Unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma umafotokoza mkhalidwe wapadera wa boma la America. Pamutu paunansi umenewu pali Bill of Rights, mpambo wa chitetezo choyambirira cholinganizidwa kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma. Kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi, nzika siinganene kuti lamulo la boma likuswa boma lolamulira. Kusintha kumeneku ndiko chiphunzitso chosandutsa choyambirira. Lamulo limeneli, lozikidwa pa 144th Amendmentedment's Clausce, limavomereza kuti ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri wa boma. Kusintha kwake kwasintha kwakukulu pa mmene malamulo a anthu amayendetsera ntchito, kutsutsana, ndi kuchitidwa kudutsa United States, kuyambitsa malo a ufulu wa dziko limene boma silingathe kulanda.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Maziko a Chiphunzitso Chaumulungu

Makonzedwe Oyambirira: Vuto la Barron

Malo oyamba a kumvetsetsa kuphatikizana ndi Chigamulo cha Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall ndi lingaliro lachimodzi mu Barron v. Baltimore [1] (1833). Mwini wa malo osungira katundu anazemba mzinda wa Baltimore chifukwa chowononga chuma chake popanda kupereka malipiro, monga momwe kunafunidwira ndi Gezi lachisanu. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira, likusunga kuti Bill of Rights ikhale yokhayo lolinga kuchepetsa boma la dzikolo, osati malamulo ake. Ichi chinapanga chigamulo chalamulo: chinali chaufulu kunyalanyaza zitetezero zazikulu za boma malinga ndi malamulo awo a boma omwe sanaletse. Zimenezi zinakhalabe kumasulira koikiridwa kwa zaka 90.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Lonjezo ndi Chopinga

Kuikidwa kwa Lamulo la 14th Amendment mu 1868 kunali kuyankha kwachindunji ku kuipa kwa Malamulo Olaŵi ndi kulephera kwa maboma kutetezera ufulu wa akapolo omasulidwa chatsopano. Chigawo chimodzi cha Kukonza Kowonjezera chiri ndi mawu atatu osuliza: Mathayo kapena Immunio Claus, A Claus, ndi Aume Proces Claus.

Mitolo ya Nyumba Yopheramo Anthu (1873)

Mu . Chiganizocho chinaoneka cholinganizidwa bwino kugwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights ku maboma. Komabe, anthu ochepera 5-4 anakhulupirira kuti ufulu wa dziko wochepa kwambiri (monga kuyenera kwa kupempha Congress kapena kulowa m'madzi a namiggame). Khoti linapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chigamulo cha dziko ndi unzika, kuchotsamo malamulo ake olinganiza ufulu wa dziko. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakakamiza anthu kuyang'anira ufulu wa dziko lonse (monga kuyenera kulowa m’malo a bungwe la Bill, kuti aperekere ufulu wa ku ufulu wa dziko.

Kubadwa kwa Kusankha: Muyezo wa Cardozo

Chiphunzitso chamakono cha kuphatikizana kosankha chinayamba kupangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. [[FLT :1] Gitrow v. New York [[1925], Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kuganiziridwa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kuti ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza unali pakati pa "ufulu wa munthu waumwini" wotetezedwa ndi Acts Procession Clause ku ku kulephera kwa boma. Ngakhale kuti Khoti linachirikiza chitsimikizo cha Gitlow kaamba ka kugwetsedwa kwa boma, linatsegula khomo kaamba ka mavuto a mtsogolo.

Chiphunzitso cha filosofi chosankha chinafotokozedwa bwino ndi Woweruza Benjamin Cardozo mu . Palko v. Connecticut [1] (137]. Cardozo anakana lingaliro la "Maliyense" (loti Masinthidwe a Malamulo a Boomi) adagwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights computer yonse). M’malo mwake, anakhazikitsa kuti ufulu wokhawo "mfulu" ndi wophatikizidwa ndi matanthauzo a matanthauzo. Iye anasiyanitsa ufulu weniweni womwe uli "wonjezedwa" (mofanana ndi kulankhula mwaufulu) motsutsana ndi awo amene ali "mapanga mawonekedwe" kapena "ofanana ndi oyenera" kuweruza apamwamba. "ayenera kugamula lamulo lalamulo limodzi lalamulo.

