kolamulira koyambirira, kungatsimikizikana lamulo la Suptmotionetive.

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mademokrase ambiri atengera kusiyanasiyana kwa chitsanzo chimenechi, kuchokera ku madongosolo a pulezidenti onga Brazil ndi Nigeria kufikira ku madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo ndi makhoti alamulo. Njira zapadera zimasiyana, koma cholinga chachikulu sichisintha: kuletsa woseŵera aliyense ku lamulo lapadera. Kumvetsetsa chiyambi chimenechi nkofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake kupima ndi kulinganiza kumasokoneza kaŵirikaŵiri kupanga malamulo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Machesi ndi Machesi

Kuti amvetsetse chiyambukiro pa kupanga lamulo, munthu choyamba ayenera kumvetsetsa ziŵiya zazikulu zimene nthambi zimayenderana. Ziŵiya zimenezi zimagwira ntchito pambali iriyonse ya nthungo ya lamulo, kuyambira ku kulinganiza kufikira ku kupenda kwachiweruzo.

Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu

Congress imapanga mawindo ambiri pa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Imayang'anira bajeti ya boma, imatsimikizira makampani a pulezidenti (kuphatikizapo alembi a Cabitte ndi oweruza a boma), ndipo ingathe kugonjetsa maveto a pulezidenti ndi masunt thiatia thitatus m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Nyumba ya malamulo ikhoza kufunsa ndi kukakamiza umboni, monga momwe ikuonera pa ntchito za nthambi monga Iran-Nextracquo; maulamuliro-aaaasensi, makamaka pa mapangano ndi mapangano achiweruzo, amatumikira monga mabungwe apamwamba a dziko lachilendo ndi mapangano a boma.

Akuluakulu Afufuza Malamulo

Pulezidentiyu amachititsa kuti bungwe la Reveto lizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake, zimene zingaletse malamulo m'njira zake pokhapokha Congress ikhazikitsa lamulo lapamwamba kwambiri. Pamalo a kukhazikitsa malamulo, Pulezidenti angagwiritse ntchito chiwopsezo cha chivomezi kuti akonze zinthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kukakamiza. Malamulo a boma ndi a takranda amalola Pulezidenti kutsogolera mabungwe a boma kuchitapo kanthu m’malamulo amene alipo, kupanga malamulo popanda malamulo atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka dziko ka dziko (DACA) kapena malamulo a zachilengedwe kaungwe ka U. Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa amatsutsana ndi lamulo lalamulo ndipo angabwezedwe ndi oloŵa mmalo, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wa kanthaŵi kotsatira ka boma kwa kamodzi.

Kufufuza Mantha Onse Aŵiri a Oweruza

jadiary, makamaka Supreme Court, imalola makhoti kuchotsa malamulo ndi machitidwe achiweruzo . Mphamvu imeneyi, yokhazikitsidwa mu Body v. Madison [183] [183], imalola makhoti kuchotsa malamulo oletsa malamulo oletsa lamulo. Malamulo oletsa malamulo ngati Brown v. Body of Education [1954] [194] [194] [[FLT]] ndi [FLT] OGbergefell]. Hodges v [FLD:5] [20] [20] amasonyeza mmene kumasulira kwachiweruzo kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi nkhani zina za anthu. Khoti lochepetsa lamulo la boma, lingaimirirenso, monga momwe amachitira ndi chiganizo, kaŵirikaŵiri. Ngakhale kuti amatumikira chigamulo choweruza chomaliza.

Chiyambukiro pa Kukonza Lamulo

Njira imeneyi imapereka mfundo zosiyanasiyana zokhudza kulolerana kapena njira zosiyanasiyana kuti athetse mavuto.

