Malamulo a United States si nkhani za mbiri yakale ayi; ndi chitetezero chamoyo chimene chimateteza anthu onse a ku America ku ulamuliro wosatsekeredwa. Kuyambira pa kuyambitsa mikangano ku Philadelphia mpaka pa nkhondo za m'khoti zamakono za kuyang’anira ndi kulankhula kwaufulu, cholinga chachikulu cha chikalatacho sichinasinthe: kulongosola ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma kuti munthu aliyense akhale ndi ufulu. Kumvetsa mmene malamulo amatetezera boma kwa olakwa n’kofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika iliyonse imene imasunga ufulu wawo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza za chitetezo cha nyumba zikuluzikulu, kuteteza ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu, ndi mavuto amakono olembapo za ufulu wa anthu.

Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo: Mmene Kudzikonza Kumachepetsera Mphamvu Zake

Opanga malamulowo anakayikira kwambiri mphamvu zamphamvu. Ataona nkhanza ya Mfumu George III, iwo anapanga boma limene likakhala lolimba mokwanira kugwira ntchito koma losweka mokwanira kulamulidwa. Maziko amene anapanga ndi kugaŵa zinthu ndi kulinganiza mphamvu, kupima ndi kulinganiza, ndi boma ndilo chitetezo choyamba ndi chokhalitsa chotsutsana ndi ochenjeredwa ndi boma.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Malamulo amagawa boma la dziko kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana: lamulo (Chorenfer), mkulu (Prezidenti), ndi bwalo lamilandu. Mfundo Ndimapereka mphamvu yalamulo ku Congress, Articut II masutuns mphamvu za kulamulira kwa pulezidenti, ndi Article III imakhazikitsa judiary. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana ndipo siingathe kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za wina mwalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Congress ikulemba malamulo, koma Pulezidenti amawakakamiza, ndipo makhoti akuwamasulira. Kupatukana kumeneku kumaletsa gulu lililonse kupanga, kukhazikitsa, kukhazikitsa, ndi kutchula malamulo ake auchiweruza amene ofunikira kuletsa.

M’zochitika, kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro kwatsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuchenjera. Pamene Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anayesa kuyang'anira Khoti Lapamwamba mu 1937 kukhazikitsa lamulo la New Deal, Congress ndi anthu onse analeka, ndipo makonzedwewo analephera. Mofananamo, pamene mabungwe aakulu apanga malamulo popanda ulamuliro walamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri amawaswa monga kuswa chiphunzitso chosagwirizana ndi lamulo cha mfundo I.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Ngati kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumachititsa nthambi zitatu, kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza kupatsa nthambi iliyonse zida zoyang'anira ndi kuletsa zina. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, koma Congress angaleke kutchula ndi magawo aŵiri atatu. Nyumba ikhazikitsa makhonsati achiweruzo ndi mapangano, pamene Nyumba imalamulira mipatuko ya zikwama. Maulamulirowa amatsimikizira kuti nthambi sizingalamulire. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Pulezidenti Harris Transrusman analanda zitsulo pankhondo ya Korea, mphamvu yokha yoletsa ntchito yoweruza, yokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT:] Barhover bhrium. Madison [FL:] (1183]. [5]).

Magulu Ogwirizana

Federalism imagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Mpando wa Tenuth Amendment imalola madera (kapena anthu) kuikiza mphamvu zosagawiridwa ku boma la boma. Uchifumu wamitundu iŵiri umenewu umapanga mitu ya chitetezo: ngati boma la dzikolo lingazembe, nzika zingatembenukire ku maboma awo kuti apeze chithandizo, ndi kutsutsana ndi. M'mbiri, boma lakhazikitsa lalola maboma kugwira ntchito monga ma democracy, kuyesa malamulo amene pambuyo pake amasonkhezera lamulo la dziko. Zimatanthauzanso kuti madera akusunga ufulu pa nkhani ngati maphunziro, kumanga, ndi kuwonjezera thanzi la anthu kuti azichitapo chipani. Chigawo chachikulu cha Supreme Court cha Aunicism chimakhala chigamulo cha ulamuliro pakati pa [FLD:0] Chikalata cha Residecial Convice. [Ibel:]