Nthaŵi ya Kuyenera: Kuchokera pa Kulankhula Mwaufulu Kufikira pa Kunyamula Zida

Kusintha kwa Warren Court (1953 - 969)

Pamene maziko anayalidwa poyambapo, Bwalo Lamilandu la Warren linafulumizitsa kwambiri kuloŵerera kwa makampani. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasintha kwambiri lamulo la anthu a ku America mwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri zotetezera ufulu wa anthu m’bomalo.

  • Lamphu lachisanu: Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961]) inaphatikiza lamulo loletsa, kufunidwa kwa makhoti kusapereka umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza koletsedwa ndi khunyu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa [1] Kusintha kwa [1] Gevon v. Waincon [1] [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [[5]] (63]) kuphatikiza kuyenera kwa uphungu, kufuna kuti malamulo apereke maloya oimbidwa mlandu m'nkhani. [FLT:][FLT:][FLT:][12][12].[127].[FLT]
  • Fith Amendment: [[FLT :3] Malloy v. Hogan (1964]]) inaphatikiza mwayi wolimbana ndi kudzigaŵa.
  • Demetrieth Amendment: Robinson v. California (1962]]) inaphatikiza chiletso choletsa nkhanza ndi chilango chachilendo.

Mu . M’malo mwake, Khoti linatenga njira ya "bag ndi tag , kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa boma koma limalola kusintha njira. Mkangano umenewu pakati pa kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yogwirizana ndi malamulo umapitiriza kusonkhezera mmene makhoti aang'ono amachitira.

Khoti Lamakono: Kuwonjezera Chiphunzitsocho

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, khoti la Warren lapitiriza kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuphatikana ndi anthu, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri lakhala likulimbana kwambiri m’madera ena a boma.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Mu . M'nkhaniyi inawononga chiletso cha Chicago ndi . Chivoki . . [FLT , Khoti Lapamwamba], linavomereza kuti Chigamulo chachiŵiri cha Malamulo chikhale ndi ufulu wosunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo zaumwini zimagwira ntchito m'mayiko. Nkhaniyi inagwetsa chiletso cha Chicago choletsa mfuti ndipo mwamsanga inatsegula chigumula cha boma lovuta ndi malamulo a dziko lakwawo olamulira mfuti. Lingaliro launyinji, lolembedwa ndi Woweruza Alito, linatsimikiziranso kuti "Mchitidwe wa Claus wa Kusintha Komzemba Koyamba kuphatikiza Chiyambi cha Kusintha Koyamba kudziŵika mu [FL: 4.] Chigamulochigamuchithunzichi chokakamiza chachikulu cha boma cha Chika cha Chigamu cha Chika cha Chigaŵenga cha Chigaŵenga cha Chiŵiri [F.]

Timbs kuphatikiza ndi Indiana (209)

Pachigamulo chimodzi, [FLT] Timbs v. Indiana[FLT :2] adaphatikizapo kuletsa kwa Eight Confementive Mefessive Mails Claus . Khoti linanena kuti kutayikiridwa kwa galimoto kwa maupandu a anamgoneka kunali kopambanitsa. Woweruza Ginsburg analemba kuti kuyenera ndiko "kudalira kwambiri pa kaganizidwe kathu ka ufulu" ndi "kuzikidwa kwakukulu m'mbiri ndi miyambo ya dziko lino. Chigamulo chimenechi chimayambukira mwachindunji kusoŵa kwa malamulo, chikumafuna kuti makomiti alamulo a boma atsimikizire kuti apange malamulo awo osapereka chilango choyenerera.

Ufulu Wosaphatikizidwa

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri afikapo, kuphatikizana kwa ufulu sikunapangitse mtundu uliwonse kukhala ndi mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe.