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Kulolerana

Chiyambukiro chowoneka kwambiri cha machenjezo ndi kulinganiza ndiko kutseguka kwa nthaŵi zambiri m'Congress. Chifukwa chakuti lamulo liyenera kutsata matembenuzidwe ofanana mu Nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (limodzi ndi malamulo awo a m'dziko) ndiyeno kupulumuka pa nthaŵi ya upoti wa prezidenti, njirayo imachedwa. Boma logaŵikana mwachibadwa. Pamene boma ndi Nyumba za Malamulo zikulamuliridwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2021, U.S. inakhala ndi nyengo zowonjezereka za boma logaŵikana, kutsogolera ku kutuluka kochepa kwa malamulo aakulu onga a zaumoyo ndi za nyengo. Komabe, masitepeto angaponderezenso kutetezera mavoti 60 (kugonjetsa woyendetsa) kapena kuyendetsa malonda onse aŵiri ovomerezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa maulamuliro a boma. Chikalata cha Chipangano chakumbuyo cha 1996 Chilungamo ndi Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha Chikalata cha Chikalata Choyambirira chaku

Ntchito Yotsogolera Ntchito

Pamene malamulo alamulo aletsa zonulirapo za boma, mapresidenti atembenukira kwambiri ku zochita za akuluakulu. Malamulowa amasintha mwamsanga zinthu monga kusamuka, maphunziro, ndi malamulo a malo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito yapamwamba kupanga Defered Action for Childholp for Childing Agellals (DACA) programu ya Nyumba za Malamulo atalephera kukhazikitsa kusintha zinthu. Momwemonso, Pulezidenti Trump anatulutsa malamulo pamalipupansi ndi kutsendereza ndalama zoyendera ndalama za boma. Ngakhale kuti anali wogwira ntchitoyo kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, malamulo a akuluakulu angasinthidwe ndi woloŵa mmalo (mo mmene Pulezidenti Biden Bidena anachitira ndi malamulo ambiri a Trump-era) kapena kugonjetsedwa ndi makhoti a akulu. Motero, kudalira kwa maulamuliro apamwamba kuyendetsa ndalama ndi kuyang'ango kwa pulezidenti kwa mayezeze a kayenderensi.

Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumayambitsa kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali . Nkhosa Yapamwamba ikakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza lamulo, kuti kumasulira kumakhalapo kufikira Khoti lisintha kapena kukonzanso lamulo kumaperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Affordcable Care Act Act (AKA) inapulumuka zitokoso ziŵiri zazikulu za Bwalo Lapamwamba, kulimbitsa malo ake monga lamulo mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa kopitirizabe kwa lamulo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Court’ chigamulo mu Dos v. Jackson Women &rso; Organization A Health Organizations [202]) adagwedezeka . Wopanso, kubwezera lamulo la kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusonkhezera lamulo latsopano. Mlandu wandale . judicracyssquo; Supy alctivessssss (produceptionss) monga momwe amanenera kuti afunikira kuvomereza chivoti cha chivoti chandale.

Ntchito ya Malingaliro a Anthu ndi Mafuko

Macheke ndi malinganizo amapitirira nthambi zitatu za boma. Malamulo amagawanitsanso mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma (chisankho), kupanga miyalo ina ya macheke. Maboma angayese malamulo . Monga ngati kuvomereza chamba kapena kusamala zaumoyo wapadziko lonse . Boma la boma lingachotse malamulo a boma, koma maboma angatoletsenso mphamvu za boma zopinga m'khoti. Lingaliro la anthu limachitanso monga kupenda mwamwaŵi: akuluakulu osankhidwa ayenera kuyankha kwa ovota, ndipo malamulo osavomerezedwa ndi boma angasinthidwe ndi masankho kapena njira zapamwamba. Dongo lapamwamba limeneli limatsimikizira kuti lamulo likhalabe lovomereza zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti lingatulutsenso ntchito ya malamulo osokoneza.