Mlandu wa Ufulu: Zitetezero Zolimba pa Boma

Malamulo oyambirira analibe lamulo la ufulu, losonkhezera otsutsa ufulu kupempha zitetezero zotsimikizirika. Bill of Rights, yovomerezedwa mu 1791, imapanga zisinthiko khumi zoyambirira ndi kuchepetsa mwachindunji zimene boma la boma lingachite kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuti ufulu umenewu suli wokwanira, iwo ali zitetezero zamphamvu koposa za lamulo zoletsa mitundu ya olakwa.

Mpumulo Woyamba: Kulankhula, Chipembedzo, Msonkhano, ndi Chifuno

First Amendment imaletsa Congress kukhazikitsa lamulo lililonse “lolemekeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa nyuzi; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kuti libweze zidzudzulo. . . Kuthetsa kumeneku ndiko kukhazikitsa lamulo la demokrase la kuloŵereramo. Kumateteza kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, kachitidwe kachipembedzo, ndi kukhoza kusuliza boma popanda kuopa kubwezera. Maupandu onga Branburg v. [OFLT:] [1269] [1] [1])) kumatsimikizira kuti ngakhale kulankhula kumatetezera ntchito yosayeruza lamulo. Mgwirizano, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutsutsa koyambirira, kutsutsa, ndi kutsutsa, kutsutsa kochitidwa ndi kutsutsa, kutsutsana ndi kutsutsa kochitidwa ndi boma kwamakono, kaŵirikaŵiri, zotsutsa za chikalata za pepala zotsutsa za .

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Kufunafuna, Kubisa, ndi Kukhala Kokha

Demendment yachinayi imateteza “kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka kwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa. Imafuna kuti malamulo aperekedwe kokha pa chifukwa chothekera ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo oti afufuzidwe. Zimenezi ndi kuyankha kwachindunji kwa malamulo a boma la Britain. Panyengo yamakono, Kamangidwe ka Kachinayi kakhala kotetezera mafoni a m'manja, ma email, ndi GPS. Supreme Court in [FL:0] Carmart v. United . (20) adakhulupirira kuti apolisi afunikira kudziŵikitsa maselo a m'maselo a mbiri yakale, kuzindikira kuti njira zamakono zamakono zikuthandiza kuyang'anira.

Kusintha kwa Kasanu: Kufunika Kochita Zinthu ndi Kudzivulaza

Demendment yachisanu ili ndi zitetezero zowopsya zambiri: kuyenera kwa kuweruza kokulira, kuchinjiriza kuupandu wa kaŵiri, mwaŵi wotsutsa kudzipatula, chitsimikizo cha njira yoyenerera, ndi chiletso cha kulanda katundu popanda kulipira. Njira yoyenerera ya kuchotsa ndi kuchepetsako malamulo imakhala yosakondera ndi kuti boma litsatire njira zoyenera lisanamane munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Mwayi wolimbana ndi kudziimira mwini, wodziŵika bwino monga “wotsogolera wachisanu,” imatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene angakakamizidwe kudzichitira umboni. Chitetezero chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri pochita zaupandu, kuletsa njira zokayikitsa kufunsa. Kutenganso malire kwa boma pochita zinthu zopimira ndalama, pogwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa anthu.

Malamulo Achiŵiri, Achisanu ndi Chisanu, ndi Achisanu ndi Chiŵiri

Demendment Yachiŵiri imateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense wosunga ndi kunyamula zida, monga momwe inatsimikizidwira ndi Dicounty of Columbia v. Heller . (2008). Ngakhale kuti iyenera kulamulidwa, imaletsa boma kuletsa anthu kuletsa kapena kuletsa anthu ena kuletsa malamulo. Malamulo a Reformation amaletsa ndalama zopambanitsa, zokometsera, ndi zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo, kuika malire a dongosolo la milandu yaupandu. The Ninth Remeter imalongosola kuti ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu ena sudzatengedwa kukhala wokana kapena kuchotsa ena osungidwa ndi anthu ena osungidwa chifukwa cha kusakhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zachinsinsi. Kusunga zimenezi kumatsimikizira kuti lamulo lalamulolo likuwonjezera kupyola pandandanda ya boma, osanena za ulamuliro.