  • Lamulo Lachitatu: Kuyenera kwa kutsutsa asilikali oloŵa m’dziko lana sikunaloŵetsedwepo.
  • Mpambo wachisanu: Chiyeneretso cha kuweruza kokulira kwa ajuli sichinagwiritsiridwepo ntchito ku maboma. Maboma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mayeso oyambirira kapena ndandanda ya chidziŵitso m’malo mwake.
  • Mpambo wa Secondel Amendment: Ufulu wa kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli wa boma sunaloŵetsedwe, kulola maboma kuyambitsa njira zawozawo.
  • Mpambo Wachiŵiri: Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida kunaphatikizidwa mu McDonald , mphamvu zina za kachitidwe (monga ngati kuti amaletsa zigaŵenga kukhala ndi mfuti) zimayenerabe kutchulidwa ponena za ukulu wawo.

Kugwiritsira ntchito kosankha kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti Khoti likupitiriza kupenda "kusunga maziko" a kuyenera kulikonse, kusunga kusiyana pakati pa njira ya boma ndi boma kumene limalingalira kukhala koyenera.

Kukhudza Malamulo a Boma ndi Kayendetsedwe ka M’boma

Kugwiritsa ntchito bungwe la Bill of Rights ku mayiko si njira yalamulo yokhayikitsira malamulo.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Kusintha

Opanga malamulo a boma ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasunga ndalama zotetezera anthu, kukhazikitsa mayeso a apolisi, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo odalirika opezera zikalata zofufuzira.

  • Kukhazikitsa makhonsati a Ulwereko la Anthu:[FLT :1] Kutsatira Gedeon , maboma anafunikira mwalamulo kupereka uphungu walamulo. Izi zinatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa makhonsati a boma otetezera boma ndi magawo apadera a bajeti. Maboma onga Florida ndi New York ali ndi mafotokozedwe opitirizabe ponena za ngati madongosolo awo otetezera a anthu onse ali ogwirizana bwino ndi muyezo wa chithandizo chalamulo chauphunguliro.
  • [[MTL:0] Kugwirizanitsa: Machenjezo [[FT:2] Malamulo anafuna kuti okayikira adziŵitsidwe za ufulu wawo. Mayiko ambiri agwirizanitsa [[FLT:] Malamulo m'dziko. Malamulo onena za kulembedwa kwa mafunso a kuyang'anira mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kupereka cholembedwa chomveka cha kukwaniritsa malamulo a boma ameneŵa.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kubisa: [Map . Ohio [[FLT :3] maboma okakamizidwa kuyambitsa njira za malamulo. Malamulo a boma olamulira kugwiritsira ntchito zolembera za GPS, kuyang'anira, ndi kusonkhanitsa mafoni a foni ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya Genetic Remetics yokhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba. The California Ecconeclems Conclineal Act (CECPA) ndi chitsanzo cha lamulo la boma limene limadutsa panthaneti la GPS kuti lipereke chitetezo chachinsinsi chachikulu.

Lamulo la Maphunziro ndi Ufulu wa Ophunzira

Malamulo Oyamba ndi Achinayi a Mpumulo ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu m’sukulu za boma za America, zikumachepetsa mwachindunji mphamvu ya makomiti a sukulu a boma.

  • Mawu olankhula modekha: [[FT:2] . . Des Moines Independent School District adagwiritsira ntchito Demendment Yoyamba kwa ophunzira. Masukulu a boma sangaletse ophunzira kulankhula mophiphiritsira pokhapo ngati mwakuthupi kumasokoneza ntchito ya maphunziro. Malamulo otsutsa ufulu ayenera kulembedwa mosamala kuti apeŵe kuletsa kulankhula kotetezeredwa kunja kwa sukulu.
  • Kuyenera Kutsatira m'Chilango: [[FLT]] Gos v. Lopez [1] (785) adaphatikiza Cend Claus Claus Century kuti afune chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsera wophunzira asanalenjezedwe kwa masiku oposa khumi. Chigamulo chokakamiza chimenechi ndi makomiti a sukulu a kumaloko kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka, kutsimikizira mlingo waukulu wa chilungamo.
  • Kufufuza ndi Seizere :[[FLT :1] [[FLT] New Jersey v.L.L. (85]) adakhulupirira kuti akuluakulu a sukulu ayenera kukhala ndi chikaikiro choyenera, mmalo mwa chochititsa chothekera, kufunafuna ophunzira. Malamulo a boma pakufufuza kotsekera, kuyesa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa oseŵera, ndi kujambula chitsulo amamangidwa ndi muyezo umenewu.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo ndi Nkhondo za Chikhalidwe

