Chiyambi: Maziko a Chiphunzitso Choyambirira cha Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Chiphunzitso choyambirira, m’njira yake yamakono, ndicho njira yomasulira yalamulo imene imafuna kudziŵa tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira [[FLT: 0] la malemba alamulo panthaŵi imene chinavomerezedwa. Zimenezi zimanena kuti mawu a Malamulo ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo lakuti munthu wololera, wodziŵa bwino akanakhala atawazindikira pamene adawatsatira. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yoyambirira ya Chipangano choyambirira imene inasumika pa zolinga za maFrame, tanthauzo loyamba lapoyera lomasulira m'matanthauzo a malemba monga momwe anadziŵikira poyera. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chikhala chimodzi cha zotchuka kwambiri. Chiphunzitsochi chimakhala chimodzi mwa malamulo otchuka kwambiri a ku America, malamulo otchuka a m'khoti ya Suplup ndi kutsutsana kwa malamulo a m'dziko.

Chiphunzitso chachikulu nchosavuta koma chachikulu: Konsichushoni imapeza ulamuliro wake kuchokera ku njira yokometsera, imene inali ntchito ya anthu onse. Anthu amene anagwirizana ndi Konsichushoni adayaya mogwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo tanthauzo la mawu wamba. Chotero, kukhala okhulupirika ku malo a chikalata choyambirira monga lamulo lalikulu, oweruza ayenera kuchimasulira mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake lapoyera, osati mogwirizana ndi ziyembekezo za munthu aliyense wokonza zinthu. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mapulinsipulo, kuyambika kwa mbiri yakale, kuteteza, kutsendereza kothandiza kwa tanthauzo lapoyera lapoyamba, kupereka chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha kumvetsetsa chiphunzitso chalamulo chimenechi chalamulo.

Makoma a Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Chidziŵitso cha Anthu

Kulemba ndi Kukana Kulingalira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha tanthauzo lapoyera chimayanjanitsidwa kwambiri ndi mawu a m'Baibulo . Lingaliro lakuti oweruza ayenera kumasulira malemba alamulo mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo lomveka bwino mmalo mwa mbiri ya malamulo kapena zifuno zosatchulidwa. Komabe, tanthauzo lapoyera likupita patsogolo mwa kulongosola kuti tanthauzo loyenerera ndilo lomwe linakhalako panthaŵi ya kutengedwa kwa malemba. Zimenezi zimasiyanitsa ndi zonse ziŵiri “chifuno choyambirira” (chimene chimayang'ana ku zolinga za mafaramente) ndi“ kuchirikiza malamulo a . (zimene zimatheketsa kusinthika kwa nthaŵi). Kusintha kwapadera kunachitika m'ma 1980 ndi 1990, pamene akatswiri a zamalamulo otero . MPUNICEN [1] ndi [FT] [FFF:fs]

Pansi pa dongosolo limeneli, womasulirayo akufunsa kuti: “Kodi nchiyani chimene munthu wophunzira bwino kwambiri mu 1788 (kapena 1791, kapena 1868, malinga ndi makonzedwewo) amvetsetsa mawu ameneŵa kukhala akutanthauza?" Funso limeneli limafunikira kukonzedwanso kosamalitsa kwa mbiri yakale, koma limapeŵa mbuna za kuyesa kuzindikira malingaliro osatchulidwa a Aframes ambiri. Mawu a m’malembowo ndiwo lamulo, ndipo tanthauzo lawo lapoyera ndilo muyezo.

Chifukwa Chake Kuphwanya Malamulo Kuli Kofunika kwa Anthu Onse

Kugogomezera tanthauzo la anthu kumachokera ku lingaliro lapadera la kuyenera kwa ufumu wa demokrase. Malamulo anavomerezedwa ndi misonkhano m'maiko, imene inali ndi nzika wamba ndi nthumwi zosankhidwa. A ratifiers ameneŵa sanapeze manotsi achinsinsi a James Madison kapena Alexander Hamilton; anadalira pa malemba a anthu ndi mafotokozedwe operekedwa m’zolembedwa monga Federalist Papers. Kwa akatswiri oyambirira, njira yokha yolemekezera ukulu wa anthu ndiyo kumasulira malemba monga momwe akanawamvedwera ndi anthu onse. Kumasulira kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi kachitidwe kena ka mbiri yakale kotchuka, kumasonyeza lingaliro lakuti malamulo a boma ndilo mgwirizano wa anthu osati lamulo la lamulo la kachitidwe.

