Mphamvu Yokhalitsa ya Ntchito Yosonkhanitsa Anthu

M'mbiri yonse yolembedwa, mabungwe a kakhalidwe ka anthu akhala akusintha malamulo. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kumabuka pamene magulu a anthu, ogwirizana ndi lingaliro limodzi la kudandaula kapena kulakalaka, alinganiza kukakamiza kusintha. Mwa kutumiza malingaliro a anthu onse, kusokoneza kusoŵa chochita, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chitsenderezo chopitirizabe pa mphamvu ya kakhalidwe, mabungwe a kakhalidwe akakamiza opanga malamulo a chitaganya. Kuchokera ku kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo ku ku kulingana kwa ukwati, kupita patsogolo kwa lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumasintha ndi zoyesayesa zotsimikizirika za nzika wamba zochita m'chigwirizano. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene magulu a kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka kakhalidwe ka anthu, kupangiranso zitsanzo za mbiri yakale ndi zamakono, ndi kufufuza njira za kachitidwe ka zinthu, zitoko, ndi njira zimene zimalongosola chisonkhezero chawo.

Kumvetsa Magulu a Anthu

Kagulu ka anthu sikasinthasintha zinthu kapena kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Magulu a anthu amachokera pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zipangizo, ndi mipata. Si kuti ndi zinthu zosiyana pamlingo, machenjera, ndi malingaliro. Ena amafuna kusinthasintha zinthu m’madongosolo amene alipo, pamene ena amafuna kusintha kwambiri. Kuphunzira za magulu a anthu kwasonyeza mikhalidwe ina yofunika imene imathandiza kuti asinthe malamulo.

Magulu a Anthu

  • Action : Mphamvu ya gulu ili m'ziŵerengero. Pamene zikwi kapena mamiliyoni a anthu agwirizana kuyesayesa kwawo . Mwa zitsutso, kunyodola, zopempha, kapena mikupiti ya pa Intaneti] mawu awo amakhala ovuta kwa opanga malamulo kunyalanyaza.
  • Chizindikiritso Chogaŵanitsidwa ndi Kupanga: Otengamo mbali kaŵirikaŵiri amagawana chizindikiritso chofanana chozikidwa pa fuko, chisembwere, gulu, kapena chikhulupiriro. Magulu ogwira mtima amapanga zofuna zawo m'mawu amakhalidwe kapena amakhalidwe amene amamveka, kutembenuza chidandaulo chapadera kukhala chifuno cha chilungamo cha padziko lonse.
  • Kulima Zonulirapo ndi Zonulirapo: Zomwe zapambana m'kusintha kolongosoka, zofunika kuchitapo kanthu [1] monga ngati kudutsa kwa lamulo, kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo lopanda chilungamo, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa lamulo. Zolinga za Vague sizimatembenuza kupambana kwa malamulo.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Mapangano opimira: Njira zokhalitsa kwambiri pakati pa chitsutso ndi kukambitsirana, pakati pa kusokoneza malonda ndi kuloŵa m'dongosolo. Amasintha maluso awo ozikidwa pa mwaŵi wa ndale zadziko ndi zopinga.

Magulu a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amabuka m'nyengo za kutsimikizirika kwa ndale zadziko kapena mavuto, pamene mabungwe omwe alipowo akuwoneka kukhala osalabadira kapena osaloledwa. Kuphunzira za magulu a anthu [ kumasonyeza kuti ziyambukiro za malamulo sizichitika mwamsanga; kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna zaka zambiri .=makumi ambiri (a zaka) za kupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu.

Zitsanzo Za m’mbiri za Kuyambukira Malamulo

Zochitika m’mbiri yakale zimapereka umboni woonekeratu wakuti magulu a anthu angalembenso malamulo.

Gulu la Zisankho za Chiŵeniŵeni (United States)

Kulimbana kwa ubale ku United States kunafikira pachimake pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960, koma chiyambi chake chinakula zaka makumi ambiri. Motsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, ndi John Lewis, ndi mabungwe onga NAACP, SCLC , ndi SNCC , gululo linaphatikiza zopinga za lamulo, zopanda chiwawa, ndi zosonkhanitsidwa. Zochitika zazikulu . Zochitika za Montgomery Bus Boyncott, March ku Washington, Selma-to-Montmery anayang'anira dziko lonse ndi kuvumbula nkhanza ya kumenyera ufulu wa dziko.