Kupenda Macheke ndi Kulinganiza

Kupenda njira za malamulo zapadera kumasonyeza mmene mapendedwe ndi kulinganizika kumagwirira ntchito m’zochitika.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo: Chilango Chosavuta Kuchipeza

Kudutsa ndi kupulumuka kwa ACA (2010) kumatsimikizira kuvuta kwa macheke ndi malingana. Pambuyo pa Prezidenti Obama Actsquo; chisankho, Democrates , adalamulira zipinda zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi depansidenti, komabe lamulo lotsala pang'ono kusungidwa chifukwa cha njira za mkati za nyumba ya malamulo (malamulo a Bomabuster) ndi kufunika kwa kusungitsa 60-ote supersonalmaject. Chikalata chomalizira chinapitirira mwa kulinganiza kuletsa Relicybuster. Pambuyo pake, lamulo linayang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo, kutsogolera ku zigamu ziŵiri za m'bwalo lapamwamba ([[FLT]. NFFLT1 [FLD1] ndi kulephera kuchirikiza njira zambiri zoyendera.

Kusamukira kumayiko ena: DACA ndi M’dziko Lopanda Mlatho

Chikalata cha kutumiza anthu kudziko lina (cha pulogalamu ya Denmark) chakhala chopitira nkhondo yoyendera ndi kulinganiza. Congress walephera kukhazikitsa kusintha kwakukulu chiyambire 1986, kutsogolera ma pulezidenti kuchitapo kanthu popanda kufunsa. Pulezidenti Obama’ DaCA (202) adateteza osamukira ku yunivesite ya California [1] . Pulezidenti Trump anayesa kubwezeretsa ku DCACA koma anatsekedwa ndi Supreme Court mu [FLT: 0]. Nkhondoyo imasonyeza mmene mphamvu ya Homeland Security v. Regents za yunivesite ya California [1] [FLTLT:] (20). Panthaŵiyi, Trump anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo aunice kukhazikitsa ziletso ndi kuwonjezera malire, kusonkhezera kudandaula ndi kulinganiza mlandu ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo. Nkhondoyimbira ndi kuweruza.

Kusintha Kwachilengedwe: Dongosolo la Mphamvu ya Mphamvu ndi Wotus

Malamulo a malo okhala amasonyeza mmene kusintha kwa malamulo pakati pa oyang'anira. The Clean Power Plan (2015) cholinga cha kuchepetsa kutulutsa carbon koma chinasungidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ndipo pambuyo pake kuloŵedwa mmalo ndi lamulo lochepa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump. Malamulo a United States (WoTus) adakhala ndi mavuto ambiri. Malamulo a boma sanapatsidwe malamulo atsopano a malo okhala, choncho lamulo loyendetsedwa mwa malamulo a akuluakulu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa akusonyeza kutha kwa malamulo opangidwa popanda kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Dongosololi

Ngakhale kuti kupenda ndi kulinganiza zinthu kumateteza ufulu, iwo amayang’anizananso ndi chisulizo chachikulu m’nyengo yamakono. zovuta zazikulu zitatu zikuwopseza kupambana kwawo: kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, kukwezedwa kwa maulamuliro, ndi kuchenjereredwa ndi achiweruzo.

Kusintha Kayendedwe ka Magazi ndi Ntchito ya Institution Dys

Kusinthasintha kwa malo osungirako zinthu kwasintha kukhala zida. Kufufuza kwa Servetus , koyambirira kwa nyumba ya malamulo, tsopano kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza lamulo, kufuna mavoti 60 pa ndalama zambiri. Zimenezi zachititsa kudalira pa kugwirizanitsanso ndalama ndi malamulo a maulamuliro. Partisan drip kwachepetsa Congress ’ kutulutsa malamulo a boma ku zinthu za m'mbiri. Malinga ndi maphunziro ochititsa chidwi [[FLT: 0] Prew Center Research Center [1], Khoti ya 117 adapereka malamulo ocheperapo kuposa alionse m'makumi ambiri. Digriplock imatsendereza comptics ndi kupeputsa dongosolo la ’ luso la kuyankha nkhani zonga ngati kusintha kwa nyengo ndi ngongole ya dziko.