Zochitika Ndiponso Mfundo Zofunika

Kuyamba kwa Kuyambirira kwa Zinthu m’Zaka za Zana la Kumapeto kwa Zana la Zana la Zana la Kuma 20

Ngakhale kuti kudera nkhaŵa chidziŵitso choyambirira kuli ndi maziko aakulu a lamulo la Anglo - America, gulu lamakono la oyambitsa linavomereza kuvomereza kolingaliridwa kukhala kulakwa kwa Warren ndi Burger Courts. Mu 1970, Attorney Edwin Meese III anapereka mpambo wa nkhani zochirikiza “cholinga choyambirira. Kusintha kumeneku kwachibadwa kunayang'anizana ndi kusuliza kowopsa chifukwa cha kukhala ponse paŵiri mudenate ndi muukali. Poyankha, akatswiri anayamba kuyeretsa chiphunzitsocho. M'nkhani ya mu 1985 yolembedwa ndi Jasitisitisi William Brennan . Critisticis adavomereza kuti “kunyatautsa choyambirira kukhala chodzichepetsa . [1] ndi kunena kuti malamulowo ali chikalata chamoyo.

Woweruza Scalia ndi Kusintha Kusintha Kufikira ku Tanthauzo la Anthu

Munthu mmodzi wotchuka kwambiri m'kuyambika kwa tanthauzo loyamba la anthu anali Woweruza Antonin Scalia. Woikidwa ku Bwalo Lapamwamba mu 1986, Scalia anakhazikitsa mwamphamvu njira yofufuzira ndi yoyambirira m'malingaliro ake ndi zolembedwa. M'buku lake la 1998 [[FLT:]] , adasiyanitsa poyera pakati pa cholinga ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba: “Ndilo lamulo limene limalamulira, osati cholinga cha Wolamulira. Scalia adanena kuti“ tanthauzo loyambalo” ndi “tanthauzo lomveka bwino la malemba kwa amene analilandira. Malingaliro ake m’nkhani zake ngati [FLT:] [FLD2]. [FT] VFT] [5]

Zopereka za Akatswiri Ena

Kupitirira Scalia, gulu laukatswiri linakula pa tanthauzo lapoyera. [FLT: 0] Randy Barnett [ Law la [[FLT:] Kukonzanso Malamulo Otayika [[[[FLT:]] (2004]) adatsutsa kuti tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo, lomvedwa bwino, limatetezera mphamvu ya boma iliyonse. [[FLT:] [FLT:] ndi] Luso la [1] Malamulo owonjezera pa kumasulira, kugogomezera kuti tanthauzo lapoyera limapereka maziko okha oyenerera oweruza. [FL:] [FL:] [FT] [10] [FFM] [FULT] [mu yosamveka ndi mphamvu yosadziŵika kwambiri] Malamulo: [FF] Mayenjezero: [F]

Njira Zodziŵira Tanthauzo Lapoyera

Zida za Chinenero ndi Mbiri

Kumasulira tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira ndi maluso a mbiri yakale ndi a zinenero. Oweruza ndi akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito mabuku osiyanasiyana: madikishonale kuyambira pa chiyambi (m’chitsanzo, Samuel Johnson wa 1755 ndi Nowa Webster’s dikishonale), Federalist Papers ndi Anti-Fedator, zolemba zolembedwa za wailesi, makambitsirano m’misonkhano ya boma, manyuzipepala ndi mapepala, malamulo ofala, ndi chikhalidwe ndi malamulo. Cholinga chake si kupeza cholinga chimodzi koma kugwirizanitsanso kamvedwe ka mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu onse.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Heller . , Jasitisi Scalia anagwiritsira ntchito magwero a kuyambika ndi kutumiza kusonyeza kuti mawu akuti “kusunga ndi kunyamula zida” anamveka kukhala akutanthauza munthu aliyense kuyenera kukhala ndi zida, osati kungopanga kuyenera kwa gulu la asilikali otumikira. Anapenda chinenero chofanana m'zilengezo za ufulu wa boma, Blackstone’s Comment [, ndi ndemanga zoyambirira za ku America. Chotulukapo chinali chosankha chaunyinji chimene chimakhalabe chigamulo cha njira yoyambirira yodziŵikizira anthu.

Mavuto a Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Chisulizo chimodzi chopitirizabe nchakuti tanthauzo lapoyera la anthu silingapereke mayankho omveka nthaŵi zonse pamene maluso amakono kapena mayanjano a anthu sanakhazikitsidwe. Omasulira akuvomereza kuti womasulira ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo lachikhalidwe loyambirira pamlingo wapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, First Amendment imatsimikizira “ufulu wa kulankhula” ku wailesi zamakono monga ngati intaneti chifukwa chakuti lingaliro la“ dekipeki” silinali lokwanira pa luso lapadera. Mfungulo ndiyo kusiyanitsa mfundo ya pansi pa mfundo yachikhalidwe (m., kuteteza khalidwe loonekera) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zatsopano popanda kusintha tanthauzo la mawu a pa . Njira imeneyi, kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa [FLT:] njira zoyambirira chifukwa chakuti chidziŵitso choyambirira [1], zimayesa kugwiritsa ntchito munthu woyenerera pa kuyambitsa malemba.