  • Malamulo a Dziko: Act ya 1964 Chikalata cha Chisankho cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Chibadwidwe cha 1964 choletsedwa ndi tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Chikalata cha Councing Rights Act cha 1965 chinachotsa zopinga zosankha anthu a ku Africa. Malamulo ameneŵa sanachokere ku kukoma mtima kokha; analetsedwa ku Nyumba za Malamulo zozemba ndi zaka za kupereka nsembe ndi kusamvera kwa nzika.
  • Makina a Chisonkhezero: Gulu logwiritsiridwa ntchito (Brown ) Komiti ya Maphunziro, kunyozedwa kwa chuma, ndi mawailesi oulutsira mawu kuchirikiza. Zithunzi za chiwawa cha apolisi molimbana ndi otsutsa amtendere otsutsa osokoneza maganizo a anthu ndi kusonkhezera boma kuloŵerera.

Kuyenda Kwankhanza kwa Akazi

Kumenyera ufulu wa akazi kunachitika zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri ku United States, ndipo inathera pa Demetrime ya 19 (1920). Makalata oyambirira monga Susan B. Anthony ndi Elizabeth Cady Stanton ananyozedwa, kumangidwa, ndi chiwawa. Pambuyo pake atsogoleri, kuphatikizapo Alice Paul ndi Carrie Chapman Catt, anawongolera njira zawo zogwirizanitsa ndawala za boma ndi kukopa anthu ndi kuwonetsera kwa onse (monga masiteshoni ndi njala.)

  • [[FLT: 0] Makiyi a Malamulo: Mafukishala olinganizidwa a misonkhano yapachaka, anafalitsa zifuno, ophatikizidwa m'kupandukira boma, ndi ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya zosindikiza. Anapanganso kugwirizana kwamphamvu ndi magulu oletsa kupsa mtima ndi kutha kwa zinthu.
  • Malamulo Otseguka: Malamulo 19 anaperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 1919 ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi maboma mu 1920. Kupambana kwa gululo kunatsimikizira kuti akazi olimbikira, olinganizidwa angakakamize dongosolo la ndale limene linawaletsa kuwapatsa ufulu.

Gulu la Antchito ndi Ufulu wa Antchito

Kusintha kwa ntchito kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambiyambi kwa 20 kunasintha kapitalizimu mwa kupambana zitetezero zalamulo za antchito. Magulu onga American Federation of Labor (AFL) ndi Antchito Antchito A za Unduna wa Dziko (IWW) anatsogolera kuphulika, kugwetsa, ndi ndawala za ntchito ya maola asanu ndi atatu, mikhalidwe yotetezereka, ndi ufulu wa kugwirizana. Fortix Shirtwaist Frokitation (1911), imene inapha antchito 149, inasonkhezera mkwiyo waponse ndi lamulo.

  • Zokwaniritsa: The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) inakhazikitsa malipiro a boma, malipiro anthaŵi yaitali, ndi zitetezero za ana. National Labor Relations Act (1935) inatsimikizira kuyenera kwa antchito kulinganiza ndi kutsatsa malonda pamodzi.
  • Chisonkhezero Chomwe Chimapita: Choloŵa cha gulu la antchito chimaphatikizapo osati kokha malamulowa komanso maziko a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu .Monga ngati Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) [1] chimene chikupitiriza kutetezera antchito lerolino.

Gulu Lotsutsa

Mkupiti wapadziko lonse wa kuthetsa tsankho ku South Africa umasonyeza mmene magulu a anthu a m’dziko lonse angasonkhezere malamulo achilendo ndi kukakamiza kayendetsedwe ka malamulo. Kuyambira mu 1950, ochirikiza ufulu mkati ndi kunja kwa South Africa analinganiza kuukira kwa adokotala, kuswa ndawala, ndi ziletso. Ophunzira anakakamiza mayunivesite ndi makampani kusunthitsa kuchoka ku South Africa. Ku U.S., Congress anapasa bungwe la Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid la 1986 pa ma desidenti a Pulezidenti Rea Reatto(a kamodzi) kamodzi kamodzi ka 'kapeni wa masukulu a ku America ndi kutsogolo kwa makampani a bungwe la United States kuyendetsa kotsatira kwa gulu la oyendetsa malamulo.