Nkhani Zakale za Kuloŵerera Koposa kwa Boma ndi Kulabadira Lamulo

Mbiri ya ku America imadziŵika ndi nthaŵi pamene boma linapitirira malire ake, ndipo Lamulolo / kaya mwa malamulo a khoti, malamulo, kapena kulira kwa anthu. Kupenda zochitika zimenezi kumavumbula kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kwa kusunga ufulu.

Ntchito za Aluen ndi Sedition Acts (1798)

Pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Federal Listen Congress ndi kusainidwa ndi Pulezidenti John Adams, malamulo anayi ameneŵa anaukira osamukira kudziko ndi otsutsa andale. Chikalata cha Sedition chinapanga mlandu kufalitsa “bodza, zonyansa, ndi kulemba kwanji kutsutsana ndi boma. Kuswa mwachindunji kwa Communist Reformation, kachitidweko kanagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuletsa atolankhani a Democratic-Republican. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba silinalamulire pa malamulo ake panthaŵiyi, machitidwewo anatha kapena anachotsedwanso ndi 1802. Kusankha kwa Thomas Jefferson mu 1800 ndipo pambuyo pake [FL:] Varginia ndi Kenturys , zimene zinafotokoza chiphunzitso cha kutchuka kwa dziko lapansi [FLD [FLD: 1] koma zinatsutsa ufulu wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa anthu, ndi kutsutsa ufulu wa Auniontiestive.

Japann American Internment (42-1946)

Pambuyo pa kuukira pa Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anatulutsa Lamulo Lolamulira 9066, akuloleza kusamutsidwa ndi kuikidwanso kwa Aamereka Achijapani oposa 1200,000, aŵiri a iwo anali nzika za U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo mu Koritamatsu v. United States [19444]), kulamula kuti nkhondo ilungamitse kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, boma linavomereza kulakwa kwake: Chilango cha Civivics Act of 1988 chinatulutsa chipepetso ndi kubwerera. [FLT.] Kutetezera kwa nkhondo ndi kulephera kwa andale kuletsa nkhondo ya .

McCarthyism ndi Red Share (1940s-1950s)

Joseph McCarty ndi House Un American Activities Committee Komiti (HUAC) inafufuza kuti ndi khomanisi kuloŵerera kwa boma, zosangulutsa, ndi maphunziro. Anthu anaikidwa m’magulu audani, ntchito zotayika, ndipo anaponyedwa m’ndende chifukwa cha kunyoza Congress. Pamene kuli kwakuti zochita za boma sizinatulutse kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, iwo anaswa chitetezo cha Communist Amendment cha mayanjano ndi kulankhula. Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kubwezera m'milandu yonga v. United States [FLT:] (11957], zimene zinachepetsa kutetezera kwa Smith Act kwa kachitidwe ka kachitidwe m'zo mmalo mwa chiphunzitso chachilendo. McCrith zera pamene kutsutsa kwa Servent McCrith mu kuwonongeka kwa munthu aliyense, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa moyo woluluza monga kutsimikizira kwa boma ndi kuphatitsa zigamu za boma.