Kuphatikizidwa kwa Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Lamulo Loyamba ndi Free Execle Resision Clauss kwaika nyumba za malamulo za boma kukhala maziko a nkhondo zachikhalidwe.

  • Pemphero la Chigawo ndi Manda a Mabwinja: Engel v. Vitale (1962) ndi Abington School . Schempp . [FLT] [63] ['3] adagwiritsira ntchito Mapemphero oletsedwa a boma m'masukulu a anthu onse. Malamulo a boma ofuna kuikidwa kwa Malamulo Khumi m’makalasi anachitidwa pansi pa dongosolo limeneli.
  • Free Secommodition Accommodition : ['Employment Division v. Smith (1990]) adakhulupirira kuti uchete, malamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri samaswa Free Service Claus, ngakhale ngati amalemetsa chipembedzo. Poyankha kutsutsa kofala, Congress anapatsira Religious Free Imption Act (RRA), ndi maboma oposa 20 apyola boma lawo la RFRAs. Malamulo ameneŵa amapereka chitetezo chachikulu pa ntchito ya boma kuposa lamulo la boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] .Comer Funding of Religious Institutions:[FLT :1] Khoti layambitsa kukhazikitsa kwake Claus jurisprudence ponena za mayeso a sukulu ndi chithandizo cha boma. Mu Umboni wa Tchalitchi cha Lutheran . Comer (2017]), Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kuchotsa magulu achipembedzo kuchokera ku zithandizo zopezeka kaŵirikaŵiri (monga kuperekedwanso kwa ntchito) kuswa maprogramu a Free Evision Claus. Malamulo a boma tsopano ayenera kutsimikizira kuti maprogramumboni awo othandizira ndalama sasiyanitsa ndi magulu achipembedzo.

Malo Amene Akulamulira M’tsogolomu Ndiponso Mavuto Omwe Adzabweretse

Kusintha kwachiŵiri Kunachitika Pambuyo pa Kumenyedwa

Kuphatikizidwa kwa Chisinthiko Chachiŵiri mu [FLT ] kunakhazikitsa poyambira pa kufutukuka kokulirapo mu . New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [[FLT:] [22] [2] [2] [2] [[FLT] BBBB] ndi mwambo wa mbiri yakale], Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwetsa New York's "iibue" yobisika ndi kubwezera njira yodzisungira ndi kubwerera mayendedwe adziko ndi malamulo atsopano ofunikira kusonyeza kuti malamulo a mfuti ndi "aigonetsa ndi "aikulukulukulukulu ndi kumbuyo kwa chivomezo cha chipaletso cha chikulu cha dziko lonse lapansi chochokera ku chiwonjezedwa ndi malamulo aumboni aunyiri aunyiri. Malamulo amakono akutsimikizira kumbuyo kwa chikhomerezo chachikulu cha boma cha chikalata chapo chaku

Luso ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha, Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kuwongolera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Demetrition yachinayi ku mayiko. [[FLT]] Carplenter v. United States (2018]), Khoti linanena kuti boma lifunikira chilolezo cha kutsegula mfundo za malo a telefoni, kugwiritsa ntchito "kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi" muyezo. Zimenezi zimawononga malamulo a boma okhudza kuyang'anira malo a magetsi. Malamulo a boma amene amalola lamulo kulowa m'laisensi ya la pulogalamu yongo (ALPRS), drones, kapena chidziŵitso cha manyuzipepala cha za boma chigwirizano ndi muyezo. Florida Bill ya ufulu wa opanga malamulo a boma la boma lopanga malamulo.