  • Chikalata cha Global:[[FL:1] Gulu la zipembedzo zogwirizana, maukwati a antchito, magulu a ophunzira, ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu.
  • [[MLT:0] Zotsatirapo zotsimikizirika: Kachitidweko kanakhazikitsa zilango zachuma ndi kuika mikhalidwe yozinyamula [1] ziŵiya zimene zinatsogolera ku kumasulidwa kwa Nelson Mandela ndi kuchotsedwa kwa tsankho.

Makina Othandiza Anthu Otsatira Malamulo

Kodi magulu a anthu amamasulira bwanji mphamvu za udzu kukhala malamulo atsopano?

Kusokonezeka kwa Mapazi ndi Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo

Magisroot amachititsa kuti anthu wamba ayambe kufunsira zinthu. Kufufuza, masiteshoni, kukhala pansi, ndi kuphulitsa zinthu kusokoneza ntchito za anthu ndi kukopa chidwi cha atolankhani. Kutaya mphamvu nthaŵi zambiri ndi njira yofunikira chifukwa chakuti anthu a mphamvu siivomereza popanda kukakamizidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Civil Rights Movement imakhala pa malo olimbana ndi mabizinesi ndi makampani ndi maboma okakamizidwa kuti ayankhe.

Kampeni Zochenjeza Anthu ndi Njira Youlutsira Nkhani

Makampani amaumba malingaliro a anthu mwa kulamulira nkhani. Amagwiritsira ntchito zoulutsira nkhani zamwambo (mapepala atsopano, wailesi yakanema) ndi makompyuta (manyuzi amakhalidwe, mapulogalamu a anthu) kuti apange chochititsa chawo ndi kuvumbula kupanda chilungamo. Spuffge Movement ya akazi mwaluso anagwiritsira ntchito mapepala ndi manyuzipepala; magulu amakono amagwiritsira ntchito mavairasi. Mwa kusintha malingaliro a anthu, magulu amachipangitsa kukhala chowonongetsa ndalama za lamulo kuti otsutsa kusintha zinthu.

Zovala Zotsekemera ndi Zapansi

Mabungwe ambiri amagwirizanitsa chitsutso (kunja) ndi pangano lachindunji ndi opanga malamulo (kunja kwa ). Amalemba olandira olandira alendo, umboni pamaso pa makomiti, ndi lamulo lopanga chitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo, ndawala ya Ufulu wa Maukwati ku U.S. yogwirizanitsidwa, zoyesayesa za boma, ndi kukakamizidwa kwa boma kuti afikire chosankha cha Supreme Courtefell v. Hodgess (2015). Njira ya mkati ikutsimikizira kuti pamene gululo likusunga chitsenderezo chapo, limakhalanso ndi mpando pampando pamene malamulo alembedwa.

Kudziimba Mlandu Ndiponso Kuvutika ndi Malamulo

Magulu kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenukira kumakhoti pamene makhoti audani. NaACP Legal Defense Fund's lagion paufuko ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Posachedwapa, gulu la zanyengo lagwiritsira ntchito makhoti kukakamiza maboma kuchitapo kanthu pa kutulutsa zinthu. Zilakiko za lamulo zingakhazikitse zitsanzo zimene zimakakamiza mabungwe a malamulo kuchita kapena kugwirizanitsa zoyenera za anthu.

Nyumba Zomanga Zogwirizana ndi Magwirizano

Palibe gulu limene liri chisumbu. Magulu opambana amamanga maulalo ndi magulu ena , mabungwe achipembedzo, mayanjano aukatswiri, ndi andale achifundo. Mabungwe amalimbikitsa ndi kukulitsa maziko a chilikizo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo ya Act Pay Act, imasonkhanitsa magulu a akazi, mabungwe a antchito, ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu.