Zitetezero za Kuyambilira Kufotokoza Tanthauzo la Anthu Onse

Kulamulira kwa Demokalase ndi Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Okhulupirira mfundo za m’Chilamulo amanena kuti kumamatira ku tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira ndiyo njira yokha yotsimikizira kuti Konsichushoniyo ikhalabe yokakamiza mwalamulo pa boma. Ulamuliro wa Lamulolo umachokera kwa anthu amene anauvomereza; kusintha kuti tanthauzo popanda kukonza ndiko kulowa mmalo mwa chifuno cha oweruza ambiri kuti afune anthu olamulira. Kaŵirikaŵiri mfundo imeneyi imayendera limodzi ndi kudzipereka ku lamulo: malamulo ayenera kukhazikika ndi kudziŵika bwino kuti nzika zigwirizane ndi makhalidwe awo. Pamene oweruza amasuliranso malamulowo kuti asonyeze makhalidwe amakono, amapeputsa zonse ziŵirizo kutsimikizira ndi kuvomereza kwa ufumu wa demokrase.

Kulangiza Nzeru ya Kuweruza

Chilengezo chachikulu cha kuyambirira ndi lonjezo lake la kuchepetsa njira zachiweruzo. Kufuna kuti oweruza agwiritse ntchito muyezo woikidwiratu wa mbiri yakale, kuyambika kwa zinthu kumachepetsa ngozi yakuti oweruza adzakhazikitsa malamulo awo. Kutsatira malamulo alamulo, kumapereka oweruza ufulu waukulu wa kuŵerenga ufulu watsopano kapena ziletso. Kumasulira sikumaletsa kuweruza kwachiweruzo nthaŵi zonse kumafuna chiweruzo . Koma kumatsendereza ndi kuletsa nzeruzo mwa kupereka cholinga, chizindikiro chapanja. Woweruza Scalia analongosola motchuka kuti ichi ndi “kusunga chisomo cha kuyambirira : kumaletsa malamulo kukhala chabe kuyerekezera khalidwe la womasulira.

Kukhazikika ndi Kukhazikika

Kukhazikika kwa Malamulo kuli kopindulitsa kwa anthu. Kumasuliranso kwanthaŵi zonse kozikidwa pa kusintha kwa mayanjano kumafooketsa ntchito ya Malamulo monga maziko okhazikika a kulamulira. Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chimapereka nangula wokhazikika, kulola lamulo kuyambika mwa malamulo ndi kulinganiza kwa demokrase pamene akusunga ziŵiya zazikulu za pepala lotsegulidwalo. Mwakulemekeza tanthauzo lapoyera loyambirira, akatswiri olemba Baibulo akutsutsa, timalemekeza malo a malamulo amene akhalapo kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

Mavuto

Kusadziŵa Mbiri Yakale

Chofala kwambiri nchakuti tanthauzo lapoyera kaŵirikaŵiri nlosadziŵika kapena losalimba. Chinenero chimasintha, ndipo matanthauzo ambiri otsimikizirika angakhalepo panthaŵi ya kutchuka. Osuliza amatchula zitsanzo zonga 144th Amendment’s Orvince kapena Immunies Classias, kumene umboni wa mbiri yakale umatsutsidwa kwambiri. Kodi ndimotani mmene woweruza angasankhe mwachidaliro pakati pa kukonzanso kopikisana? Akatswiri oyambirira amavomereza kuti makonzedwe ena amapanga kumveka bwino kwambiri kuposa ena, koma amatsutsa kuti chinenero cha malamulo ambiri . Ndiponso, kuvuta kwa kumasulira sikumachotsa tanthauzo lakale lonse; kumangonena kuti kufufuza koyenera kwa mbiri yakale.

Vuto la Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Mwinamwake chochititsa chachikulu koposa ndicho chakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chikanasunga mbali zosalungama za cholembedwa choyambirira, zonga ngati ukapolo, kugonjera kwa akazi, kapena kukana unzika wolingana. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuvomereza kuti tanthauzo lapoyera la makonzedwe monga atatu - Feths Claus kapena Fugitive Slave Claus linali lonyansa, olemba zamakono amanena kuti masinthidwe a kukonzanso (Achipangano, 1450, ndi 15) amasintha modabwitsa tanthauzo la Malamulo ndi kuyambitsa mapangano atsopano a kulingana. Kusintha kwa kusinthika kwa ufuluwo kumakhala kopanda malire. Kusintha kwa kusinthika koyenera kwa kukhoza kutsimikizira kofanana ndi kutsutsa kofanana ndi kutsutsa koyenera. [kusinthanso koyambirira kwa kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kutchuka kwa kufalikira kwa chiphunzitso chachiyambi chachiyambi chachikale] [F1]

Kusankha Malamulo ndi Kuweruza

Otsutsa ena amanena kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosankha ndi oweruza osasintha zinthu . Ofufuza za m'chilengedwe amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitsochi n’chopanda mbali m’malamulo ndi kuti kusintha kulikonse n’kulephera kwa oweruza, osati chiphunzitsocho. Komabe, kufufuza kwa akatswiri kumasonyeza kuti kalingaliridwe ka anthu oyambirira kamaoneka kaŵirikaŵiri m’zigamulo zogwirizana ndi zotsatira zamwambo. Zimenezi zimasonkhezera mfundo yakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi chigamulo chandale chomwe chimasintha kukhala njira yomasulira yosaloŵerera.

Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa: Milandu Yosonyeza Chizindikiro

Ditional of Columbia v. Heller [1] (2008)

Malingaliro otchuka kwambiri a anthu ndi malingaliro a Woweruza Scalia mwa Heller , amene anakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kumateteza munthu ku ufulu wa kukhala ndi mfuti zaumwini. Iye amafufuza malemba “Ayang'anizira bwino Militia, pokhala ofunika kuti atetezere Boma laufulu, ufulu wa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sadzaswedwa. Iye amachotsapo mfuti ndi kuyendetsa, akumaliza kuti anthu “amene anatchulidwa kwa anthu onse, ndi“ kunyamula ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo. ” Iye anadalira kwambiri pa kukhazikitsa dikishonale, ndi kutumiza malamulo, ndi kulongosola kwa oweruza, ndi kunena kuti, kutchula kuti“ anthu onse, ndi kutsogolera kumbuyo kwa chigamuyambire.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (202)

Mlandu wachiŵiri wachiŵiri wa Kusintha, Bruen , unakulitsa njira zophunzirira chibadwa. Woweruza Thomas anakhulupirira kuti kuti kulungamitsa lamulo la mfuti, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti “likugwirizana ndi mwambo wa mbiri wa kuletsa mfuti." Zimenezi zinathandiza tsatanetsatane wa anthu kufufuza ziphunzitso za malamulo, zikumafuna kuti oweruza afufuze malamulo a mbiri yakale kuchokera ku nyengo yokhazikitsidwa ndi Iconstanton. Lingaliro layambitsa mkangano waukulu ponena za kuthekera kwa kufunsa kwa mbiri imeneyi ndi kaya ngati limapereka mphamvu kwa oweruza mmalo mwa kuwakakamiza.

Zitsanzo Zina

Kulingalira kwachiyambi kwawonekeranso m'zochitika zophatikizapo kukhazikitsa Claus ([FLT: 0] Throwen ya Greece v. Galloway), Commercie Claus ( United States v. Lopez[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]]NFIB v. Seberius]), ndi ukulu wa mphamvu ya kayendetsende. M’chitsanzo chilichonse, amapenda kuyambitsa ndi kumvetsetsa kuti aone ngati lamulo likutsutsana ndi tanthauzo loyamba la malembo.

Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa cha Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa

Kutembenuza koyambirira kwa anthu kwasintha kuchokera ku matanthauzo oyambirira kupita ku mbali zapamwamba za nkhani yalamulo ya ku America. Siilinso nthanthi yochitidwa ndi akatswiri a zamaphunziro okhazikika okha; imasintha kaŵirikaŵiri zigomeko za olemba malamulo, alembi, ndi oweruza a Supreme Court. Oweruza aŵiri omasuka ndi osasintha zinthu tsopano amaloŵetsamo umboni woyambirira, ngakhale ngati iwo potsirizira pake amakana njira yoyambirira ya kutembenuza. Chiphunzitsocho chasonkhezeranso kumasulira kwa lamulo m'maiko ena ofala, monga Australia ndi New Zealand, kumene mikangano yofanana yonena za kukhulupirika kwa malembo a Baibulo imabuka.

Kusuliza kudakali kolimba. Woweruza Stephen Breyer, m’buku lake [[FLT: 0] Active Liberty , anatsutsa kuti kuyambirira kumagwirizanitsa tanthauzo loyamba ndi kumangidwa kwa malamulo a demokrase. Akatswiri ena, monga Jack Balkin [[FLT:], amachirikiza “kusintha kwa moyo kwa chiphunzitso cha Chibadwidwe” kumene kumaphatikizana ndi kumangidwa kwa malamulo. Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ameneŵa, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala chokhulupirika ku malemba, ukulu wa , ndi kutsendereza kwa polisi yachiweruzo, ndi kutsendekera kwa okhulupirira kwambiri kuti lamulo la lamulo, osati galimoto la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.

Mfundo yakuti zinthu zina zinachita kulengedwa mwaluso imadalira pa nkhani ya akatswiri a mbiri yakale, yoweruza milandu, ndi nkhani yapoyera.