Malo Ochitira ndi Malamulo a Ufulu Woloŵa M’malo

Kupitirira kwa Roe v. Kuwonjeza mu [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi 'Hwero la Health Organization [[FLT:] [20022] imaimira pangano lochititsa chidwi kwambiri la pangano la kuchotsa mimba lophatikizidwa kuyambira pamene chiphunzitsocho chinakhazikitsidwa. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunachokere kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko kapena kukwaniritsa lingaliro la ufulu." "Inde-incoration" ya kuchotsa mimba kumabwerera ku malamulo onse.

Chigamulo cha Mayeso [[FLT: 1] chimadzutsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri kaamba ka mtsogolo mwa chiphunzitsocho. Ngati ufulu wosavomerezedwa wotengedwa ku njira yoyenerera yochokera ku kumbuyo kwa dziko lawo ndi kubwezeredwa ku maiko, ndi ufulu wina wotani umene uli paupandu? Woweruza Thomas, m'zochitika zake, wotchedwa kuti Khoti likhalenso ndi malingaliro ena oyenera, kuphatikizapo Genold v. Connecticut . Connecticut [[FF: 3] (kuyenera kuletsa) ndi [FLT:] kuti [FL:] [FLT:] [1:] [7] [zikhoterero zogwirizana zamphamvu zomveka .] . Hoges .

Kugwirizana Koyenerera ndi Kukakamiza Ufulu Woikidwa

Kusungidwa kwa ufulu woikidwa ndi boma kumadalira kwambiri pa kupezeka kwa mankhwala a boma. Galimoto yaikulu ya ichi ndi 42 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . . zimene zimalola anthu kusumira boma kuti apereke mamembala a boma chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo. Komabe, chiphunzitso chachiweruzo chopangidwa cha malamulo oyenerera otetezera boma ku malo otetezedwa ku mlanduwo pokhapokha ngati ataswa lamulo " lokhazikitsidwa bwino lalamulo loyenera. Otsutsa akutsutsa kuti kuyenerera kuletsa kuloŵererako kumalepheretsa akuluakulu a boma kuyankha mlandu wa kuswa malamulo. Maboma ayamba kuyankha mwa kunyalanyaza malamulo oyenerera otetezera boma m’mabwalo., Colorado, Mexico, New York, ndi California akhazikitsa lamulo loyenerera kutetezera ufulu wa boma, popereka ufulu wotetezera ufulu wa boma wopereka ufulu wa boma.

Kumaliza: Kulinganizika Kopirira kwa Chipani cha Amereka

Chiphunzitso cha kuphatikizana ndi kuphatikiza ndi lamulo lalamulo limene linakhazikitsa Briill of Rights . Ilo limatsimikizira kuti nzika ya Texas ili ndi ufulu wolankhula mofanana ndi nzika ya ku Maine. Imafuna kuti apolisi ku California alemekeze malamulo a Owonjezera a Chinayi omwewo monga nthumwi ya boma. Imakakamiza makomiti a sukulu ku New York kulemekeza ufulu woyenerera monga mabungwe a boma.

Chiyambukiro chake pa malamulo a anthu nchachikulu. Lamulo lililonse la boma lokhudza njira zaupandu, maphunziro, njira zachipembedzo, ndi zachinsinsi limaikidwa m'nthano ya chiphunzitso. Ziphunzitso za boma za malamulo a boma kulungamitsa malamulo awo ndi ufulu wa mtundu waukulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi maboma kukupitirizabe kusintha ndi kupangidwa kwa Supreme Court, lamulo lalamulo la kusankha limakhala maziko a ufulu wa Amereka. Ilo limaimira malamulo akuti ufulu waukulu kwambiri sungathe kugonjera ku malamulo a malo aakulu, kutsimikizira kuti lonjezo la Bill of Rights lire ku munthu aliyense, m'boma lililonse, pansi pa boma lililonse.