Lamulo la USA la Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka lamulo la USA PARITOTT, limene linakulitsa mphamvu za boma zoyang’anira pansi pa Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FA). Makonzedwe ololedwa kuyang'ana mafoni, kupezeka ku mafaelo a bizinesi, ndi zikalata zachinsinsi. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti Chigawo 215 (makalata a “malamulo") anaswa malamulo a Chisinthiko chachinayi. Mu 2013, Edward Snown’s Desert (NUScemental Agement) adavumbula kuti National Security Agement (NSA) inali kusonkhanitsa metam'mite yochuluka pa mafoni mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu a ku America. Zivuto zalamulo zinatsatira [FL:] ACU. Clapy [FLF:1], Servicent (20, Ogwirizana ndi Ogwirizana ndi Ogwirizana ndi Olamulira amakono) zimatetezera kuti atetezedwere.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Zitetezo Zopitirizabe za Malamulo

Masiku ano, zida zatsopano ndiponso ziphunzitso zimayesa malamulo a boma m’madera monga mphamvu ya boma, makompyuta, mphamvu zangozi, ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu za boma.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Maofesala agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malamulo a akuluakulu ndi malamulo kuti achotse Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo amapatsa Pulezidenti ufulu wochuluka pankhani zachilendo ndi chisungiko cha dziko, maofesala a boma ayenera kupendedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Prezidenti Donald Trump analetsa ulendo (Exparence 13769) kutsutsidwa monga kukondera ndi kuswa lamulo loyenerera. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kalembedwe katsopano mu [FL: 0] Trump v. Hawaii[FLY:1] , koma kukweza mmene nduna zingasankhidwire ndi mabwalo. Momwenso, Pulezidenti Bidenhen anakambidwa ndi chiŵeru cha olemba lamulo la olemba ntchito aakulu mu [FF:]. OFFFF. [2]

Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika pa Makompyuta ndi Kuchuluka kwa Maboma

Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Kusintha kwa Fource ku makompyuta kuli malo ozungulira mofulumira. Mafunsidwe a boma kaamba ka ma email, chidziŵitso cha mtambo, ndi malo a chidziŵitso amafunikira zilo, koma kusiyana kulipo kaamba ka zilembo za chisungiko cha dziko ndi mikhalidwe yosadziŵika. Trived-Party Doctrict [[[FLT:]], amene ali ndi chidziŵitso chogwirizana modzifunira ndi gulu lachitatu (monga kampani ya foni) samayembekezera kukhala obisika, awonongedwa ndi [[FLT:] United States [FLT:]. Komabe, mafunso adakalibe ponena za chidziŵitso cha zinthu zapanyumba, zochenjera, ndi zoyendera. Malamulo satchulapo za kuŵerengera kwa ufulu, koma amafufuza malamulo ake oletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa zinthu. [FLT]

Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi ndi Thanzi Lachisawawa

COVID-19 inaona kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu za boma ndi zangozi za boma: kutsekereza, kulamula, ndi kuchotsa akatemera. Ambiri anatsutsidwa monga kuswa ufulu ndi njira yoyenerera. Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka lamulo la CDC loletsa kuchotsapo gulu la anthu mu [FLT: 0] Association of Realtors v. HHS ndipo likufuna kuti boma lizikuletsa kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a OSH' kapena kuchepetsa. Kulimbana pakati pa thanzi la anthu onse ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense sikuli kwatsopano. Massachusetts (191055] anachirikiza chikole cha nthomba. Koma mliri wamphamvu yamwadziwitsa kuti mphamvu zamwadzi ingagwiritsiridwe. Constitution ikufunanso kuchepetsa mavuto, ndipo iyenera kupendedwa ndi kuyang'ananso. [FFF2]) pa mfundo zamphamvu za kuweruza zamwala zamwalansi: [Magne]

Kusoŵa Zinthu Zapachiŵeniŵeni

Boma lingalande katundu wolingaliridwa kukhala wogwirizanitsidwa ndi upandu, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuimbidwa mlandu ndi mwiniwake. Osuliza amanena kuti kachitidwe kameneka kamaswa lamulo la Rethh Amendment yopambanitsa ya malamulo ndi pepala la Fite Amendment loyenera la transmendment. Timbs v. Indiana [2029] [2029] Khoti Lapamwambalo linavomereza kuti lamulo la Sex Confective Reformation la kulipira ndalama zopambanitsa limagwira ntchito, kuchepetsa chuma chotayikiridwa. Komabe, kusintha kupitirizabe pamlingo wa boma, ndi maboma ena ofuna kuti apeze zikhululukiro zaupandu asanatayidwe. Nkhaniyo ikuonetsa mmene chitetezo cha malamulo chiyenera kusungidwa mwamphamvu kuletsa kulanda ufulu wa boma.