Kuloŵerera Kopambanitsa ndi Kusagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Kukula kwa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, makamaka mwa maoda a akuluakulu a boma ndi zikalata zamwadzidzidzi, kumabutsa nkhaŵa za kutha kwa ulamuliro wa malamulo. Mapresidenti a mbali zonse ziŵiri agwiritsira ntchito zida zimenezi kutsegulira Nyumba ya Malamulo, kusonkhezera osuliza monga Brennan Center kaamba ka Chilungamo kuchenjeza za A “risk wa mkulu wa ntchito wochenjera. ” pamene makhoti nthaŵi zina afufuza kuchenjera kumeneku (m., kuletsa Trumprs &quo; kuletsa ulendo), kuchedwa kwa ligalamu kwa mapangano kaŵirikaŵiri amalola kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito kwa kanthaŵi koyambirira. Kuwonjezereka kwa kachitidwe ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito kapamwamba ka ntchito kochenjera, kopenyeza malamulo.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Chigamulo cha khoti chija chimadzudzulidwa chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza ntchito yake. Makhoti akaphwanya malamulo otchuka kapena akapereka zigamulo zambiri pankhani za anthu, amaimbidwa mlandu wa kuweruza. Komanso, pamene anyalanyaza Congress kapena mkulu wa boma, amavomereza kuti aweruze. Kuwonjezereka kwa kuikidwa kwa mayeso kwa achiweruzo . Makamaka pambuyo pa mabwalo otchuka kuchititsa nkhondo zotsimikizira kuti ndizochitika mwalamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba’ anthu ambiri osunga mwambo watenga chigamulo pa nkhani zonga kuchotsa mimba ndi kuyenera kwa mfuti, kuchititsa ena kutsutsa kuti khoti lino ndilo lopanga bungwe. Kulimbana ndi vuto la kuyang'anira kuyang'ana osasankha pamene wofufuzayo ayamba kukhala woyendetsa nkhani zandale.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu m’Zaka za Zana la 21

Kusunga kukhoza kwawo, kupenda ndi kulinganiza kungafunikire kusintha. Maprojekiti amaphatikizapo kuchotsa kapena kusintha mwanayo kuchepetsa malo otsekereza, kuika malamulo pa Bwalo Lapamwamba kuti achotse mapangano, ndi kukhazikitsa maulamuliro ankhondo kuti abwezeretse ulamuliro wa gulu lankhondo. U.S. Constitution[FL:1] yasinthidwa ka 27, kusonyeza kuti dongosolo lankhondo lingasinthidwe. Kuchokera ku Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kumaliza

Chiyambukiro cha macheke ndi kulinganiza malamulo nchachikulu ndi chodabwitsa. Pambali imodzi, iwo amaletsa lamulo lamwamsanga kapena lankhanza, kutetezera zoyenera za anthu ochepa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo likusonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu. Kumbali ina, iwo angapangitse kusokonezeka kwa mayeso, kuchititsa maulamuliro kukhala olephera, ndi kuchititsa kutsutsana kwa maulamuliro. Dongosolo la Apperquo; mphamvu lili m'makonzedwe ake a kulimba, koma limadalira pa mafilimu andale pankhani ya malamulo a boma. Pamene dziko likukumana ndi mavuto ovuta, kusungitsa kulinganiza kopindulitsa ndi kuletsa koyenera kupitirizabe. Malamulo, opanga malamulo, ndi oweruza mofananamo ayenera kupitirizabe kuchirikiza kuchirikiza oyambitsa &rsquiro; pamene likusinthira ku zenizeni za democracy. Kwakuti, kuŵerengeranso, kochitidwa ndi kuwonjezera kuŵerengera kwa polisi: [FFF.N.'kuwonjezera kulongosola kwa mbiri, kulongosola kwa zipamba za mbiri: [FFoctive]