Kumenyana ndi Makompyuta Ndiponso Zida Zamakono

Intaneti yachepetsa zopinga kulinganiza. Makalata, kukonza malo ochezera, ndi makompyuta a makompyuta amalola makampani kufalitsa mwamsanga chidziŵitso, zochitika, ndi opanga zipani. Kayendetsedwe ka dziko lonse ka mphepo [ (kuphatikizapo Lachisanu kaamba ka Mtsogolo) anagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zamakono kugwirizanitsa achichepere omenyera nkhondo ku malire, kulinganiza kuphulika kumene kunafikira pa kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa nyengo. Komabe, kachitidwe ka ndandanda ka makono kokha sikakwanira; kayenera kugwiritsidwa pamodzi ndi ntchito pa Intaneti ndi kutomerana kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Mavuto Amene Magulu Othandiza Anthu Amakumana Nawo

Mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu yawo, magulu amakumana ndi zopinga zazikulu zimene zingaletse kapena kubwerera m’mbuyo.

Chitsutso Chochokera ku Mavuto Ndiponso Zosangalatsa

Awo amene amapindula ndi mkhalidwe wa promosfection , opereka ndalama, makina andale . Nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi magulu. Iwo angayambitse makipiti otsutsana ndi macampaign, ndalama zothandizira kuchepetsa zolinga za kuyendayenda. Kulephera kwa makampani kuletsa nyengo, ndi kutsutsa kwa National Rifle Association kuletsa mfuti, kutsimikizira mmene otsutsa opanga malamulo angaletsere ngakhale pamene lingaliro la anthu likulola.

Magaŵano Amkati ndi Kusachita Zochita

Makampani sagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri. Kutsutsana za njira (kusintha ndi ma fress. kusintha; kusamenyana kwachiwawa.) Kusemphana maganizo pa mfundo, utsogoleri, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kungachotse mphamvu ndi kusokoneza anthu. ACLU [1] ndi magulu ena a anthu alemba mmene kugaŵanitsa kwa mkati kungachedwetsetse kupambana kwa genic.

Kuulutsa ndi Kuulutsa Nkhani

A bungwe lopanga malamulo liyenera kuima patali kuti lithe kulamulira maganizo awo. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la Occupy Wall Street linalimbana ndi nkhani zogawikana, pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linapindula ndi kutumiza mauthenga popanda chiwawa.

Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi kutsekemera

Nthaŵi zina magulu amaoneka ngati apambana . Kokha kuwona zofuna zawo zogwirizana ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa kusintha. Malamulo angachepetsedwe, zilakiko za zizindikiro zingalowe mmalo mwa kusintha kwapansipansi, ndipo atsogoleri a gulu angaloŵetsedwe m'kukhazikitsidwa. Nkhondo ya zaumoyo wapadziko lonse mu U.S. yawona kulolera kochuluka kumene kunasiya dongosolo lapamwamba la phindu.

Kupsa ndi Ntchito ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Kuthandiza kuyenda kwa nthawi yaitali n’kovuta. Anthu ongodzipereka amatopa kwambiri, ndalama zimachepa; kusintha kwa atsogoleri kungachititse zinthu kukhala zopanda ntchito. Magulu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti apeze njira zoyendetsera zinthu ndiponso kuti adziteteze. Kayendetsedwe ka nyengo kamene kamafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi mphamvu, kamakumana ndi mavuto aakulu.

Kufufuza Zochitika za Magulu a Anthu Aposachedwapa

Magulu a m’nthaŵi yapita amasonyeza mmene njira zakale zikupitirizira kuumba ziyambukiro za malamulo lerolino.

LGBTQ+ Gulu la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

LGBTQ yamakono, yochititsidwa ndi gulu la ufulu, yochititsidwa ndi Stonewall Riots ya 1969, yapeza ziwonjezeko zapadera za malamulo ndi zololeka za lamulo m'maiko ambiri. ku United States, gululo linapambana kuyenera kwa kukwatira (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015), kubwezera kwa "Don'Ask, Don’t Tell" (2010), ndi zitetezero za boma kuchokera ku tsankho la ntchito (Boschock v. County, 2020). Zipambano zimenezi zinadza kupyolera ndi msanganizo za kachitidwe kachindunji, maphunziro apo, ndi kuchirikiza ndale. Gululo linayang'anizananso ndi malamulo otsutsa ntchito za boma kumbuyoko m'maiko ambiri. Kuwonjezeza malamulo ambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa

  • Key Strategies: Kusonyeza kunyada, kufika mkupiti, zitokoso za lamulo (Lambda Mwalamulo, ACLU), ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo (Mkupiti wa Ufulu wa Anthu).
  • Zotsatira: [[FLT :1] Kusintha malingaliro a anthu [1] Makamaka mwa kusimba nkhani ndi kugwirizana kwa munthu ndi [1] kunali kofunika kwambiri. Gululo linasonyeza kuti kupambana kowonjezereka kungayambitse kusintha kwa masinthidwe.