Zofufuzidwa za Maphunziro: Kuphunzitsa Zitetezero za Malamulo

Kumvetsa malamulo si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe, koma ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Aphunzitsi ali ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pokonzekeretsa ophunzira kuzindikira ndi kukana kuchenjerera. Mwa kugwirizanitsa maphunziro alamulo m’kalasi, aphunzitsi angapatse mbadwo wotsatira mphamvu zochirikiza ufulu wawo.

Maphunziro a Maphunziro a M’kalasi

  • Gwiritsirani ntchito magwero aakulu: [[FLT :1] Ophunzira aŵerenga mawu a Konsichushoni, Mapepala a Federal List, ndi malingaliro a Khoti Lapamwamba. Mabuku a m'mayiko amapereka makope a ndandanda a ndandanda ya zinthu zachinsinsi.
  • Zochitika zamakono zopeputsa: gwirizanitsa malamulo alamulo ndi nkhani zanyuzi zofufuza, kutsutsa, ufulu wovota, ndi maofisala a akuluakulu. Kulimbikitsa ophunzira kufunsa: Kodi pali shekesi ya boma iti? Kodi kubwezera kuli pa ngozi?
  • Zitokoso za lamulo: Amakhala ndi ophunzira amene amachita ntchito monga zoweruza m'khoti lamoto, akumatsutsana mbali zonse za mlandu wonga Korendatsu kapena [FLT] Karperter .
  • Maphunziro a mbiri yakale a Explore juning : Magawira ntchito zofufuza pa Machitidwe a Alien ndi Sedition, kugwirizanitsa kwa ku Japan, kapena kumva kwa McCarty . Ophunzira angapereke zopezedwa pa zochititsa, zotulukapo, ndi maphunziro a lamulo.
  • Alankhuli odziŵa alendo: Olamulira, oweruza, kapena ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu angapereke chidziŵitso chenicheni cha dziko ponena za mmene chitetezo cha malamulo otetezera chimagwirira ntchito.
  • Asonyeza malire a zoyenera: zoyenera za Malamulo sizili zopanda malire. Thandizani ophunzira kumvetsa pamene mawu angalamuliridwe (m’chitsanzo, kuipitsa, kusonkhezera) ndi pamene kufufuza kuli koyenera (m’b., mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika). Kusinthaku kumaletsa “malingaliro alionse amaloledwa".

Maphunziro a malamulo oyambirira ndiponso osasinthasintha amayambitsa bungwe la nzika limene limadziŵa ufulu wake komanso limene limadziŵa kuteteza malamulowo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo samadzichotsera okha chitsimikizo. Chimadalira pa kutomerana kwa nzika, makhoti odziimira, ndi akuluakulu oŵerengera mlandu amene amalemekeza malire oikidwa pa iwo. Kuchokera ku kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro ndi Bill of Rights ku maphunziro ovuta a mbiri yakale monga ngati kutsata kwa Ajapani, uthengawo ngwomveka: boma lochenjera ndi chiyeso chosalekeza, ndipo limadalira pa malamulo apamwamba okha kuti liletse. Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphunzitsa Malamulo amatanthauza kuphunzitsa zida za munthu mwini ndi ufulu [1] Kuzindikira pamene muyezo pakati pa chitetezo ndi ufulu wa munthu, mmene angagwiritsire ntchito mabwalo a milandu ndi bokosi kuti asunge, ndi mmene angapindulire ufulu pamwamba pa ufulu. Ozindikirawo, mtengo wa ufulu uli chisamaliro chosatha. Lamulolo limapereka kutsimikizira kwa mbadwo uliwonse; ufulu wa ufulu;