Kagulu ka Anthu Akuda Kali ndi Nkhani

Mu 2013 George Zimmerman atachotsedwa ku Traevon Fan , Black Lives Matter (BLM) inakhala gulu lapadziko lonse lolimbana ndi chiwawa cha apolisi ndi utundu wa anthu. Kuphedwa kwa George Floyd kunayambitsa zitsutso zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya U.S., ndipo anthu pafupifupi 15 mpaka 26 miliyoni anachita nawo. Malamulo a BLM anaphatikizapo kusintha, kuchotsa apolisi kapena kuchotsa apolisi, ndi kugulitsa malonda a mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

  • Impact yochititsa kugwiritsa ntchito:[FLT :1] Gululo linasonkhezera George Floyd Justice mu Policist Act (2021, ngakhale kuti linalephera kudutsa Nyumba ya Malamulo), limodzinso ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya boma pakugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kusafuna zilolezo zolowera, ndi kuyankha kwa apolisi. Matauni onga Minneapolis ndi Los Angeles anatumiza ndalama kuchokera ku ntchito ya boma kupita ku mautumiki a anthu.
  • Chalmentes: BLM inayang'anizana ndi chitsutso kuchokera ku "Blue Live Confect" zoyesayesa zoletsa ufulu wa anthu. Mapangano a mkati ponena za utsogoleri ndi njira za njira zinabukanso.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Chifukwa cha kufulumira kwa sayansi ndi kufulumira kwa achinyamata (Greta Thunberg, Lachisanu la Zamtsogolo), kayendetsedwe ka nyengo kachititsa maboma kutenga zinyalala zolakalaka. Chisonkhezero cha gululo chikuonekera mu Active ya Paris (2015), European Green Deal, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana "zero". Magulu a Grasroot apambananso chipambano cha kumaloko . Kugwetsa freating, kusungunulira mafuta a pansi pa nthaka, ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Key Mechanism: Misa ya polisi, kuphulika kwa sukulu, ndawala zoponyera mafuta a pansi pa nthaka, ndi nyengo (m., Copyrande Foundation v. Netherlands).
  • Kulimbana kosalekeza: Mpata pakati pa kulankhula ndi zochita udakali waukulu. Gulu lino likusumika maganizo pa kutsimikizira kuti zitsimikizo za malamulo zikutembenuzidwa kukhala malamulo ovomerezeka.

# Gulu la Metoo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • Manuseti: [[FLT :1] Gululo linadalira kwambiri pa umboni waumwini ndi nkhani za foni zosimba kusintha chikhalidwe. Linadutsa malire a dziko, kusonkhezera lamulo m'maiko kuchokera ku Japan kupita ku France.
  • Mapangano: Kutsutsa kwa anthu oimbidwa mlandu ndi kusuliza za njira yoyenerera kunabutsa mafunso ovuta. Gululo linayang'anizananso ndi mikangano ya mkati ponena za kusamvana ndi kudutsa.

Kumaliza

Magulu a kakhalidwe sangokhala mawu otsutsa; iwo ali opanga malamulo a kusintha. Kuyambira kulembedwa kwa malamulo ndi kuukira nyengo, magulu asonyeza kuti anthu wamba, pamene alinganizidwa ndi kupitirizabe, sangalembenso malamulo amene amalamulira miyoyo yawo. Maluso a chisonkhezero . Kusonkhezera, njira za oulutsa, kusonkhezera, kugwiritsa ntchito, kumanga, ndi kumanga ziŵiya zogwirizana, ndi zida zopezeka kwa gulu lililonse lofunitsitsa kupereka nsembe. Komabe njirayi siimakhala yosavuta: kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso chokhwima, kusagwirizana kwa mkati, ndi kuthekera kosalekeza kwa kusokonezeka. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi kumathandiza nzika ndi ochirikiza chilungamo. Monga momwe mbiri ikuchitira, unansi pakati pa magulu a anthu ndi malamulo uli wosavuta; njira yosavuta, imene imakhala, ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu, ndi kulinganiza kwa kulinganiza kwa anthu.